Hard Fork Live, Part 1: Sam Altman and Brad Lightcap of OpenAI

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Hard Fork Live, the podcast's inaugural event, was sponsored by Premier sponsor IBM, associate sponsor Invesco QQQ, and supporting sponsor Intuit QuickBooks.

Little behind the scenes, so we're getting ready to go on.

And, you know, if you were at the live show, you know that the show started with a marching band coming in that Kevin and I were leading.

Kevin and I were marching down different staircases, trailed by a band of marching musicians.

And so Kevin was sort of, you know, loaded into his position.

And I went down to the next door with my three musicians.

And I go to open the door.

And then, of course, it's locked.

And they're already playing the cold open for the show.

And we have a few seconds left.

And I'm like frantically trying to wave someone from the SFJS center and he runs up with his keys.

But fortunately, everything worked out.

The music started on time.

And yeah, that was that.

I'm so glad.

That was a near miss.

I would have had to go out and march the band in myself.

Yeah.

It's always interesting.

to me when they lock the audience, you know, into the theater.

I wasn't sure exactly what was happening there.

Release the bees.

That's what I mean.

Look, when you do a two-hour podcast taping, some people are going to try to leave, and you're going to want to have a plan for that.

It's true.

And we had a plan, and the plan was you can't leave.

The best audience is a captive audience.

Absolutely.

I'm Kevin Roos at Tech Columnist at the New York Times.

I'm Casey Newt from Platformer.

And this is Hard Fork.

This week, it's Hard Fork Live.

You'll hear our first ever podcast taping in front of a live audience in San Francisco.

We've got a special appearance from San Francisco Mayor Daniel Lurie and the conversation that had everyone talking this week, it's our extended interview with OpenAI CEO Sam Altman and COO Brad Lightcap.

Got a little spicy.

Well, Casey, Hard Fork Live is in the books.

How are you feeling?

Are you recovered?

I am floating.

I think everyone should have the experience of starting a podcast and then having 700 people come to watch it.

It really is a, it really makes you feel good.

Yeah, we had such a great time.

Thank you to everyone who came out.

We had a packed house and I got to say, it was so much fun.

It was so much fun.

And, you know, we had a cocktail hour after where we got to meet everybody and take selfies.

And I was meeting folks who had flown down from Seattle, who had flown in from New York.

We had one guest who came in from Switzerland.

So, I mean, the resources that people put into coming to hanging out with us, it just meant so much to us.

Yeah, it was like people would tell me that they flew in from some other place.

And I would think like, really?

They're like,

do you have like a conference here this week?

Or what's, what, what actually, brother?

Is it like a restaurant you wanted to go to?

No, but people were so lovely.

And we got to meet and talk with so many of our wonderful listeners after the show.

And really fun experience.

And we also got to have some really great conversations on stage.

Yes.

So for those people who couldn't make it, the great news is that we recorded the entire show and we're going to be bringing it to you on the podcast in two parts.

Half of it we're going to post in this week's episode and the other half we'll post in next week's episode.

And if you can't wait and you want to watch the full thing right now, you can go over to our YouTube channel, youtube.com/slash hard fork, and find the full show there.

And let's say there's probably never been a better hard fork episode to watch on YouTube than this one because it was visual as heck.

Yes, yes, it was visual.

There were costume changes, there were props.

We took our pants off more than once.

Yes.

So we can't wait to bring you snippets from the show this week and next.

And in the meantime, we're going to take a little vacation.

Yeah, Kevin, it's been a great six months, but you know, a couple times a year, we like to shut down the operation and give everybody a chance to rest.

And now is that moment.

So thanks again.

We hope you enjoy excerpts from Hard Fork Live this week and next.

And we will have a special episode of a different show coming the week after that.

We'll be back to our normal programming on July 18th.

See you then.

Have a great summer.

Well, have a good few weeks and then we'll be back for most of the summer.

That's true.

Yeah.

Early summer.

Early summer.

Enjoy stone fruit season.

I'm Kevin Roos, a tech columnist at the New York Times.

I'm Casey Newton from Platform.

And this is Hard Fork Live.

Oh my goodness!

Wow.

Should we take off our band leader jackets?

Let's take off the jackets.

Okay.

Give us a second.

They've served their purpose.

It's very hot.

These are not, these are Amazon's finest.

Yeah.

Can I?

Here, can I leave this with you?

Thank you.

Thank you.

Will you guard this?

Yeah, for your life.

Yes.

Maybe just

a little bit of that for our interviews.

Tripping hazard.

There you go.

Thank you.

Wow.

Thank you to Brass Animals.

That's the band you just heard there.

We love Brass Animals.

They will be back later.

And thank you all for coming.

What a surreal thing

this is.

I mean, we record this podcast in a booth that's about two feet by two feet.

And we just send it out there.

And we think people listen.

And we hope that people listen, but it's really surreal to see it all in person.

Yeah, it's so much fun to have all the energy in this building.

We've been talking as the hours have been counting down to this.

In 2021, Kevin and I just started texting each other all the time.

We felt like there was one era of tech that was ending and another that was about to begin.

And we just wanted to talk about it to a bunch of people.

And it's a really long way from there to this moment right now.

Yeah, and one of the questions I get asked most frequently is, what is a hard fork?

Casey, what is a hard fork?

Okay, so something a little embarrassing about Kevin and I is that we had a crypto phase.

It happens.

It happens.

Some people go golf.

Yeah.

Talk to your teens

about crypto.

And at the time, we thought, well, you know, it's 2021.

Our show will probably be about crypto for the rest of time.

Hard fork is a really important concept in crypto.

Let's build a show around it.

Yes.

But we're so excited for tonight.

And Casey, you look great, by the way.

Thank you.

Doesn't you look great?

Kevin!

Very nice you.

Now, a couple weeks ago, you told me you were getting a new outfit for this show, and I thought, shit, I have to get a new outfit too.

So I went on a little bit of an adventure trying to figure out what to wear tonight.

And as I do, when I'm in times of crisis, I turn to AI.

So

I made a little slideshow about my adventure.

I hope it's okay if I show you.

Okay, great, yes.

Yeah, I love a slideshow.

You know that.

So I started with ChatGPT,

where I put in the prompt, give me some ideas.

For a glow I said, do not change my face.

Just give me a glow-up.

Make me look a little better.

Chat GPT, with its infinite wisdom, came back with this.

Okay.

Very stylish, but as you'll notice if you look closely, not me.

Can I just ask, why did you choose the angle of like the floor looking up at you?

I don't know.

It was in the office.

Okay, then I asked, I got another example, and it said that, okay,

great hoodie, still not me.

Very cool hoodie.

One more example I asked for.

It put me in a nicer room, but again, if you zoom in, not my face.

So ChatGPT really asked for, or saw my request for a glow up and said, I can't help you there.

We're going to need to involve plastic surgery.

Yeah, the tech is only so powerful at this point.

So then I thought, okay, maybe it's just ChatGPT.

Maybe Gemini will do a better job.

So I said to Gemini, the same prompt.

Don't change my face.

Gemini said, what if you looked like David Beckham?

That would be good.

But I didn't give up there because there's an app out there called Doji.

It's sort of like a high fashion thing where you can sort of scan your body and your face and you'll kind of render this 3D image of you and then tell you what to wear.

So I put my photos into Doji

and gave it these photos and I said, create my likeness and tell me what to wear.

And so it came back with a suggestion that looked like this.

Thanks, Doji.

What do you think?

Like, I would have worn that.

Yeah, I mean, you could pull that off.

I'm not sure I could.

Okay, so

having failed at having AI dress me for tonight, I did what every straight man does in times of distress.

I went to Uniqlo.

So that's

a good job.

Smart man.

Smart man.

Well, I think it turned out great, Kevin.

Thank you.

And we have a really great show for you.

I wanted to say, you guys sold out this building before we announced a guest.

So I want to say thank you for that.

Thank you for trusting us.

And we wanted to reward your trust in us with a really special show.

And before we get started in Grand Hard Fork Tradition, we should do our disclosures, because we're going to be talking a little bit about AI tonight.

So, Casey, you want to take it away?

I'm excited to hear the disclosures.

Amazing.

Well, I'm proud to say my boyfriend works at Anthropic.

He may even be here tonight.

Love you, sweetheart.

And I work at the New York Times Company, which is suing Open AI and Microsoft for copyright violations, alleged to the training of large language models.

Did I get that right?

Yeah, period.

Ah, well, you know, the last thing I would say before we get started, Kevin, is it's also just a dream to be doing the show here in San Francisco.

San Francisco is my home.

It's where we make the show every week.

It's where so many of the changes we talk about every week are happening.

You know, if I have any regrets, it's just I feel like San Francisco has been changing a lot all around us, and we've been so heads down, it's kind of hard to keep track of all the changes.

Yeah, it's a really good point.

And if I could change one thing about tonight, I think we should have invited someone with a little bit of relevant expertise here, someone who really understands San Francisco politics.

Who would that be?

Kevin, I told you to put the door on, do not disturb.

Let's see who it is.

Who's at the door?

It's the mayor of San Francisco, Daniel Laurie.

Hi, how are you?

Nice to meet you.

Thanks for coming.

Oh, my goodness.

Please have a seat.

What a fun surprise.

Thanks for stopping by, Mr.

Mayor.

Thanks for having me.

Thanks for bringing everybody to San Francisco.

Absolutely.

I think they're happy to be here.

Are you happy to be here?

Well, you know, since you're here, let's toss a couple of questions at you.

You've been in office for just about six months now, and the tech community, I would say, has generally been very supportive of what you're doing.

And you've even formed a council of tech advisors that includes our guest from Later Tonight, Sam Altman.

So what kind of advice are they giving you, and are you taking it?

Well, we

Sam was on our transition committee, and now we have something that we started called the Partnership for San Francisco, where we have leaders from across business and arts and culture giving us advice and helping to cheerlead for our city.

You all are seeing the revolution happening.

There is no better place in the world in terms of an ecosystem than San Francisco.

And there was a lot of talk for a number of years about how San Francisco was done.

That was a bad bet.

As everybody knows, I mean, the guests that you have tonight, you'd have to fly them in, but they're living right here in San Francisco.

It's all happening right here.

Like you talked about Anthropic.

You got Dario, you got OpenAI, you got Salesforce, you got Databricks.

I mean, cities across the globe would die to have one of those companies, and they're all home-based right here in San Francisco.

So I'm talking to them.

I'm talking to arts and culture leaders.

And we're doing everything in our power to create the conditions for success, and we're off to a good start.

Now, we're going to be talking a lot about AI tonight.

I'm curious, is AI helping you in your job at City Hall?

We are absolutely talking to all the companies, saying, how can we get their help on synthesizing all the data that comes in?

We have 58 different departments at City Hall, and they don't always talk to each other.

And so, we have great intellectual horsepower here.

We got great universities.

We got these great companies and we are engaging with them and they are already starting to help and you'll see more in the coming years.

I feel like governments don't have a reputation always for having state-of-the-art technology.

Is there anything you wish that you had that you don't have or that the sort of tech could do for citizens here that it can't yet?

Well, I think

just making sure that we're crunching the data.

We have over 34,000 city employees and getting them to talk to each other, understand what they're going through.

i'll i'll tell you a quick story um there were not uh staff meetings uh going on between our large agencies and i instituted something every tuesday morning so this morning 9 a.m we had the 20 large agencies they get around the table this is not tech this is old school but it starts with old school yeah this technology is called the table yes that is right and everybody snap but by the way Tech doesn't work if you don't communicate with each other.

That's why I think everybody's got to be back in the office.

A lot of these AI companies, they're in the office five, six days a week.

I went to OpenAI's new office by chase.

They are in the office because they know it doesn't work unless you're communicating.

And so our department heads are meeting with each other once a week, gaining knowledge from each other, seeing how they can help each other.

And the tech then follows that.

And so we're hoping to lean in with all these great companies.

Now, I have to ask you, Mayor, about your social media presence.

You are very active on short-form video apps such as Instagram Reels and TikTok.

You post more Instagram Reels than a Gen Z clout chaser.

And honestly, they're pretty good.

I would say, grading on the curve of politicians, they're great.

And I'm curious, like, who does your social media?

What's the strategy there?

Is it working?

I was told, there was a review of my Instagram in the Chronicle, and it said that I had not yet made the camera my lover

so so I have work to do that's that's not only fans

so so I listen I'm having fun with it we know there's there's so much noise out there and to break through and to communicate with people like you you all do so well with your show we felt like we had to reach people directly.

And it is taking off.

You all can check it out and you can learn what it's like to be mayor and to see all the small businesses that are amazing in San Francisco, the restaurants, the bars.

I just went in honor of Pride.

I just stopped by before to a bar that I've passed so many times.

It's called the Cinch Gay Bar on

with Pride Week.

We went by there just now and it's been there for years and it is amazing.

And like I want to highlight what is so special about San Francisco and that's what we're trying to do.

And I usually usually just give the mic over to the restaurant owner or the arts leader and say what do you do and the city gets to see it and that's what it's all about.

It's awesome.

Well we've got to let you go but before we go I wanted to ask could we make a reel with you?

Would you make one with us?

Yeah absolutely.

So right now?

Okay let's stand up.

Let's do that.

Oh but I don't have my phone.

Oh you got it.

I got it.

I got it.

Yeah.

Okay.

Oh boy.

I'll do it.

So we can just turn it into selfie mode right here and we can just go.

So you are the maestro here.

So you got to direct it.

Okay.

All right.

I'm on hard Fork right now.

Hey, you two, tell us what's going on here.

This is your first live audience.

First live audience.

We're here for Hard Fork Live at SF Jazz.

Having a great time here with Mayor Lurie.

Let's go.

What I got to tell everybody, got to tell your audience that San Francisco, we are on the rise.

When we are at our best, there is no better city on the planet than San Francisco.

Let's go.

Let's go, San Francisco.

And that's all, period.

Thank you very much, Mayor Mayor Lurie.

Thank you for stopping by.

Thank Thank you.

Oh,

my goodness.

Kevin, we've already had so much show, and it's literally just beginning.

I didn't even tell him that the most relevant thing was that you didn't get your permit for your hot tub.

That's right.

Bear Lurie.

You need to raise revenue.

I know a guy.

When we come back, we'll bring you our Hard Fork Live interview with Sam Aldman and Brad Lightkap from OpenAI.

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So, Casey, that was a really fun short interview with Mayor Daniel Lurie of San Francisco.

Very grateful that he stopped by.

And now we are going to bring you something different.

Yeah.

And we want to give you the behind the scenes because whether you were there at the show or you're just about to listen, a lot kind of happened backstage that you're going to want to know before you hear this.

Yeah.

So this was our interview with Sam Altman and Brad Lightcap from Open AI.

We had invited them to come and talk with us about AI and the futures, topics we talk about in this show all the time.

Yeah.

And so, you know, the way that this show works is we don't see these folks before the show.

The show just sort of starts and they show up.

Kevin and I are backstage.

The most recent thing that has happened is that we did this amazing demo wearing these exoskeleton pants that help people who have mobility issues.

And we need to remove the pants.

And so we go backstage and we do remove our pants in front of Sam Altman and Brad Lightcap.

And they were very cool about that, I would say.

You know, they didn't make any comments.

Yes, they were pointing and laughing.

Yes.

Yes, as we feared that they might.

And so we're getting ready to go out on stage.

And the thing that is supposed to happen is we're going to have five or six minutes where two things happen.

One is we shout out our families to thank them for being there.

And then we kind of want to set up the story of Open AI in this moment.

The company has had a lot going on.

And you and I just want to banter back and forth a little bit to kind of set up what was going to happen before Sam and Brad come on stage.

So I go up to Sam and Brad right before this happens and I say to Brad, hey, thanks for being here.

Shake his hand.

Go up to Sam, say, thanks for doing this.

Shake his hand.

And then Sam says something like,

you know, hey, only ask interesting questions tonight.

Like basically like, come at me a little bit.

And I say, okay, yeah, sure.

And I say, you know, if you want to troll me a little bit, like make fun of me, go for it.

And what Sam says is, well, I don't strike first, but I do strike back.

And I was kind of like, okay, well, I don't think a lot of striking is going to be coming from me during the show, but like, okay, sure, whatever.

And so then you and I head out on stage.

And we had just started the bit that we had planned, sort of saying, okay, you know, how's everybody doing?

Did you enjoy the first half of the show?

And I turn to my right and I see walking out on stage, Brad and Sam.

Yes, before like minutes before they were supposed to arrive on stage, they had a whole intro music.

We were going to tee it up.

They just kind of barged onto stage.

Yeah.

And so when this happened, my thought was, this is probably just a production mistake.

Someone backstage told them, this is your moment and pushed them on stage.

It's a live show.

These things happen.

I think my first impulse was to say, hey, you guys want to give us a minute?

But they just kind of advanced on us and sat down and were basically like, okay, cool.

Like, what do you guys want to talk about?

And we were like, well, we kind of want to set up your segment.

And in hindsight, though, Kevin, I think we realized that actually no one backstage had told them to come.

This was kind of a power move that they were trying to do to get us flustered heading into what would happen next.

Yes, they were trolling us.

And specifically they were trolling us about the lawsuit between the New York Times and Open AI, which they know that you and I are not involved in, right?

They are not under any impression that we are part of the litigation team at the New York Times, but it is clear that they had something they wanted to get off their chest about that lawsuit.

And I think just have a little fun with us.

Yeah.

And so they came at us pretty hard.

You will hear it in the interview.

And you and I are trying to steer the conversation to stuff we can actually talk about.

In fact, one of the things that was going to happen in the bit that we didn't do was you saying, hey, by the way, about this whole lawsuit thing, I'm not involved in it and I can't talk about it.

And by walking out on stage, you know, they sort of prevented that moment from happening.

Yeah.

I will say, I learned a lot about this interview, only some of it from the questions we asked.

I learned a lot more about Sam Altman from this brief interaction before the segment actually was supposed to start.

Yeah, I mean, look, I think we got a lot out of just kind of the questions that we asked and we got into so many things that we wanted to talk to him about the business, about the risks of job loss, about the risks of people using Chat GPT and having mental health breaks.

But I do think you're right, Kevin.

You just learn something about people by observing them in public settings, how they behave, how they engage.

And so I think there's just kind of a lot for everyone to chew on.

You know, I was reflecting last night that the first time we had Sam Altman on the show, two days later, he gets fired.

And it sort of in many ways kicks off the moment that we're living in now.

And that was extremely surreal.

The evening that we had at Hard Fork Live was kind of a perfect sequel to that because now you have a person who is fully in control, who wants to bend reality to his will.

And if there's a couple of journalists he can just kind of kick in the shins on his way toward building God, he's going to be happy to do it.

Yeah.

And we should also say Sam did send us an email after the show apologizing for his behavior.

He said he was, quote, such an asshole and that he felt bad about it.

So that tells you something.

But yeah, what you'll hear in this segment is the two of us being somewhat flustered that our planned introduction is just being interrupted by these two guys wandering on the stage.

And we'll take it from there.

And I will also say I have no idea what's going to happen in Sam Altman's third appearance on Hard Fork, but the bar has been set really high.

Yes.

All right.

When we come back, we'll have the interview with Sam Altman and Brad Lightcap from OpenAI.

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What if you could have all three?

You can with Oracle Cloud Infrastructure.

OCI is the blazing fast hyperscaler for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs where you can run any workload for less.

Compared with other clouds, OCI costs up to 50% less for compute, 70% less for storage, and 80% less for networking.

Try OCI for free at oracle.com slash NYT.

Oracle.com/slash NYT.

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Invesco QQQ, let's rethink possibility.

There are risks when investing in ETFs, including possible loss of money.

ETF's risks are similar to those of stocks.

Investments in the tech sector are subject to greater risk and more volatility than more diversified investments.

Before investing, carefully read and consider front investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and more in perspectives at Invesco.com.

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We're about halfway through the show.

I thought I would just kind of check in.

Are you guys having a good time?

Okay, I'm gonna go.

we're having a lot of fun

oh boy they told us to come out wait they just pushed us out

there's no way okay great do you want us to go back um

well no come on out

yeah

i love it we're doing it live today family You guys are learning a very important thing about our show, which is that it's edited.

Kevin, do you have maybe one more thing you want to say before we get an interview?

Yes.

So we're here with Sam Altman and Brad Lightkappe.

We'll just hang out.

Do your thing.

You can check your email.

Well, what we were going to do is tee up your appearance a little bit by just giving a little lay of the land of what's been going on at OpenAI, which is a very busy company.

Casey, that's...

This is more fun that we're out here for this, though.

Yeah.

No, jump in.

Like, you guys can be Statler and Walter.

We'll get the color commentary.

Here, I had a list of headlines from the past couple of weeks, and if there's anything that just makes you want to roll your eyes, you can roll your eyes.

Okay.

So,

you...

Are you going to talk about where you sue us because you don't like user privacy?

Okay.

Woo!

The last thing Sam said to me before he came on stage was, I don't strike.

I did say that.

That's true.

Well, I teeted it up with the headlines.

Do you want to say something, Kevin, about the New York Times?

Oh, yes, we should also give our disclosures, which is that we are just journalists.

We are not involved in the lawsuit.

And

I don't know.

We don't represent the company's views on the matter.

What do you think of the company's views?

What do I think of the company's views?

Are you trying to get me fired?

No, I just want to.

Kevin needs this job, so I'm not sure.

I don't have any other skills.

It seems like you're on a podcast.

I mean, a lot of things.

Yeah.

Well, okay, great.

So, you know, you said that.

I'm going to just pretend I didn't hear that.

You're pro the lawsuit.

What's that?

You're pro the lawsuit.

I I think people should read the relevant filings and make up their own mind.

Yes, democracy!

Democracy!

We love it!

We love it!

We love it.

And what about your mind?

It seems like you have something you want to say about the lawsuit.

Well, look, I do think

like user, I like user privacy.

I don't think you want to explain what you're talking what you're talking about.

Oh.

Well, you guys are suing us.

I'm an independent contractor.

I write a newsletter.

It's called Platformer.

Yeah, don't drag him into this.

And one of the things that's happening is

you all are, sorry, your employer is,

or I don't know what you call it, an independent contractor.

The New York Times, let's just say the New York Times.

One of the great institutions, truly,

for a long time, is

taking a position that we should have to preserve our users' logs, even if they're chatting in private mode, even if they've asked us to delete them.

And, you know, the lawsuit we're happy to fight out, but that thing we really think that privacy and AI is just this like extremely important concept to get right for the future, and we care a lot about the precedent.

Still love you guys, still love the New York Times, but that one we feel strongly about.

Well, thank you for your views, and I'll just say it must be really hard when someone does something with your data that you don't really want them to.

I don't know what that's like personally, but maybe someone else does.

Okay, let's get started.

I just wasn't, I don't, that's all right.

I was recently told by a guest on stage that the singularity would be gentle, So I just wanted to point that out to you.

Casey, read your headlines.

Speaking of, do we still want that?

Like, let's go into the question.

These people know what's been happening with OpenAI.

Okay.

But I think it's important to give a sense of

just sheer volume of stuff you all are doing.

Like we've been covering tech for a long time.

I don't think either of us have ever seen a company that makes this much news this regularly on this many areas.

I mean, you've got hardware stuff going on with Johnny Ive.

You've got, obviously, ChatGPT continues to grow.

You're doing this defense contract, this $200 million defense contract, a deal with Mattel to make toys.

I think you were the first company to sign a deal with Mattel and the military in the same week.

I like that.

Stargate, your big data center project, your attempted conversion to a for-profit company.

So there's just a lot going on in your worlds.

Casey?

Well, but we wanted to start with something I don't know that I thought you might have fun talking about, which is that rascal Mark Zuckerberg keeps coming after your employees.

And I'm sure this is happening to you guys on some level all of the time, but I wondered if there's been any particularly funny or crazy moment over the past few weeks as they've really stepped this up.

Any that you think have been particularly funny?

Many.

Many.

Good.

Yeah.

I don't know.

I haven't slept in four years, so it's like at this point

nothing phases me.

One of the strangest things of the job is the amount of things that can go wrong by like 11 o'clock on a Monday morning is just an astonishing diversity of stuff.

And so it's like, okay, Zuckerberg is doing some new insane thing.

What's next?

Okay, I want to gossip for just one minute more.

Only one?

Do you think

we're here for a lot of that?

We can do more gossip.

Do you think Mark Zuckerberg actually believes in super intelligence, or do you just think he's saying that as a recruiting tactic?

I think he believes he's super intelligent.

Light cab off the ropes!

Very good.

All right, but it sounds like your...

Your confidence has not been shaken by the recent raid

on your employees.

We're feeling good.

Yeah.

All right.

All right.

So you recently wrote this essay I just mentioned, The Gentle Singularity, and you wrote, We're past the event horizon, the takeoff has started.

And

people,

I think, read that and thought, Do these guys have a super intelligence that they're keeping it in the basement?

I assume that that's not true, but tell us a little bit about why you wrote that essay and when, in your mind, we hit this point of no return.

We don't have a super intelligence in the basement, but we have shipped a model that any of you can use, and I hope many of you do, that is

quite smart relative to what you might have expected five years ago where the world would be with AI.

And we have all adjusted to this.

We've all just sort of said, oh, you know, this is, you know, this is the new world.

We have like PhD-level intelligence in our pocket.

We can use it.

We can talk to it all day.

We can do all the stuff for us.

But it is kind of remarkable that this has happened and this is the world now.

And when you are like living through moving history, you adapt so quickly that

I think it's hard to get the perspective of like, man,

you know, five years ago,

most of the experts made fun of anyone who said AI, AGI might be even a plausible thing to work towards.

And now here we are with this like

this thing that has come quite a long way that we can use in all these ways.

And

we have always so we used to try to just say like, hey, this AGI thing is coming.

It might be a really big deal.

It might be really important.

You all should pay attention.

No one cared.

And we shipped the product, and then people cared.

And I think we've learned again and again is, you know, talking about it doesn't seem to break through, but if people can use it and feel it and, you know, see where it's good and where it's bad and integrate it with their lives, then they do.

And so now we see many years ahead of us of extreme progress that we feel is like pretty pretty much on lock and models that will get to the point where they are capable of doing meaningful science, meaningful AI research.

And

we continue to feel a responsibility to tell the world about that.

Most people won't listen.

Maybe some more people will listen this time.

But

we'll ship products that expose these higher levels of intelligence that we'll build.

And that is how I think people will really get their hands around what's happening.

Now, Brad, it's your job to manage the business of OpenAI.

What is being past the event horizon towards towards super intelligence mean for OpenAI as a company?

I imagine it makes lots of different kinds of decisions different, but like how do you plan for a world like the one that Sam is describing as a person who runs a business?

Yeah, it's the fun part of what we do.

We debate this internally a lot.

Like we will kind of wake up one day with this incredibly powerful thing.

And will the world be different that day?

And I think what we've all kind of agreed now is it probably won't.

Kind of to Sam's point, I think like these things really have to be kind of integrated into people's lives.

They have to be felt and that change is more gradual.

And so we work really closely with companies and as much as we do with users to figure out what that process will look like.

I do think businesses will look very different in the future.

So my kind of personal metric for what kind of business in the super intelligence age means is you've been, you know, you've got one person who has a lot of agency and a lot of willpower who has the capacity to start a company that can do billions of dollars in revenue.

And it's hard to imagine now.

Like you think, okay, I need salespeople salespeople, and I need product people, and engineers, and accountants, and so on.

But all of that stuff now can kind of just be managed, right?

It can be kind of built into the system.

And that just gives incredible agency to individual people.

So I want to get into the nitty-gritty of building this future.

Right now, the agents that you all have built for coding are really extremely good.

People can build a lot of amazing stuff with them.

Outside that domain, we've seen less progress.

Talk to me about what's going to happen the next year that makes you feel like you can start knocking off one or more of these other domains.

Aaron Ross Powell, well, first of all, coding is pretty general purpose.

If you can write code, you can do a system that can write code, just like a person that can write code, can make a lot of other things happen.

But

we are beginning to see scientists be much more productive with this.

We're seeing companies really change a lot of their workflows.

The thing, though, that I am excited for,

most of the way people use AI today is sort of like send a request, get a response.

You send tragic to your request, it might think for a second, it might not, it sends you something back.

You are in one of those like vibe coding things, and you do something, and you get something back.

I think I'm very excited for a world where each of us has

a copy of O3 or many copies of O3 that are just constantly running, constantly trying to like say, oh, I see this happening, now this, and I'm reading Slack, and I'm reading an email, and I see this and this and this, and you asked about this yesterday, here's a new idea, and starts to just, we have this like team of

agents, assistants, companions, whatever you want to call them, that are doing stuff in the background all of the time.

And that, I think, will really transform what people can do and how we work and kind of maybe to some extent how we just sort of like

live our lives.

So I use O3 all the time.

It is helpful to me as a journalist.

It can fact-check stuff for me.

It can edit stuff for me.

When is the moment when like it just kind of knows what I do and in the morning it actually just kind of starts doing that stuff without me telling it?

Well, that's kind of what I'm talking about, except I don't think it should be without you telling it.

But I would love if I woke up every morning and there was

you know, a drafted response to every email that had come in overnight and I could click and I could say, I want to send this one.

I want to edit this one.

I want to send that one.

If I could open ChatGPT and say, hey, here was the stuff you were working on yesterday that you didn't finish on your to-do list.

Here's my attempts at that.

Do you want me to take this action, that one, that one?

And by the way, here are these other things that happened overnight

with a customer or in the world or whatever.

And here's a set of stuff I could do for you.

And I have all of this ready to go.

And I could just sort of go through and say, okay, do that, don't do that.

Here's what should have been different here.

That I'm very excited about.

But I don't want to go to sleep and have O3 just start.

taking actions for me.

I use O3 a lot too, and I find it very useful.

The thing I will say is that it lies.

More than previous models, I feel like it is a crafty, shifty assistant that will just once in a while make stuff up.

And actually,

it seems like

the hallucination rates on these newer models are staying about the same or maybe even getting worse.

So do you have a theory on why that might be?

I think it did get a little bit worse from 01 to 03

and we'll make it much better in the next version.

I think

we're earlier in learning how to align reasoning models and also how people are using them in different ways, but I think we've now learned a lot.

And I would suspect you'll be very happy with the next generation there.

So you made

your largest acquisition to date this year with Johnny Ives.io.

The first crop of AI hardware that we've seen has not been particularly successful.

Brad and Sam, what do you guys feel like you're seeing that makes you feel like you can do something different here?

Well, every time you kind of re-platform technology, there tends to be kind of a corresponding set of things that get built that change how we interface with that technology.

So I think the question here is, is that going to happen again?

You know, all of a sudden,

you kind of miniaturize the PC and you have the mobile phone.

You know, the PC itself was a miniaturization of the mainframe and so on and so forth.

I think this one has a different direction.

I think this one is really going to be about this very kind of aware, very contextual, almost companion-like system that is going to be less about kind of like a dependency on a screen.

I think there's a place for a screen in in that world, but it's going to be really about an awareness of kind of the ambient environment, what's going on.

Sam mentioned the kind of trivial example of something that is looking at your email.

You can build something that's really bad that does that today, but to get to the version of that that's like transcendently good, there's a ton of context and a ton of awareness that you have to have of like

what each situational thing is that helps you craft exactly the right response.

And imagine that now in kind of any arbitrary situation and wanting to have that with you all the time.

And so I think that's a very compelling direction for this type of hardware.

It sounds a lot like Alexa.

Is it going to feel a lot different than Alexa?

Don't you just want to wait and be surprised and get some joy?

Like, it's been a long time since the world has gotten a fundamentally new kind of computer.

Like, let us try.

If it's Alexa, we're going to be really mad.

I'm just saying that right now.

So will I.

And these people will remember this.

Sam.

No, I think we can do.

I think we have a chance to do something truly great, but hardware is really hard and it takes a while.

And

I've always wanted to try to do a new kind of computer, but that hasn't worked most of the time.

So we're really going to take our time and try to get it right.

Sam, a few years ago, you described your relationship with Microsoft and its CEO, Satya Nadella, as, quote, the best bromance in tech.

The bromance has been feeling a little wobbly recently.

OpenAI needs Microsoft's blessing for this for-profit conversion, and Microsoft is reportedly peeved at you about a bunch of things, including the terms of a planned acquisition.

Last week, the Wall Street Journal reported that things had gotten so tense that OpenAI executives were considering reporting Microsoft to the government for anti-competitive behavior.

Do you believe that?

When you read those things and say, Do you think are you saying it's not?

Do you always think when I read that?

I hope I get to ask Sam Altman about it.

So, what is going on, and are you caught in a bad romance?

I had a super nice call with Satya yesterday about many topics, including our hopefully very long and productive future working together.

And obviously, in any deep partnership, there are points of tension, and we've certainly had those.

But on the whole, it's been like really wonderfully good for both companies.

We're both ambitious companies, so we do find some flashpoints, but I would expect that it is something that we find like deep value in for both sides for a very long time to come.

And

in a world where I do read these articles sometimes, like, OpenAI and Microsoft about to collapse and this, you know, that end.

And then my calls are like, how do we figure out what the next decade together looks like?

It's just, it doesn't,

yeah.

Again, not to pretend like there's no tension.

There is, but there's like so much good stuff there.

And I think there's like such a long horizon.

That's what we in the business call a non-denial denial.

I don't know.

Just kidding.

Let's move on into some policy stuff.

You've talked to President Trump.

What does he think about AI?

What were those conversations like?

That was not intended to be a laugh line.

You want to take it first?

I'll do it.

No, that's fine.

That was not intended to be a laugh line either.

I think he really gets it.

I think he gets the technology.

I couldn't say that about all presidents.

I think he really understands the importance of

the leadership in this technology, the potential for economic transformation, the sort of geopolitical importance, the need to build out a lot of infrastructure.

They're like very productive conversations.

And he has done stuff that has really helped the whole industry.

You know,

it is easier to permit data centers and new energy to run those data centers than it has, I think, ever been before.

And

that could have gone the other way.

Dario Amade of Anthropic recently said that he thinks 50% of entry-level white-collar jobs could disappear due to AI in the next one to five years.

Do you agree?

No, no, I don't.

I just.

No.

Why not, Brad?

We have no evidence of this.

And Dario's a scientist.

And I would hope he takes an evidence-based approach to these types of things.

But like we work with every business under the sun.

We look at the problem and an opportunity of deploying AI into every company on Earth.

We

have yet to see any evidence that people are kind of wholesale replacing entry-level jobs.

I think that there is going to be some sort of change in the job market.

I think it's inevitable.

I think every time you get a platform shift, you get a change in the job market.

I mean, in 1900, 40% of people worked in agriculture.

It's 2% today.

You know, Microsoft Excel has probably been the greatest job displacer of the 20th century.

And if we knew a priori that Microsoft Excel was coming

and everyone was kind of like fretting about it, I think in retrospect, we would have thought that was dumb.

So I think there will be change, of course.

But I think

there's A, there's no evidence of it today, and B, I think we will manage through it.

We have a lot of empathy for the problem.

I think we work with businesses every day to try and enable people to be able to use the tools at the level of like the 20-year-olds that come into companies and use them with a level of fluency that far transcends anyone else at those organizations.

But we see it as our mission to make sure that people know how to use these tools and to drive people forward.

You know, I have to say, we've had some listeners write into the show and say, hey, I'm a junior coder.

I just got laid off.

I'm not feeling really good about my prospects here.

So that's a pretty small sliver of the economy.

But I hear you talk about what you want to do with O3.

I think if it gets as good as you're saying, it's not just going to be the junior coders who who are going to be affected by that, right?

So, I guess what I'm saying is, I feel like I'm seeing like slivers of it now, and I'm curious what you make of those.

I do think there will be

areas where

some jobs go away, or maybe there will be some whole categories of jobs that go away.

And any job that goes away, even if it's like good for society and the economy as a whole, is painful, very painful, extremely painful in that moment.

And so, I do totally get not just the anxiety, but that there is

going to be real pain here

in many cases.

In many more cases, though, I think we will find that

the world is significantly underemployed.

The world wants way more code than can get written right now.

I think we are already seeing companies who said, oh, I'm going to need less coders to now saying paradoxically, I need more coders.

They're going to work differently, but I'm just going to make 100 times as much code, 100 times as much product with 10 times as much people, and we'll still make 30 times as much money, even if the price comes down.

I think all of human history suggests that if you give people better tools, if technology keeps going, although there are always people who say,

you know, we're going to be working three hours a day and sitting on the beach and we're going to have run out of things to do, like human...

demand seems limitless.

Our ability to imagine new things to do for each other seems limitless.

We always seem to want more stuff, to play, you know, increasingly silly status games.

Our jobs would not have seemed like real jobs to people in the not very distant past.

You're sitting around talking on stage and you're trying to make a piece of software and you're trying to do a podcast and you're trying to make people laugh.

That's great, but that's like play.

That's not a job.

You have plenty of food to eat.

You have all this stuff to do.

You have this unimaginable luxury.

And

because I think human imagination and

desire, demand, whatever you want to call it, is limitless, we will find incredible new things to do.

Society will get way richer.

I think generally, as society gets richer,

unemployment goes down, not up.

And I'd expect to keep seeing that, even though people, I think, don't talk about that very much.

And

the entry-level people,

I think, will be the people that do the best here.

They're the most fluent with the tools.

They're the most

able to think of things in very new ways.

They have this sort of

largest canvas.

So

we,

there's going to be real downside here.

There's going to be real negative impact.

And again, like any single job lost really matters to that person.

And the hard part about this is I think it will happen faster than previous technological changes.

But I think the new jobs will be better and people will have better stuff.

And

the kind of like

take that half the jobs are going to be gone in a year or two years or five years or whatever.

I think that just, I think that's not how society really works.

Even if the technology were ready for that, the inertia of society, which would be helpful in this case, is like,

there's a lot of mass there.

The thing we actually see empirically, if we want to talk about kind of what we observe, is somewhat what Sam's describing.

It's actually there's a class of

worker that I think is more tenured, is more oriented toward a routine and a certain way of doing things in a certain role

that is not actually sophisticated in use of these tools.

They're not adopting them.

They tend to think that it's not worth their time or whatever it may be.

And I think there's a lot of fear there.

And a lot of what's driving that fear are like 20-some things that are actually coming into the workforce who have been using these tools for years and years and who've mastered them in a way that they kind of look at these other jobs and they're like, why would you waste your time doing that thing?

I can do that much faster.

And so the thing that companies actually worry about deeply is not the entry-level job.

It's really the job of the person that has been at the company for 30 years, who's done something in a very kind of rote and routine way, where there's an urge on the side of management of wanting to really kind of modernize the tool set.

And what do you do with that, right?

And that's, I think, actually the kind of addressable problem for us.

Sam, two years ago you testified to Congress about the need for more AI regulation.

More recently you went back to Washington and testified again that you supported a light touch regulatory regime.

And earlier this year you said you supported a federal preemption preemption on state-level AI regulations, a version of which is now part of the Republican budget bill.

What changed?

Did you see the regulations that people were writing and thought we wanted regulation, but not like that?

No, I still think we need some regulation, but I would say I have,

I think like a patchwork across the states would probably be a real mess and very difficult to offer services under.

And I also think that I have become

more,

I don't know, jaded's quite the right word, but something in that direction about the ability of policymakers to grapple with the speed of technology.

And I worry that if people write,

you know, if we kick off like a three-year process to write something that's like very detailed and,

you know, covers a lot of cases, the technology will just move very quickly.

On the other hand, as these systems get quite powerful, I think we clearly need something.

And

I think something around the sort of like

the really risky capabilities And ideally, something that can sort of be quite

adaptive and not like a law that survives 100 years and sort of says, here's exactly the things you can do and not do, would be good.

But

yeah, it's like impossible for me to imagine a world where society doesn't decide we need some framework here.

Earlier this year, you adjusted GPT4.0 after it inadvertently became more sycophantic than you intended.

Since then, we've read more stories about how ChatGPT and other chatbots can destabilize people by sending them down conspiratorial rabbit holes, making them feel like they're having mystical experiences.

Can that be stopped?

Do you want it to stop?

Of course we want it to stop.

I mean,

we do a lot of things to try to mitigate that.

If people are having a crisis, which they talk to ChatGPT about, we try to convince them to

suggest that they get help from a professional, that they talk to their family.

If conversations are going down a sort sort of

rabbit hole in this direction, we try to cut them off or suggest to the user to, you know, maybe think about something differently.

But there are,

I think, the broader topic of mental health and the way that that interacts with over-reliance on AI models is

something we're trying to take extremely seriously and rapidly.

We don't want to

slide into the mistakes that I think previous generation of tech companies made by not reacting quickly enough as a new thing sort of like

had a psychological interaction.

Aaron Ross Powell, have you ever thought about just like literally putting a warning on that says, this is Chat GPT.

You are not talking to God.

You are not having a religious experience.

I mean the model will tell you things like that and then users will write us and say like

you're you modified this, you know, and they change their like custom instructions.

But yes, there need to be a lot of warnings like that.

However, to the users that are in a fragile enough mental place that are on the edge of a psychotic break, we haven't yet figured out how a warning gets through there.

We also have to be careful because there are an incredible number of use cases that I think probably

by

sheer volume outweigh some of the use cases you're describing where people are really relying on these systems for pretty critical parts of their life.

These are things like, you know, almost kind of borderline therapeutic or, I mean, you know, I get stories of people who have rehabilitated marriages, have rehabilitated relationships with estranged loved ones, things like that, where

it's highly net positive and there's not a dependency, but

it's the first time in their life that they've had something that they feel like they can confide in.

And it doesn't cost them $1,000 an hour, right?

And I was surfing in Costa Rica the other day and someone paddled up to me and

was chatting with him, a local Costa Rican guy.

And he's like, where do you work?

I said, Open AI.

He's like, oh, you make ChatGPT.

And he started crying.

He was like, ChatGPT saved my marriage.

I didn't know how to talk to my wife.

And it gave me tips to talk to my wife.

And I've learned that.

And

we're on a much better path.

And it sounds like a dumb and stupid story, but it's not.

I mean, I was there.

That's great.

We're back to even because the chatbot tried to break up my marriage.

Well,

not our chatbot, though.

Well, it was your chatbot, but it was inside Bing.

Well,

spread the blame around there.

Now,

Sam, you just had a kid.

Congratulations.

Thank you.

Thank you.

Do you think over the course of their lifetime your kid will have more human friends or more AI friends?

More human friends, but AI will be,

if not a friend, at least an important kind of companion of some sort.

Is that okay with you?

Like, would you, if your...

Your kid at one point when they're a little older came home and said, I've got an AI friend, how would that make you feel?

my kid felt like that was playing, that was like replacing human friends,

I would have concerns about that, at least with what, again, there are edge cases.

You know, any person who talks to hundreds of millions of people a day is going to meet a lot of edge cases.

And in the sense that ChatGPT is talking to hundreds of millions of people a day, there are going to be some real edge cases in there.

But most people,

much more than I was concerned, seem to really understand the difference between talking to a person and talking to ChatGPT.

And I still do have a lot of concerns about the impact on mental health and the social impacts from the deep relationships that people are going to have with AI.

But I think, at least so far, it has surprised me on the upside of how much people really differentiate between, like, that's an AI and I talk to an AI in some way and I get something out of it, and that's a friend, and I talk to a friend, a person, and this other way, and get a very different thing out of that.

All right.

Here's something I've always wanted to ask you.

AI Twitter is still really active, even though Twitter doesn't exist anymore.

You actively post there, share a lot of news there, and that's extremely helpful and good for Elon Musk, a man who is trying to destroy your company.

Have you ever thought of just moving your posts somewhere else?

Where should I move them?

Well, you could create your own social app.

Don't go to Blue Sky.

They don't like AI there.

They're not going to be nice to you.

It's a rough neighborhood.

Maybe it's the last thing.

We wanted to know this, too.

We'd invite you both to answer this.

Is there any part of your life that you feel like, I want to wall this off from AI a little bit?

It's fun to talk about AI.

We think it's all very useful.

We're excited to keep building it.

But this particular thing, we're going analog.

You got to think about that one.

Surfing, presumably.

Although, maybe you asked for tips.

We're roboticizing that now, too, is unfortunate.

But

let me think about it.

I'm big on the analog stuff.

I put my phone away and go for hikes every weekend.

And

hanging out with my family, I put my phone away.

And I'm very happy not to have technology delay for that.

Thanks.

All right.

Brad and Sam, thank you so much for joining us.

Thank you.

Thank you.

Thank you, Brad.

Thank you.

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Disclosure for details.

Hard Fork is produced by Rachel Cohn and Whitney Jones.

We're edited by Jen Poyant.

We're fact-checked by Caitlin Love.

Today's show was engineered by Katie McMurrin.

Original music by Alicia Bittytoupe, Marion Lozano, Rowan Nemisto, and Dan Powell.

Video production by Sawyer Roquet, Pat Gunther, and Chris Schott.

You can watch this full episode on YouTube at youtube.com/slash hard fork.

Special thanks to the New York Times live event team who helped us put together Hard Fork Live.

Hilary Kuhn, Beth Weinstein, Caitlin Roper, Kate Carrington, Chantal Renier, Melissa Tripoli, Natalie Green, Angela Austin, Kirsten Birmingham, Marissa Farinia, Jennifer Feeney, and Morgan Singer.

Thanks to everyone at SF Jazz, the venue for our live show, as well as the band Brass Animals that played with us live on stage.

Special thanks also to Matt Collette, Paula Schuman, Pui Wing Tam, Dahlia Haddad, and Jeffrey Miranda.

You can email us as always at hardfork at nytimes.com.

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You'll also get a designated academic coach who's with you throughout your entire program.

Plus, career coaches are available to help you navigate your professional goals.

A different future is closer than you think with Capella University.

Learn more at capella.edu.