Sir John Soane

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Speaker 15 Hello, the architect Sir John Sohn, who lived from 1753 to 1837, was the son of a bricklayer, but rose up the ranks of his profession as an architect and saw many of his designs realised to great acclaim, particularly at the Bank of England, although his work there has been largely destroyed.

Speaker 15 He is now best known for his house in Lincoln's Inn Fields in London, which he remodeled and crammed with antiquities and artworks.

Speaker 15 He wanted visitors to experience the house as a dramatic, grand tour of Europe in microcosm.

Speaker 15 He became professor of architecture at the Royal Academy, and in a series of influential lectures, he set out his belief in the power of buildings to enlighten people about the poetry of architecture.

Speaker 15 With me to discuss John Soane are Francis Sands, the curator of drawings and books at the Sir John Soane Museum, Frank Salmon, Associate Professor of the History of Art at the University of Cambridge, and Julian Darley, a historian and Soane's biographer.

Speaker 15 Julian, I'll start with you. What do we know about John Soane's early life?

Speaker 11 Well, we know really very little about the beginning of his life, and that's one of the strange things for a man who left a house, which is essentially his autobiography.

Speaker 11 Very modest beginnings, as you say. His father was a worker in brick, possibly a superior worker in brick, an artisan,

Speaker 11 disappears from the picture quite early on. His brother William was literally a hod carrier, the man who goes up the ladder with the bricks and a little container.

Speaker 11 His education was in Reading, and it was just really almost like being fostered because he lived with the school teachers and the books that were very much part of that establishment really made Soane the man he became.

Speaker 11 Well he was an autodidact if I can use that word. He just

Speaker 11 never stopped bringing in information for himself on every side.

Speaker 15 How did he enter the, let's call it the architecture business?

Speaker 11 I think he must have had an extraordinary application which people seemed to pick up on, so that a man called James Peacock, who was living in his area of the Thames Valley, which was where they were, spotted him.

Speaker 11 And through James Peacock, he became noted by George Dance Jr.,

Speaker 11 who was an extraordinarily nice and generous man who was the city architect, the architect of the city of London.

Speaker 11 That wasn't a bad way to start, so that he was learning at the elbow of and living with the dance family.

Speaker 11 Then he moved to another architect family, the Hollands, and this was all the way through his teens.

Speaker 11 And they must have seen something very particular. And I assume essentially it was the drivenness of this boy that caught their eye.

Speaker 15 Thank you. Frank, Max Honor.
He travelled widely in Italy as a young man. It's one of the scholarships he got.
He started doing scholarships quite early on, didn't he?

Speaker 15 He won a minor scholarship, a major scholarship. Then this two years abroad, Rome particularly,

Speaker 15 from which he learned a great deal. Can you discuss that?

Speaker 2 Yes, absolutely. I think it's probably important to note that Soan became a student at the Royal Academy of Arts, which had just recently been founded in 1768.
He was one of the first students there.

Speaker 2 And that provided an education for him in addition to what he was learning with Henry Holland and had learned from George Dance.

Speaker 2 And he was also able through the Royal Academy to win some awards, a silver medal for a measure drawing and a gold medal for a design.

Speaker 2 This attracted the attention of the treasurer of the Royal Academy, the King's architect, Sir William Chambers, who was just at that moment beginning work building Somerset House in London.

Speaker 2 And as a result of that, Sern was sent on a travelling scholarship to the continent. He said that was the most fortunate event of my life.

Speaker 2 And he celebrated the day of his departure departure for Italy almost like it was a birthday for the rest of his life. Now, what was fortunate about that? Two things, I think.

Speaker 2 I mean, first, it was a wonderful educational opportunity to go and see what he called the remains of departed greatness, the ruins of ancient Rome, and indeed some Greek ruins as well.

Speaker 2 He didn't get to Greece, but he saw Greek temples at Peistum, near Naples, and in Sicily as well. And of course, also the post-medieval reuse of classical architecture in the Renaissance.

Speaker 2 It was a wonderful opportunity to experience the sorts of things that the leading architects of the day-not just Chambers and Dance himself, but also Robert Adam, the most fashionable architect of this period of time, they had the same experience of being to Italy.

Speaker 2 So it was a transformative moment for him.

Speaker 15 Just to give us a stir on him, can you outline his most important architectural achievements, the Bank of England, the Pittshanger Manor, and so on?

Speaker 2 Yes, I mean, Somers is an extremely prolific architect. For For example, there are over 100 country houses he was involved in.

Speaker 15 Over 100.

Speaker 2 Over 100, yes, 18 new built, I think, is correct. And very prolific, but a huge office.
He had over 30 pupils in his lifetime and another 20 or so assistants.

Speaker 2 So probably the biggest office of its time, I think. But as for the major buildings, well, as you mentioned in your introductory comments, the great ones are really gone.

Speaker 2 The Bank of England, sadly destroyed in the 1920s when the current building was built.

Speaker 2 The wonderful works at Westminster Law Courts that were nestled in between the buttresses of Westminster Hall, demolished in the 1880s, I believe.

Speaker 2 And the Royal Entranceway and Royal Chambers to the House of Lords, all gone in the Victorian age.

Speaker 2 I mean, if you are the architect of major public buildings and it's the age before preservation societies exist and laws exist to protect ancient buildings, what went up fairly soon came down.

Speaker 15 From the way you put it, it seems a meteoric ride. Did it seem that to everybody else? I think it did.

Speaker 2 And it was aided by the connections that Soane was able to make on his travels. I don't call it the Grand Tour.
I think that's what the aristocrats were doing.

Speaker 2 What he was doing was the journey for professional improvement, really.

Speaker 2 And the key person for this, really, was Thomas Pitt, later Baron Camelford, who was the cousin of William Pitt, the Prime Minister.

Speaker 2 Much of Soane's early work was for people he met on the Grand Tour and people he met through Thomas Pitt And that includes his appointment in 1788 to be architect to the Bank of England, which came through the Prime Minister, on whose house he'd made a few alterations.

Speaker 15 Thank you. Frances Hans.
Did he have a guiding vision of what he wanted to do with buildings?

Speaker 17 Certainly. He was quite strict, actually, in his intentions, particularly when he was speaking to his apprentices and his students.
And his intentions were threefold.

Speaker 17 Firstly, they had to be financially responsible.

Speaker 17 He got very cross when contemporary architects did not adhere to the quotes that they'd given to their patrons, and Soane felt that was very important.

Speaker 17 Secondly, Soon felt very strongly that his buildings should be structurally sound.

Speaker 17 Of course, structural engineering was not a profession in those days, but Soon himself took structural engineering extremely seriously, even designing new materials, for example, fireproof bricks for the Bank of England when required.

Speaker 17 And he would send his apprentices to building sites whilst buildings were under construction so that they could see the inner workings of the fabric.

Speaker 17 And then, thirdly, and I think most importantly, this thing you've mentioned, the poetry of architecture, that a building should be fit for purpose, both physically and aesthetically.

Speaker 17 The building had to do what the patron required. For example, a house needed adequate plumbing, but it also needed the ornamental repertoire that was appropriate to the building at hand.

Speaker 17 For example, Sohn got very cross when traditionally religious ornamental motifs were used on non-religious buildings.

Speaker 15 Where did you draw all this aspiration from?

Speaker 17 Well, I I mean, he was himself an intellectual maximalist, and he said as such to his students, and he felt that people really had no business designing anything in their own personal signature style if they had not yet first investigated everything that came before, because indeed, how can you discount something that you don't know about?

Speaker 17 So, I think that he was a voracious reader. We know that from the fact that he had 7,000 books in his collection in his home.

Speaker 17 And he was also, as Frank has intimated, extremely fortunate to have travelled on the continent and experienced so much that many people at the time would never have had the opportunity to do.

Speaker 15 Is it a bit crude or is it useful to pop in that he married an heiress which gave him access to funds to buy a lot of the things that we see in the museum?

Speaker 17 I do think that being financially independent was extremely helpful to Sohn. He had two...

Speaker 15 Financially affluent.

Speaker 17 He was financially affluent. He had two very large income streams.
Firstly, he married for love, but conveniently to an heiress named Eliza Smith.

Speaker 17 She inherited a great deal of money from her property developer uncle George Wyatt.

Speaker 17 But Soane was also of course hugely professionally successful so he had an enormous income from his professional practice.

Speaker 17 So these two income streams were extremely beneficial to his ability to acquire anything that took his fancy.

Speaker 15 Well let's turn now to this unique and amazing gem in the middle of London in Lincoln's Inn Fields.

Speaker 15 This house there, three houses, put together to form the most concentrated concentrated and brilliant museum imaginable, really, isn't it?

Speaker 17 I quite agree. I've worked there 15 years.

Speaker 17 So the Soane Museum is composed of numbers 12, 13 and 14 on the north side of Lincoln's Inn Fields and Soane essentially bought each house sequentially as he ran out of space, as his collection grew.

Speaker 17 He started in 1792, shortly after the inheritance from his wife's uncle, buying number 12 Lincoln's Inn Fields as a family home.

Speaker 17 It wasn't a salubrious area of London but it was a convenient one for working at places like the Bank of England and elsewhere, and also near to High Hoven where he could hire a carriage to get out of London to other architectural projects.

Speaker 17 The buildings were on that side of the fields originally 17th century. Soean each time would knock the building down and rebuild his own designs.

Speaker 17 He ended up buying number 13, the central house in 1807, and then finally number 14 in 1823.

Speaker 17 And each time he would rebuild and create this extraordinary sort of laboratory of architecture where he was experimenting both as an architect but also creating a home for his collection of artworks and antiquities which functioned as a piece.

Speaker 17 You know, the building and its contents are a complete work of art, a Gestampkunt work as the Germans would have it.

Speaker 15 And his extraordinary ingenuity. I mean I was in the other day.

Speaker 15 You just can't believe that a wall switches round and there's many paintings on the back of the walls on the front of the wall you look down and there's another floor below that you can see the sarcophagus and things.

Speaker 15 You look up and there's a dome bringing in a particular particular and absolutely relevant type of light or shade of light and on it goes.

Speaker 15 It is crammed with stuff and it doesn't seem to be claustrophobic.

Speaker 17 Absolutely. Well some people do find it claustrophobic but I'm glad that you didn't Melvin.
But Son was a great genius with space.

Speaker 17 He would utilize every square inch and as you mentioned he had these incredible movable planes where walls would open and create further surfaces for hanging works of art in frames.

Speaker 17 There are apertures both above and below. He's very clever with light.

Speaker 17 He refers to lumière mysterieuse, mysterious light, because he felt that both bright light and pools of shadow were incredibly important for the emotive effect of the interior of a building.

Speaker 17 So, quite often, you can be standing within his home and you can't quite work out if you're looking through a window, or perhaps at a reflection, or perhaps into a different space, or indeed looking at a reflection that makes you think you're looking into a different space.

Speaker 17 It can be quite confusing, but not, I think, in an overwhelming way, rather, in an exciting way.

Speaker 17 That I think Soane was quite deliberately trying to get people to wonder at how on earth he'd managed to create so much within a small footprint.

Speaker 15 And

Speaker 15 how he managed to get hold of so much. Yes, indeed.

Speaker 15 So many objects in it throughout. Absolutely.
That was perhaps where the heiress came in.

Speaker 17 Certainly.

Speaker 17 I mean, I think that financial independence was incredibly useful, but do bear in mind that the vast majority of the collection, the artworks, the antiquities, the books, the drawings, were acquired in quite a piecemeal fashion and within London.

Speaker 17 So, really, it wasn't that Soane was sending people out to acquire specific things. He was simply acquiring the cream of the crop from what was available on the art market at the time.

Speaker 15 Gillian, he uses light very effectively. Can you give us a brief description of that?

Speaker 11 I can. I mean, it's partly a function, I think, of working on extremely restricted space from the beginning.

Speaker 11 But he's hardly settled into Lincoln's Inn Fields when he got the job at the bank, and he was actually dealing with the same constraints, writ super large, so that his entire focus was how do you bring light into a very constricted site.

Speaker 11 And at home, that could be through attractive reflective surfaces. I mean, I think somebody has counted up the number of mirrors there are in the golden breakfast room alone.

Speaker 11 And it's in the hundreds, I think.

Speaker 17 It is over a hundred, Gillian, yeah.

Speaker 11 And so it's just this richness of a very theatrical scene.

Speaker 15 One must keep remembering it's just a house because ingenuity gives a feeling of not so much space and density, but variety and the amount of stuff there is there without it being, as I alluded to earlier, crowded.

Speaker 15 Can I turn to you, Frank? He was born in the Georgian era and died in 1837, the year that Queen Victoria came to the throne.

Speaker 15 How does his work fit in with the stars, different styles of those two times?

Speaker 2 Well, not very much, actually. I mean, Sohn is a unique figure.
He's derived his own style of architecture, partly, it must be said, based on what he learned with his master George Dance the Younger.

Speaker 2 But when we think about the period in which he's primarily working, let's say from 1788 or 1790 to his death in 1837, as you say, that carries us through the period that leads up to the accession of Victoria.

Speaker 2 And it's really the period that broadly conceived we would call the Regency in architectural history.

Speaker 2 Now, when we think about other buildings that are going on in that period of time, it is a period of time when the great architecture historian described as really a time of fancy dress.

Speaker 2 You could have whatever style you wanted, really, in this period of time, and that was the joy of it.

Speaker 2 Let's think of a building like the Royal Pavilion at Brighton by John Nash, who along with Robert Smirk was one of the three so-called attached architects to the Office of Works, effectively the public body of works in this country from 1814 onwards.

Speaker 2 Indian exterior, Chinese interior. The other architect attached to the works, Robert Smirk, let's think of him.
Greek revival architecture, the British Museum would be a good example there.

Speaker 2 We've got the Gothic revival starting up. Think about King's College in Cambridge.

Speaker 2 Not the chapel, but all the rest that you see on King's Parade, or nearly all of it, is Gothic revival from the 1820s. You could have Egyptian shop fronts if you wanted to.

Speaker 2 Soean described them as paltry, not appropriate use of historical precedent in the way that Fran was responding to it. So Sohn's construction of his own style was really

Speaker 2 a unique thing.

Speaker 15 To illustrate unique in his case?

Speaker 2 I think that perhaps the best way to think about that is to realise that Sohn would have seen himself as a classical architect.

Speaker 2 But whilst he said that, to quote him, art cannot go beyond the Corinthian order, that's the ornate third of the orders of the Greco-Roman world, he didn't use the columns and the orders that much, actually.

Speaker 2 And he doesn't quote buildings that we recognise very much in his architecture, unlike some of the the architects he admired, like Robert Adam, for example, who puts the triumphal arch of Constantine into the back of Keddleston House, a building that Soane thought was superb.

Speaker 2 Soane doesn't do this very often at all.

Speaker 2 A familiar moment might perhaps be on the Tivoli corner of the Bank of England where Lothbury and Princess Street meet, where we see the little round temple from Tivoli outside of Rome worked into the London streetscape to get us round an awkward corner of the building.

Speaker 2 But generally speaking, Soane's language of architecture was a language of planes, often of brick walls with arches set into them, rather like bringing the interior of the house to the exterior.

Speaker 2 Chelsea stables, for example, at the Royal Hospital in Chelsea.

Speaker 2 He has a simple elevation of brick with three entranceways in it, but each of the entranceways has three relieving arches over it, rather like a Russian doll, I suppose.

Speaker 2 One thing within another thing within another thing. The interior conception of space brought to moderate this outside wall.

Speaker 15 Thank you. Francis, Sohn described his house as an academy of architecture.
What did he mean by that?

Speaker 17 Well, in 1806, when Soon was fifty three, he was made professor of architecture at the Royal Academy, and he took his teaching career extremely seriously.

Speaker 17 Unfortunately, however, the majority of his teaching took place during the Napoleonic Wars when his own students weren't able to travel.

Speaker 17 So, in order to combat that great fracture in their architectural education, Soon invited his students on the days before and after each of his lectures to attend his home, Lincoln's Inn Fields, and observe his collection of artworks and antiquities, as as you mentioned, as a grand tour in microcosm.

Speaker 17 The idea being that they would be able to see things that would normally only be available to them on a grand tour or travelling around the continent.

Speaker 17 So, suddenly, a collection which had been designed for Soane's own architectural inspiration and personal enjoyment took on a pedagogical element.

Speaker 17 It became a teaching collection, and that meant that Soane was collecting all the more heavily.

Speaker 17 He wanted an object to illustrate everything he wanted to teach about, and of course, it meant that his museum became more and more full of objects.

Speaker 17 And why we ended up with three houses crammed full with all these wonderful things.

Speaker 15 He either bought directly or bought from people who'd been to these countries and brought stuff back or bought from the auction room. So he had three main sources of plunder.

Speaker 17 Yes, well, I mean, I wouldn't refer to it as plunder. Son is quite sensitive to the notion of theft.

Speaker 17 But he is acquiring his collection principally in London, either through art dealers, auction houses in the sale of other people's collections, or very largely at antiquarian book dealers.

Speaker 17 He was particularly keen on Mr. Boone on the Strand.

Speaker 17 So he is buying things at a remove from the continent, but he is being quite careful to adhere to the narratives within his museum and the themes that he's creating within the different spaces.

Speaker 15 Julian, it contains some remarkable paintings. Joseph Gandhi, Canaletto, Hogarth, Massif Hogarth, Piranese.

Speaker 15 What was his relation? Let's pick out Gandhi as perhaps the least known of those names. What was important that he work with Gandhi?

Speaker 11 Gandhi is the lens you see sewn through. What we know of the thinking that went into the design for his beloved wife's tomb in St.
Pancras, that was worked out dozens of times by Gandhi.

Speaker 11 So Gandhi was a perspectivist or

Speaker 11 a visualiser of all these things.

Speaker 15 Can you, Frank, can you tell us what you think is distinctive about his own style and about what he created around it?

Speaker 2 Well, we talked about that a little bit already in terms of the effects of light and colour and mirrors and indeed coloured glass as well.

Speaker 2 But what we haven't perhaps also talked about is his very distinctive approach to producing domes. Not the domes of the Pantheon in Rome or of St.
Peter's or St.

Speaker 2 Paul's in London, but the very low saucer-shaped elliptical domes that often come down to very delicate points of the corner of a square or a rectangular space.

Speaker 2 They have an opening at the top called an oculus, but very often there are windows outside of the curvature of the dome, but still inside the building, so that the light, as Jillian was describing, can filter down from hidden sources.

Speaker 2 And that is one of the great sort of marvels of Sonin's works and one of the things that appeals to architects today, I think.

Speaker 15 Francis, you want to come in? I think the key.

Speaker 3 Hello, I'm Greg Jenner, host of You're Dead to Me, the comedy podcast from the BBC that takes history seriously.

Speaker 3 Each week, I'm joined by a comedian and an expert historian to learn and laugh about the past.

Speaker 3 In our all-new season, we cover unique areas of history that your school lessons may have missed, from getting ready in the Renaissance era to the Kellogg Brothers.

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Speaker 17 To Son's architectural style is attenuation.

Speaker 17 He was, as Frank says, working in the classical style, but he would take classical motifs, traditional classical motifs, and pair them back to the absolute bare minimum.

Speaker 17 And that very severe attenuation, of course, is, in the most basic sense, what the modernists were doing during the 20th century. So for that reason, Son is often hailed as the father of modernism.

Speaker 17 He was doing something entirely innovative in its time, and which was hugely influential a century later over the great architects who paired everything back as much as possible.

Speaker 15 He gave lectures. Was there a theme to these lectures, or was he given a lecture when something new turned up in the museum?

Speaker 17 Certainly. Sohn gave a series of 12 lectures at the Royal Academy and then a paired back series at the Royal Institution for the public as well.

Speaker 17 The lectures deal with with the history of architecture across the entirety of history, from the Neolithic to Soane's own contemporaries, and indeed across the geography of the entire world.

Speaker 17 As I said earlier, Sohn was a great intellectual maximalist and felt that one needed to understand everything before you could ignore it or discredit it in any way.

Speaker 17 So he was giving lectures which explored world architectural history and then he would offer his opinions as to the good and bad examples of the architectural craft within world architectural history, so as to guide his students towards what he felt were good practice.

Speaker 2 There's a strange disjunction as well, isn't there, Francis, between, on the one hand, this being the professor of architecture at the Royal Academy, the person who's supposed to set up the theory of architecture that architects of his time should follow, and as I was saying earlier on, the fact that, well, architects didn't really follow his lectures.

Speaker 2 They were ideas largely drawn from Sohn's own youth and from the French education and reading that he had undertaken, probably under the influence of William Chambers back then.

Speaker 2 So, in some ways, the lectures were a rather glorious anomaly.

Speaker 17 And if you read them, though they are packed full of useful information, they're very dry and they are at times repetitive.

Speaker 17 And I think the best thing about the lectures, and indeed Soane's teaching career, is not the actual text, but the drawings that were created to illustrate those lectures.

Speaker 17 Soane, instead of pairing back his office during the lean war years, decided to utilise his apprentices to create over a thousand large-scale, colour-washed, illustrative lecture drawings to show buildings from throughout time and across the whole world to illustrate these lectures, obviously providing a snapshot of these important buildings to students who would never have a chance to go to the far-flung corners of the world.

Speaker 17 And the result is, we think, the earliest attempt at a graphic history of world architecture.

Speaker 11 I would like just to drop in a mention for his fellow professor, who was Turner.

Speaker 11 And Turner's lectures, which were running concurrently, I think, for a while, involved aspects of optics and perspective and so on.

Speaker 11 So if you actually put those two things together, and the fact that the two men were firm friends and spent quite a lot of time fishing, very harmoniously meandering down the Thames near Goring, fishing away, perhaps occasionally discussing what they might put up.

Speaker 2 I don't think they ever said anything to each other. It was all silent, I should imagine.

Speaker 15 Kind of fishing.

Speaker 2 They both had a tendency to be morose personalities, of course.

Speaker 15 If we're talking a bit more personally about him, he had a rather fractious relationship with his sons, didn't he? He did. And is it worth feeding that into his status as an architect?

Speaker 15 What effect did it have on what we're talking about?

Speaker 11 I think we certainly need to feed it into the story of the two houses.

Speaker 11 George, his younger son, had strong literary inclinations and he was quite soon doing adaptations of classics and working in the great theatres.

Speaker 11 But for Sohn, this was a complete negation of the great dynastic project that he had hoped to start, because John, the elder son, was not very well, not very gifted, and in fact, died relatively soon after adulthood.

Speaker 11 I mean, he had a child, but that was it. So the houses were sort of, well, first of all, Pitts Hangen was going to be this centre of the beginning of the Sohn dynasty.
It didn't happen.

Speaker 11 He was already thinking about getting rid of it about six or eight years after it all began. So that was finished.
So hence the return to Lincoln's Inn Fields as an absolutely,

Speaker 11 it was the sort of the core, the nexus of the whole project. And that in a way drove him on and on and on.

Speaker 11 So

Speaker 11 in the beginning of 1815, wasn't it, in print, an anonymous denigration of his work at Dulidge and the Bank, the cauliflowers on the roof, and he knew without question that the person who had penned this was his son with the literary abilities, George.

Speaker 11 And his wife, Eliza, saw these lines and

Speaker 11 Soames said it killed her.

Speaker 11 Anyway, she died very soon after.

Speaker 17 I think that Soane's youngest son, George, was embittered by the fact that when he'd been thrown into debtors' prison in 1815, his father, John Soane, had refused to bail him out, wanting George to finally be financially independent.

Speaker 17 He'd always been reliant on an allowance from his wealthy mother, Eliza.

Speaker 17 So when he did get out of debtor's prison, he got his revenge by writing these two articles in a newspaper called The Champion, now long defunct, in which, as Julian has said, he was criticising Soane's architectural output, but also his collecting and even his working-class background.

Speaker 17 And Soane was completely heartbroken by this, but worse still was Eliza's reaction because she was a very fond mother and she was suffering from gallstones at the time.

Speaker 17 And being so heartbroken, she essentially gave up the will to fight. And she went to her husband and she said, George has dealt me my death blows.
I shall never hold up my head again.

Speaker 17 And she took to her bed and she died six weeks later. And Soane felt that it was entirely George's fault.
And as a result, he was disinherited.

Speaker 2 And we have the museum.

Speaker 15 Yes. Can we go back to the work? I take a deep breath.

Speaker 15 Frank, can you tell us more about his interest in classical ruins?

Speaker 2 Yes, I think it goes right back to his time in Italy, actually. And you mentioned earlier on Piranesi, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, the great Italian architect and printmaker.

Speaker 2 Soane met Piranesi in the last three months of Piranesi's life in 1778 and was given some prints by Piranesi.

Speaker 2 And I think he seemed to have a complete fascination with the extraordinary imagination that Pyrenees we know had.

Speaker 2 In fact, for a period of time, I believe he even slept, Soon slept in his bedroom with Pyrenees on the wall, including the drawings of the Greek temples at Peistum that Soan had acquired later on.

Speaker 2 So he was surrounded really by this Pyreneesian vision.

Speaker 2 And Gandhi, who we've spoken about earlier on, was a man who had graphic skills that Soan could only dream of and was able to transform Soon's ideas of his own architecture into such such a vibrant image as would attract the eye of people at the Royal Academy exhibition, who, of course, were looking at paintings and sculptures.

Speaker 2 Architectural drawings are, for the non-expert, a little bit dull, perhaps, but Gandhi was able to bring them to life in this extraordinary way.

Speaker 2 Now, in 1798, Gandhi makes a drawing of the rotunda, the central round room of the Bank of England, Soane's Bank of England, which had just been completed, and Gandhi makes a drawing of it in ruins with vegetation growing out of it, as though it were some sort sort of Roman imperial bath complex or something like that.

Speaker 2 And this seems to have sparked off

Speaker 2 a whole kind of debate in Soane's mind about the nature of ruins in relation to the present and the past and the future.

Speaker 2 Because in 1812, just when he's building number 13 Lincolns in Fields, he writes an extraordinary manuscript published in the 20th century called Crude Hints Towards the History of My House, in which he imagines himself as an antiquary in the future, coming back to Lincoln's Inn Fields and asking what this building could be.

Speaker 2 Is it the house of an enchanter? Is it a Roman temple? Is it a convent of nuns, even? And he finally says, No, it should be seen to be the house of an artist, perhaps an architect or a painter.

Speaker 2 And really, the whole notion of ruination comes from that.

Speaker 2 And in 1820, Gandhi makes an extraordinary cutaway aerial perspective view of the Bank of England just approaching completion as a ruin, in the way that we see in Piranesi's engraving the bars of Caracalla in Rome, from the same angle as well.

Speaker 11 I think that really illustrates the relationship between Gandhi and Soane, because in many ways there must have been conversations between them when Soane had the germ of an idea and Gandhi had the outline of a kind of rendering of that idea.

Speaker 11 And that those two put together, in some cases, I think, were the genesis of some of Soane's greatest buildings, the greatest parts of the bank,

Speaker 2 indeed and of course as I mentioned before, Sohn's trip to Italy was to see departed greatness

Speaker 2 and perhaps

Speaker 2 the depiction of his own buildings in ruination was future departed greatness as it were.

Speaker 15 Can I come back to something we have mentioned but just to try to get the listener even closer to it. What sort of impression, have you walked through one of these doors?

Speaker 15 What would you be mostly struck by?

Speaker 17 I think that the most striking thing at the Soean Museum is the combination of extraordinarily small and complex architectural spaces, but which are very densely packed, filled with objects, many of them sculptural, some of them framed, some antiquities, some interesting items of furniture, a great many glazed bookcases full of all sorts of magnificent volumes.

Speaker 17 And then underneath objects, people often don't look down, but if you look down underneath, there are drawers, and and the drawers are packed full of drawings, 30,000 of them, ranging from late medieval up to Sohn's own contemporary period.

Speaker 17 So I think that the impression that one gets when walking around the building is one of awe, perhaps being slightly overwhelmed, but in a positive way, and I think of curiosity and the desire to know more.

Speaker 11 And there's one other thing I think that it took me a long time to realise that when moving around those three houses, that actually quite often you find yourself you're in the back of the one next door, but nothing is actually indicated that you've moved from one house to the other.

Speaker 11 It's sleight of hand. I mean it's extraordinary spatial reorganisation, which you can only, I mean, you can see them on plan, but it's still more than you can really easily comprehend.

Speaker 15 Is there any sense in which you was lived in as a normal house by Soan and his family?

Speaker 17 I think what we have to remember is that the collecting became more and more frenetic as Soan aged.

Speaker 17 And when Eliza died in 1815, the collection was an awful lot smaller than it was at the end of Soan's life. So the building would have functioned in a much more domestic capacity.

Speaker 17 And indeed, the rooms on the second floor, the private apartments of bathrooms, dressing rooms, bedrooms, would really have been very domestic indeed.

Speaker 17 It's really in the last 10-15 years of Soane's life when he's collecting so heavily that you end up with this sort of horror vacuee of spaces that are so full that you really can't even function or use them in a traditional domestic manner.

Speaker 2 Yes, and we also have to bear in mind, don't we, Fran, that it was a working space. I mean the back of the house where the museum is was the workshop where up to

Speaker 2 eight or nine or ten assistants or pupils could be working away at any one time.

Speaker 2 And indeed, so precious was the space, or so much pressure was on the space, that Soan had to construct a drafting office in a kind of mezzanine level on columns within the space of the museum itself.

Speaker 15 Did the museum take off immediately to something approaching the popularity it now has?

Speaker 2 By no means. After Soane's death, his uh his style was ridiculed by many people.

Speaker 2 It was uh a very different thing from the way that Victorian architecture started to develop towards big neoclassical buildings initially, then the Gothic revival.

Speaker 2 Um so Soane was was largely a a a neglected figure and the museum was rarely open, I think it's fair to say in that period of time, very rarely open uh and really just a place that connoisseurs of particular kinds of antiquity antiquity and paintings.

Speaker 17 It was certain days of the week during the season if the weather was fine.

Speaker 11 And it drew out of Henry James one of the most wonderful little, it's a novella called A London Life.

Speaker 11 And it consists of a desperate dramatic drama around the sarcophagus, which was the absolute jewel in the collection latterly, bought under the nose of the British Museum, who failed to get it.

Speaker 11 Belsoni's trophy from Egypt, right down at the bottom of the museum. So, if you cut a section through the building, that's what you see.

Speaker 11 And some of the Gandhi visualizations do it wonderfully, in a way you couldn't see it where you're standing there.

Speaker 11 So, at the bottom, and lit in a very theatrical way. And so, the Henry James story, so written 30 years after the museum has been open to the public, in the theory,

Speaker 11 almost entirely dark, hardly ever open, dusty, dirty. But anyway, there's an assignation, and this sweet girl goes wandering round with her American friend just having a little chat.

Speaker 11 And lo and behold, there is somebody's sister or brother having an assignation, I can't remember which way. Anyway, it's the perfect place for a romantic assignation in a very gothic sort of space.

Speaker 15 So when did his reputation turn and start to go up and then went up and up and up?

Speaker 2 Coming back to the point about the weather that Fran raised earlier on, there's a wonderful cartoon, I think, in the Daily Star newspaper in 1924, in which two men are caught in the rain in Lincoln's Inn Fields and decide to go into the museum to get out of the rain.

Speaker 2 And after looking at a few things, including the sarcophagus of SETI,

Speaker 2 they come out again saying, I think we've done the weather rather a disservice.

Speaker 2 The numbers were very small in the early part of the 20th century.

Speaker 2 Ironically, just when Soan's reputation was starting to rise again, the numbers of visitors to the museum really only starts to pick up in the 1960s and 70s.

Speaker 2 So if the museum itself was relatively little visited, Soan's reputation was starting to build again in the 1920s onwards.

Speaker 11 But when it fell, the centenary, 1933, questions were being asked in the House. What are we doing supporting this sort of moribund cultural item?

Speaker 11 And it's not really until John Summerson takes over in 1945, straight after the war, that things begin to mesh. I think I'm right in saying it's sort of...

Speaker 2 That's right. But in the meantime, Soan's reputation amongst architects has already started to rise.
And it's an interesting moment around about 1920.

Speaker 2 We've got the conservative or academic branch of architecture represented by Sir Albert Richardson, later president of the Royal Academy, starting to look at Soan as one of the great architects of the 18th and indeed the 19th century classical traditions, holding him up as a model academic architect.

Speaker 2 And then we have Roger Frye coming in and giving a lecture at the RIBA, RIBA, the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1921, looking at Soane as a primitivistic architect and comparing him to post-impressionist artists and attracting the attention of, as Fran said earlier, modernist architects towards Sohn's legacy and possible influence.

Speaker 2 And then what happens, I think, in the period when Summerson becomes the curator after 1945 is that architects start to take an interest in specifically the sort of forms of what Soan is trying to do and the fragmentations of what Zone is trying to do.

Speaker 2 So we're looking about postmodernism at this point in time and then people like Philip Johnson in America or Rafael Moneo in Madrid start to utilize some of Zone's very distinctive forms.

Speaker 15 It's curious that none of you have mentioned the attention Zone paid to the construction, to the engineering behind the collection.

Speaker 17 Well, I think that because he was so interested in the structural engineering of his own architectural designs and indeed that his apprentices and students should be conversant in safe structural engineering, he was extremely careful about the arrangement of his collection.

Speaker 17 So, for example, the sarcophagus of Seti, which we've talked about already, is in the basement.

Speaker 17 You know, it's not on a first floor, it's an incredibly heavy object, so it is safely located somewhere where it can't do any damage. Objects are very carefully placed.

Speaker 17 So, for example, we have some beautiful first century AD composite urns within the dome area of the museum.

Speaker 17 They look like they're placed very precipitously around a hole looking down into Soane's crypt where the sarcophagus is located.

Speaker 17 But actually Soane placed these rather clever metal rods up the inside so they can't possibly move. So everything is very carefully considered and very safely located.

Speaker 2 And the Act of Parliament that created the museum provides that the museum should be preserved as far as is practicable in the state it was when Soan left it.

Speaker 2 That did change in the 19th and 20th century, but it's been the work of a number of curators in the last three or four decades to put everything back to where it was.

Speaker 17 And Soan did his very best to ensure that everything remained as he intended.

Speaker 17 He left a legacy for the support of the museum, but that unfortunately ran out just as the Second World War was beginning, which is one of the reasons why, as Julian was saying, it was in the 1930s that there was a public conversation about what is this place and what should we do to support it.

Speaker 15 What lasting impression do you think Soane and that museum has had?

Speaker 17 As Frank has said, a great many of his great buildings are now lost to us. There are a few wonderful examples that people are able to visit.

Speaker 17 The Soane Museum itself, Pittshanger Manor is open to the public, Soan's country house in Ealing, and his great triumph in Dulwich, the great picture gallery at Dulwich College.

Speaker 17 But I think that the lasting impression and reputation that Soane has given us is one of philanthropy, education, and curiosity, and a love of all the arts.

Speaker 17 He was an architect but he valued all the arts equally because he felt that it was important to understand the entire arena in order to really excel in any one area.

Speaker 17 So he's really prompting us to question and better ourselves.

Speaker 15 And what's your view on the lasting impression, Julian?

Speaker 11 I think the thing that I took away from my years with Soam, so to speak, was his respect for his fellow workmen, tradesmen, artisans and so on.

Speaker 11 And I can only think that that comes from right back from his own mysterious origins.

Speaker 11 And it's a two-way business because he knew when he was really busy, when he was beginning his country house years, he could say to somebody who did plaster work, do the breakfast room in Somerset like the one you did in North Norfolk.

Speaker 11 You know how to do it. We did it there.

Speaker 11 And that plain plain speaking between the professional and the hands-on team is, I mean, I think it's a lesson that every architectural student should think about.

Speaker 2 Well I would agree with that and Gillian your wonderful biography of Soane is subtitled John Soan an accidental romantic and when I'm talking about him with my students I discuss whether that's a good way of thinking about him or whether we might call him a worldly romantic because there's this wonderful combination of romance, the poetry of architecture as you you said Melvin in your opening comments is one of Sohn's favourite phrases for what architecture should be.

Speaker 2 And of course the practical and the professional. This is a man who on the one hand could fish with Turner or arrange an evening for the launch of the acquisition of the sarcophagus of SETI.

Speaker 2 The house is filled with candles and Turner is there and Coleridge is there and Prime Minister is there and then the next day could be actually compiling accounts for clients who deeply respected him and having lunch with those clients or dinner with those clients a mile away from the the hod-carrying um bricklayer from Goring by Streetley who started out in 1753.

Speaker 15 Well thank you all very much indeed. Thank you Frances Sands, Frank Salmon and Julian Darley.
Next week Catherine of Aragon.

Speaker 15 Henry VIII's first wife, whose refusal to agree to an annulment of their marriage led to the creation of the Church of England. Thanks for listening.

Speaker 21 And the In Our Time podcast gets gets some extra time now with a few minutes of bonus material from Melvin and his guests.

Speaker 15 What would you like to have said that you didn't get time to say, Francis?

Speaker 17 My particular interest in Soane is the extraordinary collection of architectural drawings within his institution.

Speaker 17 People often assume that the architectural drawings we house at the museum are merely, well I say merely, they're fabulous, the drawings from his own architectural practice, those in and of themselves number 8,000 items.

Speaker 17 But we have another 22,000 architectural drawings that Sohn collected because he really felt that the power of architectural drawing was the magic that an architect was able to wield.

Speaker 17 If they could draw well, it meant that they would be much more likely to be able to design well. And he went to some length in his lectures to talk about the power of architectural drawing.

Speaker 17 He cited Sir William Chambers as being a particularly great master at drawing.

Speaker 17 So by collecting this enormous array of architectural drawn matter, he was forming something which at the time was entirely unique, a comprehensive overview

Speaker 17 of architectural matter on the page, and something which has inspired later collections.

Speaker 17 For example, the magnificent collection now at the Royal Institute of British Architects was inspired by that at the Soane Museum.

Speaker 17 So it's incredibly important to think about Soane not just as an architect and a teacher, but as a collector, and the fact that his collecting had such a huge impact over the world as we know it too.

Speaker 15 Julian, would you like to to say what you wanted to say?

Speaker 11 I know you asked if it was the only house like it, and I'm sort of in between

Speaker 11 our conversations. I've been trying to think where is the nearest equivalent.
And I suspect it would be more likely to be

Speaker 11 one of those houses of American sculptors in the Hudson Valley, where you would go to a house in a glorious, the landscape being part of the story in that case, and the work and the person's life is it frederick church right name

Speaker 11 i remember going some time ago it's that sort of feeling of the house and the work and the life being consonant being all one

Speaker 11 um

Speaker 11 moment and it sort of does need to be something of that moment you can't really i mean i suppose willow road

Speaker 11 um

Speaker 11 you know the modernist house the national trust um it's much easier you're talking about the thing in Hampstead.

Speaker 15 Yes. The thing.
I mean, you're talking about the house in Hampstead.

Speaker 15 Well, maybe

Speaker 11 some of the sort of St. Ives, the Hepworth.

Speaker 15 You're struggling.

Speaker 15 Yes,

Speaker 15 it's true.

Speaker 2 Let me help you out.

Speaker 2 I rather like to think that Soanes' visit to Piranesi, above the top of the Spanish steppes in 1778, to that workshop encrusted with all the antiquities that Piranesi was selling on and so forth, two of which I think Soane subsequently came to own and entered his collection.

Speaker 2 I just wonder if what he saw there and meeting that great artist in that environment

Speaker 2 put into his mind the idea of spaces that were crowded out with

Speaker 2 the detritus and the exemplars of past great works.

Speaker 15 What was a detritus?

Speaker 2 The fragments, the broken down bits and pieces.

Speaker 2 We were talking about ruins at one point and one drawing that I think is very instructive is one made by Gandhi, who I think exhibited over a hundred works at the Royal Academy, only one of them in his own name and the rest under Soane's name.

Speaker 15 Why was that?

Speaker 2 Well, he was employed by Soane, and our ideas of autonomy and artistic freedom are not the same as they were in the early years of the 19th century. Gandhi was also notoriously bad with money.

Speaker 2 Soane had to bail him out of debtor's prison, I think, on one occasion, unlike his son George. But I do wonder whether the Pyreneesian vision is what kind of stayed with Soane in that regard.

Speaker 17 I think Soane was also hugely inspired by the imaginary interiors within Pyrenesi's work.

Speaker 17 Think of the De Vesse Magniere or the Cachuri series, where similarly, like the Pyrenees workshop must have been, you have spaces which are just encrusted principally with sculptural material.

Speaker 17 And I think you very definitely get a flavour of that in the Dome area at the Soe Museum. Soon is creating a Pyreneesian

Speaker 17 three-dimensional vision, top-lit, with light cascading down to create this very emotive effect.

Speaker 11 One of the places that he most treasured, and this is from much later on, so the CERN house was already growing in complexity and so on, was the Rosalind Chapel. And that is

Speaker 15 sort of semi-unexplained, isn't it?

Speaker 11 I mean, it's the most extraordinary.

Speaker 11 It's sort of like something out of Portuguese Gothic or something. It's a very very strange and elaborate.

Speaker 11 I don't know if you know it, it's quite extraordinary.

Speaker 11 So and went there and Gandhi did a wonderful painting called Merlin's Tomb and it's lit from the middle so it's like sort of this kind of glowing core

Speaker 11 and that's that that I think sort of sums up it's another moment when you feel the two of them sort of connecting.

Speaker 20 Because,

Speaker 11 I mean, they both had sort of frantic imaginations. And, I mean, Gandhi did end up, you know, institutionalised.
He's, you know, it was a very, very sad end. So

Speaker 11 there were moments when you could argue he could have been institutionalised. That's a contentious view.
But

Speaker 11 I think the pressure of circumstances and so on, you know, had a sort of visual release in some of these

Speaker 17 very

Speaker 11 contorted and very enriched and extraordinary places and visions of places. I just throw that in because I do think Roslyn is terribly important and I can't really,

Speaker 11 I've never been able to quite work out

Speaker 11 how much it echoed on.

Speaker 2 Well, it's possibly there as well in the monk's parlour at the Son Museum, where Son liked to think of himself as Padre Giovanni, Father John, down there in his gothic encrusted grotto-like space.

Speaker 2 May I make my pitch of what I take away from Sohn, which I think Fran and Julian already had the chance to do.

Speaker 2 So because I am a teacher and because I run a centre for the study of classical architecture, my real takeaway I think from Soan is the fact that when I take students to the museum,

Speaker 2 they are always completely captivated by Sohn. He's one of the easiest architects to get students of either architectural history or modern day architects indeed, young people, interested in.

Speaker 2 And I love the fact that that can still work

Speaker 2 given that he connects us with the deepest histories. Really right back to the Greco-Roman tradition, or indeed the Egyptian tradition, before that, he would have said himself.

Speaker 2 And what it shows us, I think, which I really love, is that the poetry of architecture, the creativity of architecture, is not about

Speaker 2 following styles that are fashionable at the point in time. Sern was not a fashionable person.

Speaker 2 He carried on wearing silk breeches and stockings when the fashions had changed to long trousers and short jackets, I think.

Speaker 2 He must have been like a figure out of the previous century, a Georgian figure in Regency London. But for him, architecture was not about fashion.
It was about expressing your own

Speaker 2 deep-seated learning through the whole history of architecture. Everything was available to be used.
He even used Gothic ideas as well.

Speaker 2 Not so much Gothic forms, that occasionally happens where circumstances demanded it, but in particular his incised linear ornaments that run right up an arch and over the top without any horizontal interruption, what his assistant George Wittick called the ramifying lines of his architecture.

Speaker 2 He produces extraordinary vision and it just goes to show us that it's not about style, it's about creativity and the poetic whilst whilst also meeting the professional obligations.

Speaker 11 Should we finally?

Speaker 15 Yes.

Speaker 17 I think Zone would be extremely pleased to hear that your students are finding him so alluring.

Speaker 17 He, of course, was so incredibly interested in architectural education, but also was a hugely philanthropic man. And I don't think people necessarily take that away from the museum on first sight.

Speaker 17 I think that he was quite a difficult man to deal with, and of course, fell out with his one surviving son famously. But he was incredibly kind.
He gave very generously to all manner of charities.

Speaker 17 And when one of his housemaids developed epilepsy, not only did he go down to the kitchens to see that everything was all right, something that the master of the house would just not do normally, he then funded her medical care for the rest of her life.

Speaker 17 So he was an incredibly kind and giving person.

Speaker 17 And I don't think that's immediately obvious from the museum. So the fact that his educational legacy continues to this day is hugely powerful to me as a curator.

Speaker 2 And we should add as well, I think, that in 1834, when the Institute of British Architects, subsequently the Royal Institute of British Architects, was being established, and they lauded Sohn as the great figure of his age, he was 80 then, 81 then, he gave £5,000, I believe, to set up a benevolent fund for distressed architects.

Speaker 2 That's a very large amount of money in the 1830s.

Speaker 2 So he was generous, and we should counterbalance that, as you say, Fran with the more neurotic aspects of his character that clearly made him difficult to deal with in other respects.

Speaker 15 Well thank you all very much indeed.

Speaker 17 Melvin would you like tea or coffee?

Speaker 15 I would like tea or coffee. I can't decide which.
I think tea will be fine.

Speaker 17 Francis? Not for me I'm not a caffeine person I've still got water. Thank you.
Hello Victoria. I'd love the

Speaker 15 little tea. Enjoy that.
Yeah a little tea and thank you. Teacher.

Speaker 2 In Our Time with Melvin Bragg was produced by Eliane Glazer and it is a BBC Studios audio production for Radio 4.

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