Episode 151: “San Francisco” by Scott McKenzie

A History of Rock Music in 500 Songs

by Andrew H.

Episode 151

San Francisco by Scott Mackenzie

Welcome to season 4 of A History of Rock Music in 500 Songs.

It's good to be back.

Before we start this episode, I just want to say one thing.

I get a lot of credit at times for the way I I don't shy away from dealing with the more unsavoury elements of the people being covered in my podcast, particularly the more awful men.

But as I said very early on, I only cover those aspects of their life when they're relevant to the music, because this is a music podcast, and not a true crime podcast.

But also I worry that in some cases this might mean I'm giving a false impression of some people.

In the case of this episode, One of the central figures is John Phillips of the Mamas and the Paupers.

Now, Phillips has posthumously been accused of some truly monstrous acts, the kind of thing that is truly unforgivable, and I believe those accusations.

But those acts didn't take place during the time period covered by most of this episode, so I won't be covering them here, but they're easily googleable if you want to know.

I thought it best to get that out of the way at the start, so no one's either anxiously waiting for the penny to drop, or upset that I didn't acknowledge the elephant in the room.

Separately, this episode will have some discussion of fat phobia and diet culture, and of a death that is at least in part attributable to those things.

Those of you affected by that may want to skip this one or read the transcript.

There are also some mentions of drug addiction and alcoholism.

Anyway, on with the show.

One of the things that causes problems with rock history is the tendency of people to have selective memories, and that's never more true than when it comes to the Summer of Love, summer of 1967.

In the mythology that's built up around it, that was a golden time, the greatest time ever, a period of peace and love where everything was possible and the world looked like it was just going to keep on getting better.

But what that means, of course, is that the people remembering it that way do so because it was the best time of their lives.

And what happens when the best time of your life is over in one summer, when you have one hit and never have a second?

Or when your band splits up after only 18 months, and you have to cope with the reality that your best years are not only behind you, but they weren't even best years, but just best months.

What stories would you tell about that time?

Would you remember it as the eve of destruction, the last great moment before everything went to hell?

Or would you remember it as a golden summer, full of people with flowers in their hair?

And would either really be true?

Be sure to wear

some flowers in your hair

If you're going

to San Francisco

Other than the city in which they worked, there are a few things that seem to characterize almost all the important figures on the LA music scene in the middle part of the 1960s.

They almost all seem to be incredibly ambitious, as one might imagine.

There seem to be a huge number of fantasists among them, people who will not only choose the legend over reality when it suits them, but who will choose the legend over reality even when it doesn't suit them.

And they almost all seem to have a story about being turned down in a rude and arrogant manner by Lou Adler, usually more or less the same story.

To give an example, I'm going to read out a bit of Ray Manzarek's autobiography here.

Now, Manzarek uses a few words that I can't use on this podcast and keep a clean rating.

So I'm just going to do slight pauses when I get to them, but I'll leave the words in the transcript for those who aren't offended by them.

Sometimes Jim and Dorothy and I went alone.

The three of us tried Dunhill Records.

Lou Adler was the headman.

He was shrewd and he was hip.

He had the mumbas and the poppers and a big single with Barry Maguire's Eve of Destruction.

He was flush.

We were ushered into his office.

He looked cool.

He was California casually dishevelled and had the look of a stoner, but his eyes were as cold as a shark's.

He took the twelve-inch acetate demo from me and we all sat down.

He put the disc on his turntable and played each cut for ten seconds.

Ten seconds.

You can't tell Jack from ten seconds.

At least listen to one of the songs all the way through.

I wanted to rage at him.

How dare you?

We're the Doors.

This is Jim Morrison.

He's going to be a star.

Can't you see that?

Can't you see how handsome he is?

Can't you hear how groovy the music is?

Don't you get it?

Listen to the words, man.

My brain was a boiling, lava-filled jello mold of rage.

I wanted to eviscerate that shark.

The songs he so casually dismissed were Moonlight Drive, Hello I Love You, Summer's Almost Gone, End of the Night, I Looked at You, Go Insane.

He rejected the whole demo.

Ten seconds on each song, maybe twenty seconds on Hello, I Love You.

I took that as an omen of potential airplay, and we were dismissed out of hand, just like that.

He took the demo off the turntable and handed it back to me with an obsequious smile, and said, Nothing here I can use.

We were shocked.

We stood up, the three of us, and Jim, with a Ryan knowing smile on his lips, cuttingly and coolly shot back at him.

That's okay, man.

We don't want to be used anyway.

Now, as you may have gathered from the episode on the doors, Rayman Zarek was one of those print the legend types, and that's true of everyone who tells similar stories about Lou Adler.

But there are a lot of people who tell similar stories about Lou Adler.

One of those was Phil Sloane.

You can get an idea of Sloane's attitude to storytelling from a story he always used to tell.

Shortly after he and his family moved to LA from New York, He got a job selling newspapers on a street corner on Hollywood Boulevard, just across from Schwab's drugstore.

One day, James Dean drove up in his Porsche and made an unusual request.

He wanted to buy every copy of the newspaper that Sloane had, around 150 copies in total, but he only wanted one article, something in the entertainment section.

Sloane didn't remember what the article was, but he did remember that one of the headlines was on the final illness of Oliver Hardy, who died shortly afterwards, and thought it might have been something to do with that.

Dean was going to just clip that article from every copy he bought, and then he was going to give all the newspapers back to Sloane to sell again, so Sloane ended up making a lot of extra money that day.

There is one rather big problem with that story.

Oliver Hardy died in August 1957, just after the Sloane family moved to LA, but James Dean died in September 1955, two years earlier.

Sloane admitted that, and said he couldn't explain it, but he was insistent.

He sold 150 newspapers to James Dean two years after Dean's death.

When not selling newspapers to dead celebrities, Sloane went to Fairfax High School and developed an interest in music which was mostly oriented around the kind of white pop vocal groups that were popular at the time.

Groups like the Kingston Trio, The Four Lads, and the Four Racers.

But the record that made Sloane decide he wanted to make music himself was just goofed by the Teen Queens.

what feels a disco.

I really

want is a one more chance to prove my love to you.

In 1959, when he was 14, he saw an advert for an open audition with Aladdin Records, a label he liked because of Thurston Harris.

He went along to the audition and was successful.

His first single, released as by Flip Sloan, Flip was a nickname, a corruption of Philip, was produced by Bumps Blackwell and featured several of the musicians who played with Sam Cook, plus Larry Nectal on piano and Mike Deasy on guitar.

But Aladdin shut down shortly after releasing it, and it may not even have had a general release, just promo copies.

I've not been able to find a copy online anywhere.

After that he tried Arwen Records, the label that Jan and Arnie recorded for, which was owned by Marty Melcher, Doris Day's husband and Terry Melcher's stepfather.

Melcher signed him and put out a single, She's My Girl, on Mart Records, a subsidiary of Arwen, on which Sloan was backed by a group of session players including Sandy Nelson and Bruce Johnston.

just you wait and see

when you see my girl Sure you'll all agree

That she's my girl

That record didn't have any success and Sloan was soon dropped by Mart Records He went on to sign with Bluebird Records, which was as far as can be ascertained essentially a scam organisation that would record demos for songwriters, but tell the performers that they were making a real record, so that they would record it for the royalties they would never get, rather than for a decent fee as a professional demo singer would get.

But Steve Vennett, the brother of Nick Vennett, an occasional songwriting collaborator with Tommy Boyce, happened to come to Bluebird one day and hear one of Sloane's original songs.

He thought Sloane would make a good songwriter, and took him to see Lou Adler at Columbia Screen Gems Music Publishing.

This was shortly after the merger between Columbia Screen Gems and Aldom Music, and Adler was at this point the West Coast head of operations, subservient to Don Kirscher and Al Nevins, but largely left to do what he wanted.

The way Sloane always told the story, Vennett tried to get Adler to sign Sloane, but Adler said his song stunk and had no commercial potential.

But Sloane persisted in trying to get a contract there, and eventually Al Nevins happened to be in the office and overruled Adler, much to Adler's disgust.

Sloane was signed to Columbia Screen Gems as a songwriter, though he wasn't put on a salary like the Brill Building songwriters, just told that he could bring in songs and they would publish them.

Shortly after this, Adler suggested to Sloane that he might want to form a writing team with another songwriter, Steve Barry, who had had a similar non career non trajectory, but was very slightly further ahead in his career, having done some work with Carol Connors, the former lead singer of the Teddy Bears.

Barry had co-written a couple of flop singles for Connors before the two of them had formed a vocal group, The Storytellers, with Connors' sister.

The Storytellers had released a single, When Two People Are In Love, which was put out on a local independent label and which Adler had licensed to be released on Dimension Records, the label associated with Aldom music.

That record didn't sell, but it was enough to get Barry into the Columbia Screen Gem circle.

And Adler set him and Sloane up as a songwriting team, although the way Sloane told it, it wasn't so much a songwriting team, as Sloane writing songs while Barry was also there.

Sloane would later claim, it was mostly a collaboration of spirit, and it seemed that I was writing most of the music and the lyric, but it couldn't possibly have ever happened unless both of us were present at the same time.

One suspects that Barry might have a different recollection of how it went.

Sloane and Barry's first collaboration was a song that Sloane had half-written before they met, called Kick That Little Foot Sally Ann, which was recorded by a West Coast chubby checker knockoff, who went under the name Round Robin, and who had his own dance craze, The Slawson, which was much less successful than The Twist.

That track was produced and arranged by Jack Nitchie, and Nitchie asked Sloane to be one of the rhythm guitarists on the track, apparently liking Sloane's feel.

Sloan would end up playing rhythm guitar or singing back-in vocals on many of the records made of songs he and Barry wrote together.

Kick That Little Foot Sally Ann only made number 61 nationally, but it was a regional hit, and it meant that Sloan and Barry soon became what Sloane later described as the Goffin and King of the West Coast follow-ups.

According to Sloane, we'd be given a list on Monday morning by Lou Adler with 30 names on it of the groups who needed follow-ups to their hit.

They'd then write the songs to order, and they started to specialise in dance craze songs.

For example, When the Swim Looked Like It Might Be the Next Big Dance, they wrote Swim, Swim, Swim, She Only Wants to Swim, Let's Swim Baby, Big Boss Swimmer, Swim Party, and My Swimming Girl, the last a collaboration with Jan Berry and Roger Christian.

These songs were exactly as good as they needed to be in order to provide album filler for mid-tier artists, and while Sloan and Barry weren't writing any massive hits, they were doing very well as mid-tier mid-tier writers.

According to Sloane's biographer Stephen McParland, there was a three-year period in the mid-sixties where at least one song written or co-written by Sloane was on the national charts at any given time.

Most of these songs weren't for Columbia Screen Gems, though.

In early 1964, Lou Adler had a falling out with Don Kirshner and decided to start up his own company, Dunhill.

which was equal parts production company, music publishers, and management, doing for West Coast pop singers what Motown was doing for Detroit soul singers, and putting everything into one basket.

Dunhill's early clients included Jan and Dean and the rockabilly singer Johnny Rivers, and Dunhill also signed Sloan and Barry as songwriters.

Because of this connection, Sloan and Barry soon became an important part of Jan and Dean's hit-making process.

The Matadors, the vocal group that had provided most of the backing vocals on the duo's hits, had started asking for more money than Jan Barry was willing to pay, and Jan and Dean couldn't do the vocals themselves.

As Bones Howe put it, as a singer, Dean is a wonderful graphic artist, and so Sloane and Barry stepped in, doing session vocals without payment, in the hope that Jan and Dean would record a few of their songs.

For example, on the big hit, The Little Old Lady from Pasadena, Dean Torrance is not present at all on the record.

Jan Berry sings the lead vocal, with Sloane doubling him for much of it, Sloane sings Dean's falsetto, with the engineer Bones Howe helping out, and the rest of the backing vocals are sung by Sloane, Barry, and Howe.

For these recordings, Sloan and Barry were known as the Fantastic Baggies,

a name which came from the Rolling Stones manager Andrew Oldham and Mick Jagger, when the two were visiting California.

Oldham had been commenting on baggies, the kind of shorts worn by surfers, and had asked Jagger what he thought of the baggies as a group name.

Jagger had replied, Fantastic, and so the Fantastic Baggies had been born.

As part of this, Sloan and Barry moved hard into surf and hot rod music from the dance songs they'd been writing previously.

The Fantastic Baggies recorded their own album, Tell Em I'm Surfin', as a quickie album suggested by Adler.

Tell him I'm surfing.

I'm drinking in my bathing balls.

Say I'll see him in the fall.

I'm going surfing.

And if that pretty little girl from across the street, who's been bothering me for days

to go swimming in her pool, well, her pool's real cool, but it hasn't got ten foot waves.

Tell her I'm surfing.

And under the name The Rally Packs, they recorded a version of Jan and Dean's Move Out Little Mustang, which featured Berry's girlfriend Jill Gibson doing a spoken section.

Now you better hustle away.

Cause I gotta try to catch that shit.

They also wrote several album tracks for Jan and Dean, and wrote Summer Means Fun for Bruce and Terry, Bruce Johnston, later of the Beach Boys, and Terry Melcher.

homework to do now.

Cause summer means fun, summer means fun,

summer means fun.

Yes, summer means fun,

summer means fun now.

Driving movies every night, staying out till half past one,

sleeping late and living right now.

And they wrote the very surf-flavored Secret Agent Man for fellow Dunhill artist Johnny Rivers.

Beware of pretty faces that you find

a pretty face can hide an evil

But of course, when you're chasing trends, you're chasing trends.

And soon the craze for twangy guitars and falsetto harmonies had ended, replaced by a craze for jangly 12-string guitars and closer harmonies.

According to Sloan, he was in at the very beginning of the folk rock trend.

The way he told the story, he was involved in the mastering of the birds version of Mr.

Tambourine Man.

He later talked about Terry Melcher getting him to help out, saying, He had produced a record called Mr.

Tambourine Man and had sent it into the head office and it had been rejected.

He called me up and said, I've got three more hours in the studio before I'm being kicked out of Columbia.

Can you come over and help me with this new record?

I did.

I went over there.

It was under lock and key, there were two guards outside the door.

Terry asked me something about Summer Mean's fun.

He said, Do you remember the guitar that we worked on with that, how we put in that double reverb?

And I said, Yes.

And he said, What do you think if we did something like that with the birds?

And I said, That sounds good, let's see what it sounds like.

So we patched into all the reverb centers in Columbia Music and mastered the record in three hours.

Whether Sloan really was there at the birth of folk rock, he and Barry jumped on the folk rock craze just as they had the serve and hot rod craze, and wrote a string of jangly hits, including You Baby for the Turtles.

Like you do, baby.

Nobody but you.

And who believes that my wildest dreams and my craziest schemes will come true?

Nobody but you, baby.

Nobody but you.

And I found a girl for January Dean.

I found a girl.

Anybody can see just by looking at me.

But I found a girl.

Started from the sun

that never shines.

Are shining tonight?

I'm feeling groovy tonight.

Cause I found a girl.

That song was later included on Jan and Dean's Folk and Roll album, which also included a song I'm not even going to name, but longtime listeners will know the one I mean.

It was also notable in that I Found a Girl was the first song on which Sloan was credited not as Phil Sloan, but as P.F.

Sloan.

He didn't have a middle name beginning with F, but rather the F stood for his nickname Flip.

Sloane would later talk of Phil Sloane and P.F.

Sloane as almost being two different people, with P.F.

being a far more serious, intense songwriter.

Folk and Roll also contained another Sloane song, this one credited solely to Sloane, and that song is the one for which he became best known.

There are two very different stories about how Eve of Destruction came to be written.

To tell Sloan's version, I'm going to read a few paragraphs from his autobiography.

By late 1964, I had already written Eve of Destruction, The Sins of a Family.

This morning, ain't no way I'm going to change my mind.

And what's exactly the matter with me?

They all arrived on one cataclysmic evening, and nearly at the same time, as I worked on the lyrics almost simultaneously.

Eve of Destruction came about from hearing a voice, perhaps an angel's.

The voice instructed me to place five pieces of paper and spread them out on my bed.

I obeyed the voice.

The voice told me that the first song would be called Eve of Destruction.

So I wrote the title at the top of the page.

For the next few hours, the voice came and went as I was writing the lyric, as if this spirit, or whatever it was, stood over me like a teacher.

No, no, not think of all the hate there is in Red Russia.

Red China!

I didn't understand.

I thought the Soviet Union was the mortal threat to America, but the voice went on to reveal to me the future of the world until 2024.

I was told told the Soviet Union would fall, and that Red China would continue to be communist far into the future, but that communism was not going to be allowed to take over this divine planet.

Therefore, think of all the hate there is in Red China.

I argued and wrestled with the voice for hours, until I was exhausted but satisfied inside with my plea to God to either take me out of the world, as I could not live in such a hypocritical society, or to show me a way to make things better.

When I was writing Eve, I was on my hands and knees, pleading for an answer.

Lou Adler's story is that he gave Phil Sloan a copy of Bob Dylan's Bringin It All Back Home album and told him to write a bunch of songs that sounded like that, and Sloane came back a week later, as instructed, with ten Dylan knockoffs.

Adler said, it was a natural feel for him.

He's a great mimic.

As one other data point, both Steve Barry and Bones Howe, the engineer who worked on most of the sessions we're looking at today,

have often talked in interviews about Eve of Destruction as being a Sloan-Barry collaboration, as if to them it's common knowledge that it wasn't written alone, although Sloan's is the only name on the credits.

The song was given to a new signing to Dunhill Records, Barry Maguire.

Maguire was someone who had been part of the folk scene for years.

He'd been playing folk clubs in LA while also acting in a TV show from 1961.

When the TV show had finished, he'd formed a duo, Barry and Barry, with Barry Kane, and they performed much the same repertoire as all the other early 60s folkies.

All

over this land,

all over this land.

After recording their one album, both Barrys joined the new Christie Minstrels.

We've talked about the Christies before, but they were, and are to this day, an ultra commercial folk group, led by Randy Sparks, with a revolving membership of usually eight or nine singers, which included several other people who've come up in this podcast, like Gene Clark and Jerry Esther.

Maguire became one of the principal lead singers of the Christies, singing lead on their version of the novelty cowboy song Three Wheels on My Waggon, which was later released as a single in the UK and became a perennial children's favourite, though it has a problematic attitude towards Native Americans.

the hickety hackgetty hoggity high

pioneers they never say nigh a mile up the road there's a hidden cave And we can watch those Cherokees go galloping by

And he also sang lead on their big hit Green Green which he co-wrote with Randy Sparks

You know there ain't no woman gonna settle me down, I just gotta be terabble at on

I singing Green Green, it's green they say

on the far side of the hill

Green green, I'm going away to where the grass is rehearsed

But by 1965, Maguire had left the new Christiemenstrouse.

As he said later, I'd sung Green Green a thousand times and I didn't want to sing it again.

This is January of 1965.

I went back to LA to meet some producers and I was broke.

Nobody had the time of day for me.

I was walking down the street one time to see Doctor Strangelove, and I walked by the music store, and I heard Green Green coming out of the store, you know, on Hollywood Boulevard.

And I heard my voice and I thought, I got four dollars in my pocket.

I couldn't believe it.

My voice is coming out on Hollywood Boulevard and I'm broke.

And right at that moment a car pulls up, and the radio is playing Chim Chim Cheree, also by the minstrels.

So I got my voice coming at me in stereo, standing on the sidewalk there.

And I'm Volk, and I can't get anyone to sign me.

But Maguire had a lot of friends who he'd met on the folk scene, some of whom were now in the new folk rock scene that was just starting to spring up.

One of them was Roger McGuinn, who told him that his band, The Birds, were just about to put out a new single, Mr.

Tambourine Man, and that they were about to start a residency at Ciros on Sunset Strip.

McGuinn invited Maguire to the opening night of that residency, where a lot of other people from the scene were there to see the new group.

Bob Dylan was there, as was Phil Sloane, and the actor Jack Nicholson, who was still at the time a minor bit-part player in low-budget films made by people like American International Pictures.

The cinematographer on many of Nicholson's early films was Floyd Crosby, David Crosby's father.

which may be why he was there.

Someone else who was there was Lou Adler, who according to Maguire recognised him instantly.

According to Adler, he actually asked Terry Melcher who the long-haired dancer wearing furs was because he looked like the leader of a movement and Melcher told him that he was the former lead singer of the new Christie Minstrels.

Either way, Adler approached Maguire and asked if he was currently signed.

Dunhill Records was just starting up and getting someone like Maguire who had a proven ability to sing lead on hit records would be a good start for the label.

As Maguire didn't have a contract, he was signed to Dunhill and he was given some some of Sloan's new songs to pick from, and chose What's Exactly the Matter with Me as his single.

Why can't I settle

Maguire described what happened next.

It was like a three-hour session.

We did two songs and then the third one wasn't turning out.

We only had about a half hour left in the session, so I said, let's do this tune.

And I pulled Eve of Destruction out of my pocket, and it just had Phil's words scrolled on a piece of paper all wrinkled up.

Phil worked the chords out with the musicians, who were Hal Blaine on drums and and Larry Nectel on bass.

There were actually more musicians than that at the session.

Apparently both Nectel and Joe Osborne were there, so I'm not entirely sure who's playing bass.

Nectal was a keyboard player as well as a bass player, but I don't hear any keyboards on the track.

And Tommy Tedesco was playing lead guitar, and Steve Barry had a percussion, along with Sloan on rhythm guitar and harmonica.

The chords were apparently scribbled down for the musicians on bits of greasy paper that had been used to wrap some takeaway chicken, and they got through the track in a single take.

According to Maguire, I'm reading the words off this piece of wrinkled paper, and I'm singing, My Blood So Mad Feels Like Coagulating.

That part that goes, Ah, you can't twist the truth.

And the reason I'm going, ah, is because I lost my place on the page.

People said, man, you really sounded frustrated when you were singing.

I was, I couldn't see the words.

contemplating.

I can't twist the truth, it knows no regulation.

Handful of senators don't pass legislation, and marches alone can't bring integration.

When human respect is disintegrating, this whole crazy world is just too frustrating.

And you tell me over and over and over again, my friend.

I

With a few overdubs, the female backing singers in the chorus and possibly the kettle drums, which I've seen differing claims about, with some saying that Hal Blaine played them during the basic track, and others saying that Lou Adler suggested them as an overdub, the track was complete.

Maguire wasn't happy with his vocal, and a session was scheduled for him to redo it.

But then a record promoter working with Adler was DJing a birthday party for the head of programming at KFWB, the big top 40 radio station in LA at the time, and he played a few acetates he'd picked up from Adler.

Most went down okay with the crowd, but when he played Eve of Destruction, the crowd went wild and insisted he play it three times in a row.

The head of programming called Adler up and told him that Eve of Destruction was going to be put into rotation on the station for Monday, so he'd better get the record out.

As Maguire was away away for the weekend, Adler just released the track as it was, and what had been intended to be a B-side became Barry McGuire's first and only number one record.

tell me over and over and over again, my friend.

I don't believe we're on the eve of destruction.

Sloan would later claim that that song was a major reason why the 26th Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution was passed six years later, because the line, You're old enough to kill but not for voting, shamed Congress into changing the Constitution to allow 18-year-olds to vote.

If so, that would make Eve of Destruction arguably the single most impactful rock record in history, though Sloan is the only person I've ever seen saying that.

As well as going to number one in Maguire's version, the song was also covered by the other artists who regularly performed Sloan and Barry songs, like The Turtles.

but when you return, it's the same old place.

The pounding of the drums, the pride and disgrace.

You can bury your dead, but don't leave a trace.

Hate your next door neighbor, but don't forget to say grace and tell me over and over and over and over.

And Jan Undeen, whose version on folk and roll used the same backing track as Maguire, but had a few lyrical changes to make it fit with Jam Berry's right-wing politics, most notably changing Selma, Alabama to Watts, California, thus, changing a reference to peaceful civil rights protesters being brutally attacked and murdered by white supremacist state troopers to a reference to what was seen, in the popular imaginary, as black people rioting for no reason.

eight days in space.

But when you return, it's the same old place.

The pounding of the drums, the frightened disgrace.

You can bury your dead, but don't leave a trace.

Hate your next stone, neighbor, but don't forget to say Grace and tell me you'll know.

According to Sloane, he worked on the folk and roll album as a favor to Berry, even though he thought Berry was being cynical and exploitative in making the record.

But those changes caused a rift in their friendship.

Sloane said in his autobiography, where I was completely wrong was in helping him capitalise on something in which he didn't believe.

Jan wanted the public to perceive him as a person who was deeply concerned and who embraced the values of the progressive politics of the day, but he wasn't that person.

That's how I was being pulled.

It was when he recorded my actual song Eve of Destruction and changed a number of lines to reflect his own ideals that my principles demanded that I leave Folk City and never return.

It's true that Sloane gave no more songs to Jan and Dean after that point, but it's also true that the duo would record only one more album, the comedy concept album Jan and Dean Meet Batman, before Jan's accident.

Incidentally, the reference to Selma Alabama in the lyric might help people decide on which story about the writing of Eve of Destruction they think is more plausible.

Remember that Lou Adler said that it was written after Adler gave Sloane a copy of Bringing It All Back Home and told him to write a bunch of knockoffs, while Sloane said it was written after a supernatural force gave him access to all the events that would happen in the world for the next 60 years.

Sloane claimed that the song was written in late 1964.

Selma, Alabama became national news in late February and early March 1965.

Bringing It All Back Home was released in late March 1965.

So either Adler was telling the truth, or Sloane really was given a supernatural insight into the events of the future.

Now, as it turned out, while Eve of Destruction went to number one, that would be Maguire's only hit as a solo artist.

His next couple of singles would reach the very low end of the Hot 100, and that would be it.

He'd release several more albums before appearing in the Broadway musical Hair, most famous for its nude scenes, and getting a small part in the cinematic masterpiece Werewolves on Wheels.

wine and in the night benign

sleep.

Don't miss the most unusual and exciting horror motorcycle film yet made.

I come to offer you youth

and fresh,

fresh

love.

Hey, we all know how we're going to die, baby.

We're going to crash and burn.

Werewolves on Wheels, starring Steve Oliver and Severn Darden.

The story of a motorcycle gang who ride into a new kind of hell.

P.F.

Sloan would later tell various stories about why Maguire never had another hit.

Sometimes he would say that Dunhill Records had received death threats because of Eve of Destruction, and so deliberately tried to bury Maguire's career.

Other times he would say that Lou Adler had told him that Billboard had said they were never going to put Maguire's records on the charts no matter how well they sold.

because Eve of Destruction had just been too powerful and upset the advertisers.

But of course at this time, Dunhill was still trying for a follow-up to Eve of Destruction, and they thought they might have one when Barry Maguire brought in a few friends of his to sing backing vocals on his second album.

Now, we've covered some of the history of the Mamas and the Papas already, because they were so intimately tied up with other groups like the Birds and The Loving Spoonful, and with the folk scene that led to songs like Hey Joe, so some of this will be more like a recap than a totally new story.

But I'm going to recap those parts of the story anyway, so it's fresh in everyone's heads.

John Phillips, Scott Mackenzie, and Cass Elliott all grew up in Alexandria, Virginia, just a few miles south of Washington, DC.

Elliot was a few years younger than Phillips and Mackenzie, and so as is the way with young men, they never really noticed her, and as Mackenzie later said, she lived like a quarter of a mile from me, and I never met her until New York.

While they didn't know who Elliott was, though, she was aware who they were.

as Phillips and Mackenzie sang together in a vocal group called the Smoothies.

The Smoothies were a modern modern jazz harmony group, influenced by groups like the Moderna's, the Hilos, and the Four Freshmen.

John Phillips later said, We were drawn to jazz because we were sort of beatniks really, rather than hippies or whatever, flower children.

So we used to sing modern harmonies, like Lambert, Hendrix and Ross.

Dave Lambert did a lot of our arrangements for us, as a matter of fact.

Now, I've not seen any evidence other than Phillips' claim that Dave Lambert ever arranged for the Smoothies, but that does tell you a lot about the kind of music that they were doing.

Lambert Hendrix and Ross were a Vocalese trio whose main star was Annie Ross, who had a career worthy of an episode in itself.

She sang with Paul Whiteman, appeared in a Little Rascals film when she was seven, had an affair with Lenny Bruce, dubbed Britt Eklund's voice in The Wickerman, played the villain's sister in Superman 3, and much more.

Vocalese, you'll remember, was a style of jazz vocal where a singer would take a jazz instrumental, often an improvised one, and add lyrics which they would sing, like Lambert Hendrix and Boss's version of Cloudburst.

I was always wearing a frown

Whether Dave Lambert ever really did arrange for the smoothies or not, it's very clear that the trio had a huge influence on John Phillips' ideas about vocal arrangement.

As you can hear on Mamas and Papas records like Once Was a Time I Thought

Once Was a Time I Thought That Love Could Be Sold

And everything fell in place for me

The fashion of passion I'd mentioned with caution because of the notion the potion of passion had never been passed to me

But since it was sunny and sunny I went for a stroll

But peanuts and pigeons and people put me in a hole A blessing refreshing a new

pressing distressing salt from my soul

Once was a time I thought that luck could be so bald and everything fell while the smoothies thought of themselves as a jazz group when they sang to Decca they started out making the standard teen pop of the era with songs like Softly.

Softly,

come on and take my hand

and gently

throw

When the folk boom started, Phillips realized that this was music that he could do easily, because the level of musicianship among the pop folk musicians was so much lower than in the jazz world.

The Smoothies made some recordings in the style of the Kingston trio, like Ride, Ride, Ride.

right, keep on moving fast.

Sheriff's on your trail alone,

right, right, long as you can last, or you're gonna end up in jail.

Right, right, right.

Guns are made of metal,

forged by the devil's hand.

Had it been for a party for could have stayed here with my sweet Ann

Ride, right,

Then when the smoothies split, Phillips and Mackenzie formed a trio with a banjo player, Dick Wiseman, who they met through Izzy Young's Folklore Centre in Greenwich Village, after Phillips asked Young to name some musicians who could make a folk record with him.

Wiseman was often considered the best banjo player on the scene, and was a friend of Pete Seeger's, to whom Seeger sometimes turned for banjo tips.

The trio, who called themselves the Journeymen, quickly established themselves on the folk scene.

Wiseman later said, We had this interesting balance.

John had all of this charisma.

They didn't know about the writing thing yet.

John had the personality.

Scott had the voice, and I could play.

If you think about it, all of those bands like the Kingston Trio, the Brothers Four, nobody could really sing, and nobody could really play, relatively speaking.

This is the take that most people seem to have about John Phillips in any band he was ever in.

Nobody thought he was a particularly good singer or instrumentalist.

He could sing on key and play adequate rhythm guitar, but nobody would actually pay money to listen to him do those things.

Mark Vohlman of the Turtles, for example, said of him, John wasn't the kind of guy who was going to be able to go up on stage and sing his songs as a singer-songwriter.

He had to put himself in the context of a group.

But he was charismatic, he had presence, and he also had a great musical mind.

He would surround himself with the best players and best singers he could, and then he would organise and arrange them in ways that made the most of their talents.

He would work out the arrangements in a manner that was far more professional than the quick head arrangements that other folk groups used, and he instigated a level of professionalism in his groups that was not at all common on the scene.

Phillips' friend Jim Mason talked about the first time he saw the Journeyman.

They were warming up backstage, and John had all of them doing vocal exercises.

One thing in particular that's pretty famous called Seba Syllables.

It's a series of vocal exercises where you enunciate different vowel and consonant sounds.

It had the effect of clearing your head, and it's something that really good operetta singers do.

The group was soon signed by Frank Werber, the manager of the Kingston Trio, who signed them as an insurance policy.

Dave Gard, the Kingston Trio's banjo player, was increasingly having trouble with the other members, and Werber knew it was only a matter of time before he left the group.

Werber wanted the Journeymen as a sort of farm team.

He had the idea that when Guard left, Phillips would join the Kingston Trio in his place as the third singer, Wiseman would become the trio's accompanist on banjo, and Scott Mackenzie, who everyone agreed had a remarkable voice, would be spun off as a solo artist.

But until that happened, they might as well make records by themselves.

The journeymen signed to MGM Records but were dropped before they recorded anything.

They instead signed to Capital, for whom they recorded their first album.

am gone.

You can hear the whistle blow

a hundred miles,

a hundred miles, a hundred miles, a hundred miles, a hundred miles.

You can hear the whistle blow a hundred miles.

After recording that album, the journeyman moved out to California with Phillips' wife and children.

But soon Phillips' marriage was to collapse as he met and fell in love with Michelle Gilliam.

Gilliam was nine years younger than him, he was 26 and she was 17, and she had the kind of appearance which meant that in every interview with an older heterosexual man who knew her, that man will spend half the interview talking about how attractive he found her.

Phillips soon left his wife and children, but before he did, the group had a turntable hit with with River Come Down, the B-side to 500 miles.

Builder after bamboo, build her after bamboo, build her after bamboo, float across the

Around the same time, Dave Gard did leave the Kingston trio, but the plan to split the journeymen never happened.

Instead, Phillips' friend Jon Stewart replaced Gard,

and this soon became a new source of income for Phillips.

Both Phillips and Stewart were aspiring songwriters, and they collaborated together on several songs for the trio, including Chilly Winds.

Sing you a song,

sing it soft and low.

Phillips became particularly good at writing songs that sounded like they could be old traditional folk songs, sometimes taking odd lines from older songs to jump-start new ones, as in O Miss Mary, which he and Stuart wrote after hearing someone sing the first line of a song she couldn't remember the rest of.

you wandering?

Three days and Mary's coming home.

When Mary was a young girl, she took to wandering, but never would she leave me

and not come back again.

That's where I hear her singing, singing in the western wind.

Three days and Mary.

Phillips and Stewart became so close that Phillips actually suggested to Stuart that he quit the Kingston trio and replace Dick Wiseman in the Journeyman.

Stuart did quit the trio, but then the next day Phillips suggested that maybe it was a bad idea and he should stay where he was.

Stewart went back to the trio, claimed he had only pretended to quit because he wanted a pay rise, and got his raise, so everyone ended up happy.

The Journeymen moved back to New York with Michelle in place of Phillips' first wife, and Michelle's sister Russell also coming along.

as she was dating Scott Mackenzie.

And on New Year's Eve 1962, John and Michelle married.

So, from this point on, I will refer to them by their first names, because they both had the surname Phillips.

The group continued having success through 1963, including making appearances on Hootanani.

step to step, step to step with your step of Billy Lion's blood

step for Billy Lion's blood, you know, test dagger, he's a mean old man.

Everybody knows

he shot Billy the Lion just to get his clothes.

By the time of the Journeyman's third album, though, John and Scott Mackenzie were on bad terms.

Weisman said, They had been the closest of friends and now they were the worst of enemies.

They talked through me like I was a medium.

It got to the point where we'd be standing in the dressing room and John would say to me, tell Scott that his right sock doesn't match his left sock.

Things like that when they were standing five feet away from each other.

Eventually the group split up.

Weissman was always going to be able to find employment given his banjo ability and he was about to get married and didn't need the hassle of dealing with the other two.

Mackenzie was planning on a solo career.

Everyone was agreed that he had the vocal ability.

But John was another matter.

He needed to be in a group.

And not only that, the Journeymen had bookings they needed to complete.

He quickly pulled together a group he called the New Journeymen.

The core of the line-up was himself, Michelle on vocals, and banjo player Marshall Brickman.

Brickman had previously been a member of a folk group called the Terriers, who had had a revolving line-up, and had played on most of their early 60s recordings.

King to

I will remember how we spent the days when we both were young,

Kinto and I laughing at the wind and the rain.

We've met the Terriers before in the podcast.

They had been formed by Eric Darling, who later replaced Pete Seeger in The Weavers, after Seeger's socialist principles wouldn't let him do advertising, and Alan Arkin, later to go on to be a film star, and had had hits with Cindy O'Cindy, with lead vocals from Vince Martin, who would later go on to be a major performer in the Greenwich Village scene, and with The Banana Boat song.

By the time Brickman had joined, though, Darling, Arkin and Martin had all left the group to go on to bigger things, and while he played with them for several years, it was after their commercial peak.

Brickman would, though, also go on to a surprising amount of success, but as a writer rather than a musician, he had a successful collaboration with Woody Allen in the 1970s, co-writing four of Allen's most highly regarded films Sleeper, Annie Hall, Manhattan, and Manhattan Murder Mystery, and with another collaborator he later co-wrote the books for the stage musicals Jersey Boys and the Addams Family.

Both John and Michelle were decent singers, and both have their admirers as vocalists.

P.

F.

Sloan always said that Michelle was the best singer in the group they eventually formed, and that it was her voice that gave the group its sound.

But for the most part, they were not considered as particularly astonishing lead vocalists.

Certainly, neither had a voice that stood out the way Scott Mackenzie's had.

They needed a strong lead singer, and they found one in Denny Doherty.

Now, we covered Denny Doherty's early career in the episode on the Love and Spoonful, because he was intimately involved in the formation of that group.

So I won't go into too much detail here, but I'll give a very abbreviated version of what I said there.

Doherty was a Canadian performer who had been a member of the Halifax 3 with Zalyanovsky.

But the land was sweet and good, and I did what I could.

After the Halifax Three had split up, Doherty and Yanofsky had performed as a duo for a while before joining up with Cass Elliott and her husband Jim Hendricks, who both had previously been in the big three with Tim Rose.

on my knee.

Oh, well, I'm hitting on up that old Mississippi.

Got a little woman waiting for me.

Oh, oh, oh, Susanna,

don't you cry for me?

Cause I'm going to Louisiana with a B-A-N-J-O on my knee.

Elliot, Hendrix, Yanovsky, and Doherty had formed the Mugwumps, sometimes joined by John Sebastian, and had tried to go in more of a rock direction after seeing the Beatles on Ed Sullivan.

They recorded one album together before splitting up.

Am I gonna find a child?

Part of the reason they split up was that interpersonal relationships within the group were put under some strain.

Elliot and Hendrix split up, though they would remain friends and remain married for several years even though they were living apart, and Elliott had an unrequited crush on Doherty.

But since they'd split up, and Yanovsky and Sebastian had gone off to form the Lovin' Spoonful, that meant that Doherty Doherty was free, and he was regarded as possibly the best male lead vocalist on the circuit, so the group snapped him up.

The only problem was that the Journeymen still had gigs booked that needed to be played.

One of them was in just three days, and Doherty didn't know the repertoire.

This was a problem with an easy solution for people in their twenties, though.

They took a huge amount of amphetamines and stayed awake for three days straight rehearsing.

They made the gig, and Doherty was now the lead singer of the new Journeymen.

You have reason of

But the new journeyman didn't last in that form for very long, because even before joining the group, Denny Doherty had been going in a more folk rock direction with the mugwumps.

At the time, John Phillips thought rock and roll was kids' music, and he was far more interested in folk and jazz, but he was also very interested in making money, and he soon decided it was an idea to start listening to the Beatles.

There's some dispute as to who first played the Beatles for John in early 1965.

Some claim it was Doherty, others claim it was Cass Elliott.

But everyone agrees it was after Denny Doherty had introduced Phillips to something else.

He brought round some LSD for John and Michelle and Michelle's sister Rusty to try, and then he told him he'd invited round a friend.

Michelle Phillips later remembered, I remember saying to the guys, I don't know about you guys, but this drug does nothing for me.

At that point there was a knock on the door, and as I opened the door and saw Cass, the acid hit me over the head.

I saw her standing there in a pleated skirt, a pink Angora sweater with great big eyelashes on, and her hair in a flip.

And all of a sudden I thought, this is really quite a drug.

It was an image I will have securely fixed in my brain for the rest of my life.

I said, Hi, I'm Michelle.

We just took some LSD 25.

Do you want to join us?

And she said, sure.

Rusty Gilliams' description matches this.

It was mind-boggling.

She had on a white pleated skirt, false eyelashes.

These were the kind of eyelashes that when you put them on, you were supposed to trim them to an appropriate length, which she didn't.

And when she blinked, she looked like a cow or those dolls you get when you're little and the eyes open and close.

And wear on acid.

Oh my god, it was a sight.

And everything she was wearing were things that you weren't supposed to be wearing if you were heavy.

White pleated skirt, mohair sweater.

You know, until she became famous, she suffered so much and was poked fun at.

This gets to an important point about Elliot, and one which sadly affected everything about her life.

Elliot was very fat.

I've seen her weightlisted at about 300 pounds, and she was only five foot five tall, and she also didn't have the kind of face that gets thought of as conventionally attractive.

Her appearance would be cruelly mocked by pretty much everyone for the rest of her life, in ways that it's genuinely hurtful to read about, and which I will avoid discussing in detail in order to avoid hurting fat listeners.

But the two other things that defined Elliot in the minds of those who knew her were her voice, every single person who knew her talked about what a wonderful singer she was, and her personality.

I've read a lot of things about Cass Elliot, and I have never read a single negative word about her as a person, but have read many people going into raptures about what a charming, loving, friendly, understanding person she was.

Michelle later said of her, From the time I left Los Angeles, I hadn't had a friend, a buddy.

I was married, and John and I did not hang out with women.

We just hung out with men.

And especially not with women my age.

John was nine years older than I was, and here was a fun, loving, intelligent woman.

She captivated me.

I was as close to in love with Cass as I could be to any woman in my life at that point.

She also represented something to me.

Freedom.

Everything she did was because she wanted to do it.

She was completely independent and I admired her and was in awe of her.

And later on Cass would be the one to tell me not to let John run my life, and John hated her for that.

Either Elliott had brought round Meet the Beatles, the Beatles' first capital album, for everyone to listen to, or Denny Doherty already had it.

But either way, Elliott and Doherty were by this time already Beatles fans.

Michelle, being younger than the rest and not part of the folk scene until she met John, was much more interested in rock and roll than any of them.

But because she'd been married to John for a couple of years and been part of his musical world, she hadn't really encountered the Beatles music, though she had a vague memory that she might have heard a track or two on the radio.

John was hesitant.

He didn't want to listen to any rock and roll, but eventually he was persuaded, and the record was put on while he was on his first acid trip.

Oh, yeah, I

tell you something.

I think you'll understand.

Can I

say that something?

I wanna hold your hand.

I wanna hold your hand.

I wanna hold your hand.

Within a month, John Phillips had written 30 songs that he thought of as inspired by the Beatles.

The new journeymen were going to go rock and and roll.

By this time Marshall Brickman was out of the band, and instead John, Michelle, and Denny recruited a new league guitarist, Eric Horde.

Denny started playing bass with John on rhythm guitar, and a violinist friend of theirs, Peter Palafian, knew a bit of drums and took on that role.

The new line up of the group used the Journeymen's credit card, which hadn't been stopped even though the Journeymen were no more, to go down to St.

Thomas in the Caribbean, along with Michelle's sister, John's daughter Mackenzie, from whose name Scott Mackenzie had taken his stage name, as he was born Philip Blondheim, a pet dog, and sundry band members' girlfriends.

They stayed there for several months, living in tents on the beach, taking acid, and rehearsing.

While they were there, Michelle and Denny started an affair which would have important ramifications for the group later.

They got a gig playing at a club called Duffy's, whose address was on Creaky Alley.

And soon after they started playing there, Cass Elliott travelled down as well.

She was in love with Denny and wanted to be around him.

She wasn't in the group, but she got a job working at Duffy's as a waitress, and she would often sing harmony with the group while waiting at tables.

Depending on who was telling the story, either she didn't want to be in the group because she didn't want her appearance to be compared to Michelle's, or John wouldn't let her be in the group because she was so fat.

Later, a story would be made up to cover for this, saying that she hadn't been in the group at first because she couldn't sing the highest notes that were needed, until she got hit on the head with a metal pipe and discovered that it had increased her range by three notes.

But that seems to be a lie.

One of the songs the new journeymen were performing at this time was Mr.

Tambourine Man.

They'd heard that their old friend Roger McGuinn had recorded it with his new band, but they hadn't yet heard his version, and they'd come up with their own arrangement.

a song for me.

I'm not sleepy and there ain't no place I'm going to

Hey Mr.

Tambourine Man, play a song for me

In the jingle jangle morning I'll come for

Denny later said, We were doing three-part harmony on Mr.

Tambourine Man, but a lot slower like a polka or something.

And I tell John, no John, we gotta slow it down and give it a backbeat.

Finally, we get the birds 45 down here, and we put it on and turn it up to 10.

And John says, oh, like that.

Well, as you can tell, it had already been done.

So John goes, Oh ah, that's it.

A light went on, so we started doing Beatles stuff.

We dropped Mr.

Tambourine Man after hearing the birds version because there was no point.

Eventually they had to leave the island.

They had completely run out of money and were down to $50.

fifty dollars.

The credit card had been cut up, and the governor of the island had a personal vendetta against them because they gave his son acid, and they were likely to get arrested if they didn't leave the island.

Elliot and her then partner had round trip tickets, so they just left, but the rest of them were in trouble.

By this point they were unwashed, they were homeless, and they'd spent their last money on stage costumes.

They got to the airport, and John Phillips tried to write a cheque for eight airfares back to the mainland, which the person at the check check-in desk just laughed at, so they took their last $50 and went to a casino.

There Michelle played craps, and she rolled 17 straight passes, something which should be statistically impossible.

She turned their $50 into $6,000, which they scooped up, took to the airport, and paid for their flights out in cash.

The new journeymen arrived back in New York, but quickly decided that they were going to try their luck in California.

They rented a car using Scott Mackenzie's credit card and drove out to LA.

There they met up with Hoyt Axton, who you may remember as the son of May Axton, the writer of Heartbreak Hotel, and as the performer who had inspired Michael Nesmith to go into folk music.

And I don't give a damn about a green back a dollar Spend it as fast as I can

For a wailing song and a good guitar The only thing Axton knew the group and fed them and put them up for a night But they needed somewhere else to stay They went to stay with one of Michelle's friends But after one night their rented car was stolen with all their possessions in it.

They needed somewhere else to stay so they they went to ask Jim Hendrix if they could crash at his place, and they were surprised to find that Cass Elliot was there already.

Hendrix had another partner, though he and Elliot wouldn't have their marriage annulled until 1968 and were still technically married, but he'd happily invited her to stay with them.

And now all her friends had turned up, he invited them to stay as well, taking apart the beds in his one-bedroom apartment so he could put down a load of mattresses in the space for everyone to sleep on.

The next part becomes difficult, because pretty much everyone in the LA music scene of the 60s was a liar who liked to embellish their own roles in things, so it's quite difficult to unpick what actually happened.

What seems to have happened though, is that first this new rock-oriented version of the new Journeymen went to see Frank Werber, on the recommendation of Jon Stewart.

Werber was the manager of the Kingston Trio, and had also managed the Journeymen.

He, however, was not interested, not because he didn't think they had talent, but because he had experience of working with John Phillips previously.

When Phillips came into his office, Werber picked up a tape he'd been given of the group and said, I have not had a chance to listen to this tape.

I believe that you are a most talented individual, and that's why we took you on in the first place.

But I also believe that you're also a drag to work with, a pain in the ass.

So I'll tell you what, before whatever you have on here sways me, I'm going to give it back to you and say that we're not interested.

Meanwhile, and this part of the story comes from Kim Fowley, who has never wanted to let the truth get in the way of him taking claim for everything.

But parts of it at least are corroborated by other people.

Cass Elliott had called Fowley and told him that her friend's new group sounded pretty good, and he should sign them.

Fowley was at that time working as a talent scout for a label, but according to him, the label wouldn't give the group the money they wanted.

So instead, Fowley got in touch with Nick Fennett, who had just produced the Leaves hit version of Hey Joe on Mirror Records.

I said, hey, hey, Joe, what are you going with that gun in your head?

I'm going out and find that woman out, she's been running around with some other man.

I said, I'm going out and find my woman, she can run around with some other man.

Fowley suggested to Vennett that Vennett should sign the group to Mira Records, and Fowley would sign them to a publishing contract, and they could both get rich.

The trio went to audition for Vennett and Elliott drove them over, and Vennett thought the group had a great look, as a quartet.

He wanted to sign them to a record contract, but only if Elliot was in the group as well.

They agreed.

He gave them a one hundred and fifty dollar advance, and told them to come back the next day to see his boss at Mira.

But Barry Maguire was also hanging round with Elliott and Hendricks, and decided that he wanted to have Lou Adler hear the four of them.

He thought they might be useful both as backing vocalists on his second album and as a source of new songs.

He got them to go and see Lou Adler, and according to Maguire, Phillips didn't want Elliot to go with them.

But as Elliot was the one who was friends with Maguire, Phillips worried that they'd lose the chance with Adler if she didn't.

Adler was amazed and decided to sign the group right then and there.

Both Bones Howe and PF Sloane claim to have been there when the group auditioned for him and have said if you won't sign them, I will, though exactly what Sloan would have signed them to, I'm not sure.

Adler paid them $3,000 in cash and told them not to bother with Nick Vennett, so they just didn't turn up for the Mira Records audition the next day.

Instead, they went into the studio with Maguire and cut backing vocals on about half of his new album.

While the group were excellent vocalists, there were two main reasons that Adler wanted to sign them.

The first was that he found Michelle Phillips extremely attractive, and the second is a song that John and Michelle had written, which he thought might be very suitable for Maguire's album.

Most people who knew John Phillips think of California Dreamin' as a solo composition, and he would later claim that he gave Michelle fifty per cent just for transcribing his lyric, saying he got inspired in the middle of the night, woke her up, and got her to write the song down as he came up with it.

But Michelle, who is a credited co writer on the song, has been very insistent that she wrote the lyrics to the second verse, and that it is about her own real experiences, saying that she would often go into churches and light candles, even though she was, at best, an agnostic and possibly an atheist, in her words, and this would annoy John, who had also been raised Catholic, but who had become aggressively opposed to expressions of religion, rather than still having nostalgia for the aesthetics of the church, as Michelle did.

They were out walking on a particularly cold winter's day in 1963, and Michelle wanted to go into St.

Patrick's Cathedral, and John very much did not want to.

A couple of nights later, John woke her up, having written the first verse of the song, starting All the leaves are brown and the sky is grey, I went for a walk on a winter's day, and insisting she collaborate with him.

She liked the song and came up with the lines stopped into a church, I passed along the way, I got down on my knees and I pretend to pray.

The preacher likes the cold, he knows I'm going to stay, which John would later apparently dislike, but which stayed in the song.

Most sources I've seen for the recording of California Dreaming say that the line-up of musicians was the standard set of players who had played on Maguire's other records, with the addition of John Phillips on twelve-string guitar, P.F.

Sloane on guitar and harmonica, Joe Osborne on bass, Larry Nectal on keyboards, and Hal Blaine on drums.

But for some reason, Stephen McParland's book on Sloan has Bones howed down as playing drums on the track while engineering, a detail so weird and from such a respectable researcher that I have to wonder if it might be true.

In his autobiography, Sloane claims to have rewritten the chord sequence to California Dreaming.

He says, Barry Mann had unintentionally shown me a suspended chord back at Screen Gems.

I was so impressed by this beautiful simple chord that I called Brian Wilson and played it for him over the phone.

The next thing I knew, Brian had written Don't Worry Baby, which had within it a number suspended chords, and then the chord heard round the world, two months later, was the opening suspended chord of A Hard Day's Night.

I used these chords throughout California Dreaming, and more specifically as a bridge to get back and forth from the verse to the chorus.

Now, nobody else corroborates this story, and both Brian Wilson and John Phillips had the kind of background in modern harmony that means they would have been very aware of suspended chords before either ever encountered Sloane, but I thought I should mention it.

Rather more plausible is Sloane's other claim that he came up with the intro to the song.

According to Sloane, he was inspired by Walk Don't Run by The Ventures.

And you can easily see how this

can lead to this.

And I'm fairly certain that if that was the inspiration, it was Sloane who was the one who thought it up.

John Phillips had been paying no attention to the world of surf music, when Walk Don't Run had been a hit.

That had been at the point when he was very firmly in the folk world, while Sloane, of course, had been recording Tell Him I'm Surfing, and it had been his job to know surf music intimately.

So Sloan's intro became the start of what was intended to be Barry Maguire's next single.

grey.

I've been for a walk

on a winter's day.

On a winter's day,

I'd be safe and warm

if I was in LA,

California Town.

Sloan also provided the harmonica solo on the track.

The Mommas and the Poppers, the new name that was now given to the former new journeymen, now they were a quartet, were also signed to Dunhill as an act on their own, and recorded their own first single, Go Where You Wanna Go, a song apparently written by John about Michelle in late 1963, after she had briefly left him to have an affair with Russ Teitelman, the record producer and songwriter, before coming back to him.

one man.

That's how far you go.

And you said to me,

But while that was put out, they quickly decided to scrap it and go with with another song.

The Go Way You Wanna Go single was pulled after only selling a handful of copies, though its commercial potential was later proved when in 1967 a new vocal group, The Fifth Dimension, released a sandal-like version as their second single.

The track was produced by Lou Adler's client Johnny Rivers and used the exact same musicians as the Mamas in the Papas version, with the exception of Phillips.

It became their first hit, reaching number 16 on the charts.

Where you are,

do you want you

The reason the Mamas and the Papas version of Go Way You Wanna Go was pulled was because everyone became convinced that their first single should instead be their own version of California Dreamin'.

This is the exact same track as Maguire's track with just two changes.

The first is that Maguire's lead vocal was replaced with Denny Doherty.

knees.

And I pretend to pray.

I pretend to pray.

You live reaching like a cold.

He knows I'm gonna stay.

I thought you winners day.

Though if you listen to the stereo mix of the song and isolate the left channel, you can hear Maguire singing the lead on the first line and occasional leakage from him elsewhere on the backing vocal track.

On a winter's day,

I'd be safe and born

if I was in LA.

The other change made was to replace Sloane's harmonica solo with an alto flute solo by Bud Shank, a jazz musician who we heard about in the episode on Light My Fire, when he collaborated with Ravi Shankar on improvisations on the theme from Patha Panchali.

Shank was working on another session in Western Studios, where they were recording the Mamas and Papas track, and Bones Howe approached him while he was packing his instrument and asked if he'd be interested in doing another session.

Shank agreed, though the track caused problems for him.

According to Shank, what had happened was that when they had made the original backing track, they had apparently not lined it up with anything with firm pitch.

It was only guitars, and it was in the cracks.

Really in the cracks.

I listened to the song enough to learn it, then I pulled a head joint out of my alto flute about an inch, and played it up half a step, and somehow or other we lined it up pitch-wise.

It sounded kind of strange and it really blew my mind, but that was because my fingers were going in spots where they normally wouldn't go.

According to Lou Adler, the flute solo is spliced together from two takes, at the point where the solo goes up an octave.

California Dreamin' made the charts in January 1966, and eventually reached number 4.

But even though it didn't make number one, it stayed on the charts so long that Cashbox magazine later listed it as the biggest hit of 1966.

The follow-up, Monday Monday, written by John Phillips alone, did reach number one.

That also won the group a Grammy for Best Pop Performance by a duo or group with vocal.

It was also nominated for the Best Contemporary Rock and Roll Recording Grammy, but lost out there, as did the other nominees, Last Train to Clarksville, Good Vibrations, Eleanor Rigby, and Cherish, to Winchester Cathedral.

The group's first album, from which both those singles were taken, is generally considered the one on which John Phillips' reputation as a songwriter rests.

Mark Vullman of the Turtles said, John was a really good songwriter who really hit his peak with one album.

I mean, he wasn't like John Sebastian, who wrote and wrote and was a working-class songwriter.

John Phillips hit his stride one album.

If you listen to that first album, If you can believe your eyes and ears, it was John's one contribution.

If you go to the next album, those songs were not as great.

There were sporadic moments of good songwriting, but John Phillips' contribution to the landscape of musical history was on that one album.

Even there, only seven songs on the album were originals, with the other five being cover versions, or, in the case of their version of You Baby, a hit for the turtles, they used a track that Sloan and Barry had recorded as a demo, onto which the group overdub new vocals.

During the recording of the first album, the group were all living together and getting on great.

They made occasional live appearances.

Their first performance as The Mamas and the Poppers was a rather impromptu one at the action, where the Mothers of Invention were the houseband, and the Mammas and the Poppers got up between their sets to do a performance with just the four voices and a 12-string guitar, to a certain amount of confusion on the part of the audience.

But for the most part, they were just rehearsing and recording, and they got on great.

But that wasn't to last.

There's an anecdote from Guy Webster, who photographed the group's first album cover.

He said, I said, this will probably be the last time where we get together like this, where you'll want to shoot the cover.

And they said, what are you talking about?

That's ridiculous.

And I told them that it's just the nature of the business that little petty things come in and out of relationships in groups that are together.

And after a while, they don't even want to see you.

I had photographed the stones, and Brian Jones, who was a friend of mine, was kind of on the outs with the group, and nobody wanted to pose together.

I'm telling this to the mamas and the papas, and they're like, yeah, right.

Well, the next session, it was almost impossible to get the four of them together.

That's how fast the insidiousness of the business started to splinter the group.

The thing that really caused problems, though, was when John found out about Michelle and Denny's relationship, which ended as soon as John found out.

John was hurt because his wife had been having an affair, and Denny was hurt because the affair had ended.

although both men took what one might call a papa's before mamas approach and decided that it was michelle's fault for being a temptress Michelle moved out, but John and Denny stayed living together, bonding more closely over their shared blaming of the woman they both loved.

Meanwhile, Cass Elliott was hurt.

She was in love with Denny, and while that love was unrequited, Cass thought that Michelle could have literally any man she wanted, so why go for the man Cass was in love with?

Doherty and John Phillips wrote I Saw Her Again about the affair, and it became the group's third single, though Michelle always said that it was immensely cruel that they'd made her sing on the song.

I'm only do

you

and it makes me feel so good to know

she'll never read me.

I Saw Her Again is notable for one other reason as well.

At one point, Denny Doherty came in at the wrong place, caught himself, and then came in at the right spot.

Originally, Bones Howe was going to edit out the mistake, but Lou Adler said to leave it in.

For a while, the group continued working together, even though everything was strained.

But while John and Michelle were split up, Michelle started having an affair with Gene Clark, formerly of the Birds, who apparently later wrote Tried So Hard about Their Breakup.

Tried so hard to please her.

She said she really had to go,

even though

Clark came to see one of the group shows, which happened to be on Michelle's 22nd birthday, June the 4th, 1966, and sat in the front row, and Michelle sang at him the entire show.

That was the last straw for John Phillips, who persuaded the rest of the group that they needed to sack Michelle.

They sent her a letter reading, Dear Michelle, this letter is to inform you that the undersigned no longer desire to record or perform with you in the future.

Moreover, the undersigned desire to terminate any business relationship with you that may have heretofore existed.

To the extent there may have been any agreement between us creating a partnership, the undersigned elect to terminate and dissolve any such partnership, pursuant to California Corporation Code Section 15031, brackets 1, brackets B.

This letter should not be construed as an admission that any such partnership exists.

Nothing contained in this letter should be construed as a waiver, abandonment, or relinquishment of any right or remedy which the undersigned, and each of them, may have against you.

All such rights and remedies are expressly reserved.

Very truly yours.

Michelle was devastated, since this was basically her being cut out of the lives of everyone important to her.

As she put it in her autobiography Since it was from the mummas and the papers, it was therefore from my husband, from my best friend, from my lover, from my manager, my label, and my attorney.

On her twenty second birthday, her entire emotional and professional support system had been taken away from her.

As a replacement, they got in Jill Gibson.

Gibson had been Jan Berry's girlfriend, though they'd split up shortly before Jan's accident.

And she'd had a bit of a recording career as a result of the connection.

We heard her earlier on Move On Little Mustang.

And she also co-wrote It's As Easy as One Two Three with Don Altfeld, which was released as a Jan and Dean B-side, but had Gibson singing lead.

wanna be sweet.

When summer is over and I've had my fun,

you'll come back to me, and we will be as one,

be as one.

You wait and see.

Gibson also looked quite like Michelle.

They had different jawlines, but there was a passing resemblance, especially from the distances concert audiences saw performers, and she was dating Lou Adler.

She could sing, she knew the material, and she was in.

Work had already started on the second Mammas and Papas album, but Jill replaced Michelle's vocals on some, but not all, of the tracks.

They'd even already taken a cover photo, so Guy Webster was called in to take a photo of Jill, in exactly exactly the same pose Michelle had been in, and paste her into the photo in Michelle's place.

Jill was in the group for three months, but while she was told it was a permanent position, almost from the start there seems to have been talk of getting Michelle back.

John and Michelle had almost daily phone calls, which according to Michelle basically amounted to John saying that he wanted her back as his wife but he could no longer work with her.

and her saying that she wanted to be back in the group, but wasn't interested in getting back together with him.

But something was missing from the band's sound.

Jill was a good singer, by some accounts a better singer than Michelle, but Michelle had a harsher brassier sound, which contrasted well with Elliot and Doherty's voices.

Michelle was the youngest of the group members, and the one who more than any of them was interested in rock and roll, and Lou Adler said of her, I think she would have loved to have been a Ronette or one of the Shangri-Lars.

Without that slight abrasive quality, the harmonies were missing something.

Eventually they reconciled, at least for a while, and Michelle was back in the marriage and the group, with Jill being given an undisclosed large sum of money as a pay-off.

Michelle then replaced some of Jill's vocals on the album, some of which had in turn been replacements for Michelle, and nobody is sure anymore which songs have Michelle, which have Jill, which have both, and which have Cass Elliott overdubbing herself instead of either of them, though it's almost certain Jill is on about six of the twelve tracks, including Trip, Stumble, and Fall, which John and Michelle had written

You're gonna be,

yeah,

yeah,

yeah.

Then you're gonna trip, drip, stumble, and fall.

And when the land, then you're tumbling on.

You're gonna miss

As well as the problems between John and Michelle, there were other problems starting with the second album.

For the first album, the group had been living together for months beforehand and spending all their time together, so they knew the material, and the material had been written around the group members' individual voices and shaped with them.

Now the only time they saw each other was in the recording studio or on tour, and so they no longer had the chemistry they used to, and nor did they have the familiarity with the material.

Everyone was developing their own problems as well.

Both John Phillips and Cass Elliott were heavy drug users, while Denny Doherty was becoming an alcoholic, and everyone talks about how they had to arrange sessions so that Doherty's vocals would be recorded during the winter of time between him having drunk enough to loosen up and having drunk so much that he couldn't sing.

Also, John Phillips' stock of material had run dry, and they were so desperate for new material that when they were asked a guest on a TV show celebrating the songs of Rogers and Hart, they ended ended up using a song they recorded for the show on the album.

Not only that, but they took another song from the show, Here in My Arms.

Here in my arms,

it's adorable.

It's deplorable

that you were never

there

wherein someone has lived

and turned it into an original, No Salt on Her Tale.

John Phillips wrote new lyrics and melody to the existing track.

To make the borrowing not quite so obvious, they got in organist Ray Manzarek, whose band The Doors was still unsigned at the time, to overdub a keyboard part.

And time

that should fly

the winds on the screen.

I'm going to be hungry.

Cause it would be the way

the love

should be.

According to Manzarek, Adler tried to just pay him $20 for the session.

Adler's response was, I have no recollection of that.

Boy, I doubt it.

I have no memory of that.

He remembers a lot of things about me.

But the lack of material wasn't too much of a problem.

As Doherty would later say, at that point the momentum we'd created carried a lot of it.

If we got one hit from each album, that was enough.

One good single sold the album.

And it didn't matter about the album cuts or whatever else was on the album.

But there were other problems happening too as the group moved into recording their third album.

Cass Elliott was becoming increasingly distant from the rest of the group.

She got pregnant and wouldn't even tell the rest of them who the father was, and she was constantly butting heads with John Phillips.

Phillips thought of himself as the group's leader, and in his mind, by being able to fire and re-hire his own wife.

He had proved his dominance over the group.

Michelle had been put firmly in her place by this and wasn't making waves, and Doherty was a naturally placid person.

But while Elliot was hard-working, she insisted on knowing why certain things were being done.

She wouldn't take direction from Phillips without understanding his reasoning, and Phillips was becoming increasingly unwilling to accommodate that kind of thing.

Between the problems in his marriage, his writer's block, and his worsening drug problems, he was becoming aggressive towards anyone he viewed as a challenge, even the musicians who'd been helping him make his hit records.

Where previously he would ask P.F.

Sloan to come up with his own guitar parts, now he was dictating them and shouting at Sloane when he suggested an idea.

He would also sometimes add or drop bars during the recording without realising he was doing so and then scream at Hal Blaine for doing it wrong when Blaine played the part as written.

At one point Blaine actually almost came to blows with him, the only time in 40 years as a studio musician that he came close to attacking an artist.

The third album then was stressful for everyone, though perhaps not as stressful as some of the stories about the group would later claim.

Pretty much everyone involved would say that Cass Elliott was recording her parts for the album even up to the day she went into labour, but in fact her daughter wasn't born until two months after the record came out, though that's not to minimise how hard she had to work being pregnant while making the album.

And there are other stories about having to mike Denny Doherty up while he was lying flat on his back on top of a piano, too drunk to stand up, to get vocal takes.

But the album, The Mamas and the Papas Deliver, did produce two big hits.

One was a song suggested by Michelle.

When the group had been looking for cover versions, she'd kept suggesting hits from her teenage years which the rest of the group didn't know, like, I'm a Hug for You Baby by the Coasters, He's a Rebel, and Will You Love Me Tomorrow?

Eventually, she hit on a song which had been a hit in 1962 for the Chevrelles.

While I'm far away from you, my baby,

I know it's hard for you, my baby.

Because

it's hard for me, my baby.

And the darkest hour is just before dawn.

John came up with an arrangement of that, and it made number two on the charts, becoming the fifth of the group's six top five singles, and the only one with a lead from Michelle.

Each side is before you go to red, my baby.

The sixth and final top five hit for the group, also on that album, was a song John and Michelle had written to explain the group's history to Lou Adler.

The group had constantly been talking about all the folk rock stars they'd known and been in bands with before any of them were successful, and Creaky Alley told the whole story.

Sebastian and Sarmaster

get very toothed

quiet, just the catch and fire.

And they'll lay in overside.

Everybody's getting back except my mother's cat.

After the release of The Mamas and the Poppers Deliver, John and Michelle took on a new project, one which would end up being one of the most important things they would ever do.

Jim Dixon, the manager of The Birds, was in the process of splitting away from the band, but he had recently organised a rather big benefit concert featuring Hugh Masakala, the South African jazz trumpeter, who had recently guested on the Birds single, So You Want to Be a Rock and Roll Star.

Then listen not to what I say.

Just get an electric guitar and take some time and learn how to play.

And when your hair's come right and your pants turn tight, it's gonna be alright.

Then it's time to go downtown to the agent man won't

Masaqua had enjoyed the benefit show, and had suggested to Dixon and his co-promoter Alan Pariser that they might want to put on another similar show.

Masaqua's initial idea was to do it in Mexico, but Dixon thought about the likely audience, mostly American hippies, and what would happen to several thousand long-haired drug users at the border between the two countries, and decided to do it closer to home.

They decided that Monterey might be an option.

Monterey is a town in central California, about 80 miles south of San Francisco and about 300 miles north of LA.

And it already had an established and long-running annual jazz festival, and a more recently established folk festival.

Why not a pop festival?

At least that's the way Dixon told the story.

The way Steve Stills would always tell the story, it had all been Stills's idea and he'd suggested the whole thing, including the location, to Pariser.

They got in touch with Benny Shapiro, who ran the Monterey Folk Festival, to get some advice as to how to put something like that on in Monterey, and through him they booked the first act order than Masaqua.

Shapiro was Ravi Shankar's West Coast promoter, and offered them Shankar's services for $3,000.

Shankar was at the time probably the single most admired musician among the hip crowd of musicians, and with him on board they could get anyone they wanted.

The next people they asked were the mamas and the poppers, and at that point everything changed.

John Phillips and Lou Adler both fell heavily in love with the idea of doing a big pop festival, the first one devoted to pop music rather than jazz or folk.

As it happened it took so long to set up that Monterey would end up being the second pop festival, as the Fantasy Fair and Magic Mountain Music Festival near San Francisco happened just the week before, with several of the same acts.

But Monterey, which took place over the weekend between the first two Beatles recording sessions for All You Need Is Love, became the model which all future rock and pop festivals would follow, and gets regarded by most as the start of the summer of love.

Phillips and Adler had a vision and they quickly bought out the original promoters and took on the work themselves.

They were going to make it a charity benefit so none of the musicians would get paid for their appearances or for the film and live album they planned of the festival except Ravi Shankar, whose contract had already been signed and who said that he wasn't going to work for free.

But nobody else would be paid.

John, Michelle and Adler did most of the organisational work for the festival with some help from Al Cooper and Derek Taylor, but they pulled together an advisory board of their friends in the music industry, including Elliott, Lennon and McCartney, Andrew Oldham, Simon and Garfunkel, and Brian Wilson.

Those people mostly did very little, with one exception we'll get to in a minute, but they all pitched in money to help pay for the festival's costs, and they also made suggestions of which artists to include.

The Beatles and Oldham suggested the hot names from the British scene, Eric Burden Burden and his new animals, the Jimi Hendrix experience, and the Who, the latter two of whom had not yet had any real success in the US, and also suggested that Otis Redding, Lou Rolls, and Bucketty and the MGs be included on the bill.

Meanwhile, the LA contingent were getting their own friends involved, and so as well as the Mamas and the Poppers, the Beach Boys were booked to headline, though they pulled out for reasons we'll discuss in episode 153, and the Birds and Buffalo Springfield were on the bill, as was the Dunhill Act Johnny Rivers.

But if they were going to hold a festival near San Francisco, they also needed to get some of the local San Francisco bands on the bill.

A huge music scene had sprung up there almost overnight, which we're going to look at in future episodes, and they would have to acknowledge that in some way.

But there was a problem.

That scene had set itself up very consciously in opposition to the music coming out of LA, which was against everything they stood for.

It was Hollywood and plastic and commercial and made by big corporations.

The San Francisco groups wouldn't even speak to any of the LA groups, so Paul Simon was enlisted as an ambassador.

He was neutral in the war between northern and southern California, as he was from New York, so he made the fraught trip into enemy territory, visiting the Grateful Dead in San Francisco and coming back with their list of demands.

The Grateful Dead, if they were going to do the show, wanted a day basically put aside for the San Francisco scene.

They wanted Big Brother and the Holding Company, Country Joe and the Fish, Quicksilver Messenger Service, and Jefferson Airplane all on, and all on the same day.

As it eventually worked out, all those acts did play, and all on the same day.

But the Grateful Dead actually played the day after their San Francisco peers, but an agreement had been reached, and John Phillips had come up with a theme song for the event.

After Scott Mackenzie had left the Journeymen, his career had floundered.

He had tried for a solo career, and had signed to Capital Records and recorded two singles for them, but tracks like his version of the old Web PS country hit, There Stands the Glass, had not exactly set the world on fire.

There stands the glass

that will hide all my tears

That will drown all my

capital had dropped him and then he'd signed with Epic Records and John Phillips had written no no no no for him which Adler had produced.

fall,

she says, No, no, no, no,

she says,

You are just a friend to me

You're no more than a friend to me

by 1967, Mackenzie was despondent.

He was staying with the Phillipses in their house, and one day Paul McCartney had come to visit.

Mackenzie had given McCartney and Mal Evans a lift to the airport, and McCartney had asked him what he did for a living.

Mackenzie said he was a singer, and McCartney asked what kind of things he sang, and Mackenzie realized he didn't know what kind of things he sang.

John Phillips told him they would have to find something for him to sing, so then he would know.

By this point, Lou Adler had sold his shares in Dunhill to his business partners, and had started up a new label, Ode, with Mackenzie as his first signing.

He got John Phillips to write a song for Mackenzie to sing, and John decided to make the song a message to anyone who was going to be travelling to the festival, to tell them that they should be cool and relaxed and not cause problems for anyone.

The recording was arranged hastily and in secret.

They thought that Cass and Denny might complain about Phillips giving hits away to other artists, and they also worried that Adler's erstwhile partners might cause problems for John writing a song for anyone not on Dunhill.

The song was released as a single a month before the festival and became a worldwide hit, going top five in the USA and making number one in the UK.

If you're going

to San

The Monterey International Pop Festival is something we're going to be coming back to time and again in the next few months, which is why I place this episode at this point in the narrative, at the start of a new year of stories.

In many ways, it is the pivotal moment in the transition between pop and rock music.

It was referred to as a pop festival, and at this point, rock and roll was not a term that most successful bands would have used for themselves.

Rock and roll either meant music from the 50s like Elvis and Jean Vincent, or it meant girl groups and soul singers.

The Supremes were a rock and roll group.

Bands like the Beatles or the Rolling Stones would never have referred to themselves as rock bands at this point.

They were pop groups, or RB bands.

not rock bands.

But Monterey was where that started to change, and it was where the narrative of what artists mattered to the hippie generation was really set.

And in the War for the Minds of the Hippie Generation, San Francisco beat LA so completely that it distorted the whole of rock history for decades, something that wasn't helped with the dawn of rock journalism happening around the same time, and being dominated by the San Francisco partisans at Rolling Stone.

This, even though, right up until the last minute, it was entirely possible that none of the San Francisco bands would even play.

Many of them were being managed by Bob Dylan's manager Albert Grossman, who was well known for his extreme approach to management and vinxmanship, and he was attempting to renegotiate some of the contracts, even as bands were going onstage.

We're going to look at many of these performances in greater detail in future, as we deal with many of these bands and artists in their own episodes.

But the San Francisco bands were young and hungry and playing to the biggest audiences they'd ever played to, and so bands like Jefferson Airplane gave tight, convincing performances.

Don't you want somebody to love?

Don't you need somebody to love?

Wouldn't you love somebody to love?

You better find somebody to love

While the unknown band Big Brother and the Holding Company, with their lead singer Janice Joplin, became many people's highlight of the show with their version of Big Mama Thornton's Ball and Chain.

While the San Francisco bands blew everyone away, LA was much, much less well represented.

The Beach Boys had dropped out, and they decided not to invite the Monkees, even though they were the biggest band in the world at that point, because even the LA plastic Hollywood types thought they were above that kind of thing.

Though both Mickey Dolans and Peter Torque came along anyway, and Torque introduced his friends the Buffalo Springfield.

So the two most commercial acts from LA at the time weren't there.

As for the up-and-coming acts, Love were invited but Arthur Lee wouldn't travel out of LA.

The Mothers of Invention were playing a month-long residency in New York on the other side of the continent, and Captain Beefheart and the Magic Band had to to pull out shortly before the event after their guitarist, Rai Kuda, quit.

And I've seen multiple explanations for why the doors weren't going to be playing, with some of the band members, notably Manzarek, saying it was because Lou Adler resented them for becoming successful after he'd turned them down.

But other explanations I've seen include that the band were dealing with various small life emergencies like minor surgery and family members having kids, and that they were booked to play in New York.

So that left the established but not absolute top-tier LA act.

The association, who opened the whole festival, actually gave one of the tightest performances of the weekend.

Unfortunately, while they did a great set musically, they looked out of place.

They had the same kind of suits, haircuts and stage formation as the Beatles or Stones had in 1965.

In June 1967, a band looking like that might as well have been from the medieval era, and their performance wasn't even used in the film of the event.

Johnny Rivers was wildly out of place with his set of 50s covers, and Buffalo Springfield were missing their guitarist Neil Young.

David Crosby sat in with them in his place, and while they managed just about to get through the set, they generally considered it an embarrassment.

Like to like a feeling in screen.

You don't love the man they all do like to see

Who's running along like he wanted to be

saying, baby, that don't need a thing

Cause nowadays when singer

And Crosby also dominated the birds set, where they refused to play any of their old hits and instead did a set that sounds almost garbage punk.

Where are you gonna go?

I

Even though it had been organized entirely by LA people, the Monterey International Pop Festival seemed almost specifically designed to prove the San Francisco musicians right.

On the evidence of that weekend, the LA groups were a bunch of posers who couldn't really play, and relied on clever record production to make themselves seem half-decent.

And that's largely how the LA scene went down in the first drafts of rock history as a result.

But the real highlights of the festival weren't from either of the warring Californian scenes.

Rather, they were the acts that had been suggested by the Beatles and Oldham.

Otis Redding's performance was the set that brought him to the attention of the white rock audience, who had previously been largely unaware of how astonishing he was.

get to back when I get home.

Respect what I want, respected what it means.

Respected what I want, respected what it means.

Respect, baby, respect,

respect.

And while the Grateful Dead have been seen as the one band that they must get, half the oral histories of the event literally forget that they were there, because they were on between the two biggest breakout stars of the show.

At this point, while The Who were in the very top tier of bands in the UK, with seven top ten hits, and were regarded by their peers as the most exciting live act around, they'd only had one top 30 hit in the US, with their most recent single, Happy Jack, which was not regarded as their best work and which had only got to number 24.

The Who's Show was devastating, with a psychedelic light show, Keith Moon setting off smoke bombs, and at the end of the set, Pete Townsend smashing his guitar to pieces while Moon smashed his drum kit up, as technicians busily ran around the stage trying to limit the damage being done to the festival's equipment.

But as well as the pyrotechnics, there was also actual musical quality to their performance.

Talking about my dear fear, I'm trying to cause

my dear

talking about regeneration.

Talking about my dear

generation,

after that, the Who went on a 55-day US tour as a support act to Herman's Hermits.

The other breakout Monterey act, the Jimi Hendrix Experience, also toured on a similarly incongruous bill after Mickey Dolan saw them at the festival and invited them to be the Monkeys Support Act.

The Grateful Dead, stuck between those two powerhouse live acts, gave what they would later claim was one of their worst performances.

We played badly there.

We want you to remember.

We played really badly there.

Well, that was one of our classic bad scenes.

We came on the stage just after the Who finished smashing their equipment for the first time in America.

You know what I mean?

This was, ah, the audience is devastated.

You know,

the Who are beautifully theatrical and discover this clouds of smoke and explosions and they're clearing away the debris, you know.

So we come out and play our little set, you know, ding, ding, ding.

And then Jimi Hendrix comes on after us and annihilates any remnant of any, you know, I mean, if anybody noticed this, that was it.

You know, it was erased from existence.

And I was like,

come on, you know, that was where we were on the show.

It didn't, didn't though, the one song from their performance that was filmed, a version of Viola Lee Blues, that's in the special features of the Criterion Blu-ray edition of the film of the festival, is perfectly fine, if hardly life-changing.

indeed

in the L.

Ladder

have got a friend so well.

And then the Jimi Hendrix experience came on, and Hendrix was determined to overshadow the Who.

Hendrix had had three top 10 hit singles in the UK in the previous six months, but had not yet charted in the US.

A double A-side version of Purple Haze and The Wind Cries Mary was released the same weekend as the festival, presumably in the hopes of capitalising on any publicity from it, but it only reached the heady heights of number 67 in the charts.

But the group's performance at Monterey was one that nobody would ever forget.

It had already been set up by David Crosby the day before, when he'd introduced the birds' version of Hey Joe by talking about Love, the Leaves, Tim Rose, and A Cat Who's Gonna Perform Here, Jimi Hendrix.

Hendrix was still so new to songwriting that half the experiences set was cover versions, including of course their own version of Hey Joe.

I said, boy, you're going back, girl, your head.

I put on a shoe, I did it.

And the closing song, a version of Wild Thing.

Come in, I

sold it to the wood tune

You move me, look how

Hendrix first played the song, then while the other musicians continued playing, he humped his guitar and then, for a finale and away to one up Townsend, smashing his guitar, took a can of lighter fluid, held it out at approximately penis height, squirted the fluid all over his guitar, then set it on fire, before smashing it.

The sound you hear here is the sound of the crackling flames being picked up by the guitar's pickups and feeding back through the amps.

Watching the footage of that performance, large chunks of the audience don't seem to know what's going on, but Michelle Phillips, Cass Elliott, and Mickey Dolans all seem to be in states of utter ecstasy watching him.

One person who wasn't so ecstatic was Ravi Shankar.

He'd thought Simon and Garfunkel were extremely good on the first night, and he'd been very impressed by both Otis Redding and Janice Joplin, who he thought sang from her guts like some of the olden days jazz singers.

But to a man to whom music was holy, smashing a musical instrument was sacrilege.

And after Hendrix came the closing performance of the show, and what was meant to be the highlight for everyone who had organised it, the Mammas and the Poppers, with Scott Mackenzie guesting to sing San Francisco.

But there was a problem.

The group hadn't rehearsed together in months.

John and Michelle had been busy organising the festival, Cass had been busy with her newborn baby, and Denny had been so depressed that John and Michelle had got back together that he'd basically spent three months inside a bottle, drunk out of his mind, and not even really registering that he was meant to be performing at the festival until the final day, when he flew into LA from the Virgin Islands, where he'd been for those three months.

He also didn't have any coherent idea of the geography of California, despite having lived there for a couple of years, and vaguely thought that Monterey was just down the coast from Santa Barbara, and was horrified to be told by his friend that it would be an eight-hour drive, and they would have to leave right then.

Depending on which version of the story you believe, he either arrived right before the group were due on stage, or just before Hendrix's set.

Either way, there was no time for even a cursory rehearsal before the group went on stage with Joe Osborne, Larry Nectel, touring guitarist Eric Horne, and their touring drummer Fast Eddie Ho, and performed what was meant to be the great climax of the festival, but instead turned out to be the great anticlimax of it, and of the Mamas and the Papa's career.

To quote from John Phillips's autobiography, we ran out on stage and did our songs completely out of tune from start to finish.

In parts, we weren't even close.

We hadn't sung in months.

We hadn't rehearsed at Monterey because Denny wasn't around.

Cass had been partying all weekend.

Mitch and I were too busy at the site to worry about harmonies and arrangements.

I was fried on speed.

I had been up for most of the past week.

Everyone agrees that the performance was possibly the worst the group ever gave, and they were the worst act on the festival, though listening to the recordings, it doesn't sound that much more incompetent than many of the other performers, though there are some excruciatingly poor harmonies at points.

As for Scott Mackenzie, as John Phillips put it, he was so off and out of it that he sang in a chord sequence that was the reverse of what the band were playing.

For those who come

to San Francisco

Summer time

will be loving

them

in the streets we stand

though I have to say that to my ears the problem sounds more with the twelve string guitar player one John Phillips than with Mackenzie's singing.

Monterey was essentially the end of the careers of both Mackenzie and the Mamas and the Poppers.

Mackenzie's follow-up single, like an old-time movie, written by John Phillips, only made number 24.

One that I already seen

Baby, yes, I need your love

But I'm not gonna

get this love

He recorded one more album three years later this time made up of songs he'd written himself But never had another hit and he retired from music for a time in 1970 Meanwhile, the Mamas and the Poppers struggled on for a while longer and started work on a fourth album.

But halfway through recording, they made a promotional trip to the UK, where Cass got arrested for reasons that are unclear, but seemed to have been connected to some criminal associates of her then partner.

She was let go the next day, but had a traumatic time, including being strip-searched, and was telling someone about her horrific ordeal when John Phillips came up to her and started correcting her about her own experiences.

That was the last straw.

She was not putting up with John Phillips for one second more, and she quit the group.

She did come back long enough to finish up the album, which included a version of Dream A Little Dream of Me, a song suggested by Michelle, who had known one of the song's writers when she was a kid.

It was released as a single, but credited to Mama Cass with the Mamas and the Poppers in the US, and just to Mama Cass in the UK.

Stars shining bright above you,

night breezes seem to whisper, I love you.

Birds singing in the sycamore tree,

dream a little dream of me.

Say nighty night and kiss me.

Just hold me tight and tell me you'll miss me.

That made the top 20, significantly outperforming the last few Mamas and Papas singles, and Elliott had a relatively successful solo career, with two more top 30 hits, both written by Man and Whale.

It's getting better, and make your own kind of music.

but you've got to

make

your own kind of music sing your own special song

make

your own kind of music even if nobody else sings along

after a rough first attempt at a las vegas residency She lost £100 in weight, but as a result developed gastric and throat problems and had to cancel almost straight away.

She became a beloved entertainer, appearing in several TV specials and doing residencies in Las Vegas and the London Palladium.

The other group members all released solo records too, but with no success.

Probably the best of them is Denny Doherty's version of The Millennium's To Claudia on Thursday.

Don't give a thought to anything in the world

But you

and me

Let the heavens kiss you with the breeze

Let the sunshine see you through the trees John and Michelle's marriage fell apart for good and John's drug use became much much worse.

Eventually the new owners of the group's record label sued them for a million dollars, and to settle the lawsuit, they recorded a contractual obligation album, People Like Us, three years after they'd split, but they didn't get together for the recordings, just overdubbing parts as and when necessary.

In 1974, while staying in a flat owned by Harry Nilson, Cass Elliott died of a heart attack, aged only 32.

She had just completed a residency at the London Palladium, for which she had once again lost a lot of weight, after having put all the weight from her earlier attempt at weight loss back on.

It's well known that repeated crash dieting, extreme weight loss, and yo-yoing weight can cause heart trouble.

That was the end of the Mammas and the Poppers, as the original band, but not quite the end for the group altogether.

While Michelle Phillips went on to a successful acting career and still acts today, John sank into depression.

and spent time in prison on drugs charges.

He would remain an addict for the rest of his life.

As an attempt to get himself together after his prison time, he formed the New Mamas and Papas, initially with a line-up of himself, Scott Mackenzie, Denny Doherty, his daughter Mackenzie Phillips, and replacing Cass Elliott, Elaine Spanky McFarlane of Spanky and Our Gang, and they started playing the Nostalgia Circuit.

walk in tomorrow

on a winter day,

on a winter day.

If I didn't know, I didn't tell.

Yeah, I would make today.

I could leave today.

California dreams dream.

At the same time, the Beach Boys were in a career slump, putting out odd one-off flop singles for film soundtracks, and often finding it difficult to get record contracts.

One of the few recordings they made in the early 80s was for a cassette-only release, only sold through Radio Shack, put together by Terry Melcher and Daryl Dragon of The Captain and Teniel.

The cassette contained new recordings by the Association, Paul Revere and the Raiders, and The Rip Chords, plus solo tracks by Mike Love.

and duets between Love and Dean Torrance, plus the Beach Boys version of California Dreamin', produced by Melcher, featuring a guest spot by Roger McGuinn on guitar.

Unsurprisingly, the cassette didn't exactly set the music world alight, but a couple of years later the Beach Boys were putting out a new Greatest Hits album, and a slightly remixed version of California Dreamin' was stuck on that and put out as a single.

And while it only made the lower reaches of the Hop 100, it made the Adult Contemporary top 10, thanks in large part to a video which got a lot of play on MTV, featuring the Beach Boys, McGuin, and and carryos from Michelle and John, the latter is a saxophone playing priest.

I've been for one month

on a winter's day,

yeah.

I'd be saving war, war

if I was in LA

At this point, there were lots of connections between the Beach Boys, Melcher, and the Mamas and the Papas, including that John and Michelle's daughter Chyna was a school friend of Brian Wilson's daughters Carney and Wendy, and would soon form her own vocal group with them.

And at some point, Terry Melcher got hold of a demo that John Phillips had recorded of a song he and Scott McKenzie had written together.

Melcher and Mike Love rewrote the lyric extensively, dropped Phillips' original middle eight altogether, and added a new chorus, listing place names in the same way the Beach Boys had for California Girls and Surf in USA.

It was put out as one of those throwaway film soundtrack singles for a forgettable Tom Cruise film Cocktail.

But rather remarkably, thanks to a video featuring shots from the film Intercut with the Beach Boys performing on a beach, It became the Beach Boys' first number one in 22 years, and their only one without any participation from Brian Wilson.

Done in Coca-Cola, Jamaica, who I wanna take you to Bermuda,

For the rest of the 80s and 90s, the new mamas and poppers toured with a revolving line-up.

There would be various female singers, and usually at least one, sometimes two, of John Phillips, Denny Doherty, Scott Mackenzie, and Barry Maguire, depending on who had fallen out with who and who was in rehab.

The new mamas and papers ended with Phillips's death in 2000, and Denny Doherty died in 2007, while Scott Mackenzie died in 2012.

Barry Maguire is still alive and is now a contemporary Christian performer.

His most recent album seems to have come out in 2000.

It's called Eve of Destruction 20 Inspirational Classics, and he also re-recorded Eve of Destruction as Eve 2012.

As for P.F.

Sloane, he retired from the music business in 1972, for reasons he variously gave as being ill, he would suffer from chronic illnesses for decades before apparently being cured by a faith healer, being tired of making music and having his life threatened by the owners of Dunhill Records.

He infrequently gave interviews and made records over the next few decades, before recovering his strength enough to work on what he considered his magnum opus.

He saw the performance of Beethoven's music and became fascinated at what he saw as the parallels between Beethoven and himself.

He very much saw Beethoven as the P.F.

Sloan of his time.

He immediately started work on a musical, Louis Louis.

Louis is the French equivalent of Ludwig, Beethoven's first name, which eventually became his 2015 album, My Beethoven, a concept album that was equal parts autobiography and biography of Beethoven.

There is no easy way

Only this heart

There is no life

There is no light

without you

And this love

I have

But by this point Sloane was more myth than man and this was largely because of Jimmy Webb.

Webb had, in 1970, decided that he wasn't going to just be a songwriter for other people, but that he was going to be an artist in his own right, and put out a solo album.

And one of the people who inspired him to do that was Sloan, who he thought of as one of the first of the great commercial songwriters to pursue his own artistic path, and as such, he wrote a tribute to him, a song called P.F.

Sloane.

The problem was, Sloane had already pretty much vanished from the scene, as the song's lyrics said, starting, I have been seeking P.F.

Sloane, but no one knows where he has gone.

Many people listening to the song assumed that Sloane was a character Webb had made up, and Sloane would later claim that he and Webb had fallen out in the 70s, and as a result, Webb had gone around claiming just that, rather than acknowledging that Sloane was a real person, though I've not seen any interviews where Webb did that.

and have seen several where he very explicitly credits the real man as an inspiration.

To make matters worse, in the 80s, Eugene Landy, the abusive psychotherapist who used his position with his patient Brian Wilson, to get himself credited as a co-writer and producer on many of Wilson's songs, insisted in many interviews that he was P.F.

Sloane, claiming Sloane was a pseudonym and he had written all those songs.

With Sloane out of the industry, many people believed him, at least until the extent of his other lies became clear.

So while Sloane did write his own autobiography, What's Exactly the Matter With Me, in 2014, by the time of his death, to most of those who knew his name at all, P.

F.

Sloane wasn't a man, a songwriter who had written for The Turtles and Jan and Dean and had a big folk rock hit.

He was an idea, the idea of songwriting artistry, of inspiration, and of someone who would take his own path rather than submit to commercial pressures.

The idea of musical innovation, of endless possibilities, and of being young in the mid-sixties when it seemed the young people might still make a better world.

The truth?

Well, that didn't matter.

What mattered always was the song.

Don't sing this song.

It belongs to your soul

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