#458 – Marc Andreessen: Trump, Power, Tech, AI, Immigration & Future of America

Speaker 1 following is a conversation with Mark Andreessen, his second time on the podcast.

Speaker 1 Mark is a visionary tech leader and investor who fundamentally shaped the development of the internet and the tech industry in general over the past 30 years.

Speaker 1 He is the co-creator of Mosaic, the first widely used web browser, co-founder of Netscape, co-founder of the legendary Silicon Valley venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz, and is one of the most influential voices in the tech world, including at the intersection of technology and politics.

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Speaker 1 This episode is brought to you by Encore, a platform that provides data-focused AI tooling for data annotation, curation, and management, and for model evaluation once you train up the model on the data that you curate.

Speaker 1 In this conversation with Mark Andreessen, we actually discuss what he calls kind of like the trillion dollar questions. And one of them for AI is

Speaker 1 how effective will synthetic data be? It really isn't an open question.

Speaker 1 What piece, what fraction of the intelligence of future models will be based on training on synthetic data? At the top AI labs, I'm hearing a lot of optimism.

Speaker 1 As far as I can tell, that optimism is not currently, at least in the general case, based on any real evidence. So, I do think synthetic data will play a part, but how big a part?

Speaker 1 There's still going to be some curation from humans. There's still going to need to be a human in the loop.

Speaker 1 I think the real question is: how do you effectively integrate the human in the loop so that the synthetic data, sort of 99% synthetic,

Speaker 1 1%

Speaker 1 human

Speaker 1 that combination can be most effective. That's the real question.
And companies like Encore are trying to solve that very problem.

Speaker 1 First of all, they want to provide the tooling for the annotation, for the actual human-AI collaboration, but also asking and answering the research question of like, how do you pull it all off and make the resulting model more intelligent for very specific applications and for the general applications?

Speaker 1 Yeah, so Encore does a really good job on the tooling side. Go try them out to curate, annotate, and manage your AI data at encord.com/slash Lex.
That's Encorde.com/slash Lex.

Speaker 1 This episode is brought to you by GitHub and GitHub Copilot. If you don't know what that is, my friends, you're in for a joyous, beautiful surprise.

Speaker 1 I think a lot of people that program regularly know and love GitHub and and know and love Copilot.

Speaker 1 It's the OG AI programming assistant and it's the one that's really trying to win this very competitive space. It is not easy.

Speaker 1 If you're somebody that uses VS Code, obviously, well, maybe not obviously, but you can use GitHub Copilot in VS Code, but you can use it also in other IDEs. I'm going to be honest with you.

Speaker 1 It's a very competitive space. I'm trying all the different tools tools in the space.
And I really love

Speaker 1 how much GitHub and GitHub co-pilot want to win in this competitive space. So I'm excitedly sort of sitting back and just eating popcorn like that Michael Jackson meme

Speaker 1 and just enjoying the hell out of it. And like I said, I'm going to be doing a bunch of programming.
episodes including with Prime Agen

Speaker 1 and he I think has a love-hate relationship with AI and with AI agents and

Speaker 1 with the role of AI in the programming experience and he's really at the forefront of people that are playing with all these languages with all these different applications with all the different use cases of code and

Speaker 1 he is a new of him user so he's going to be skeptical in general of new technologies.

Speaker 1 He's a curmudgeon sitting on a porch on a rocking chair screaming at the kids throwing stuff at them but at the same time, he's able to play with the kids as well. So I am more on the kids' side.

Speaker 1 I'm with a childlike joy, enjoy the new technology. For me, basically everything I do, programming-wise,

Speaker 1 has the possibility of AI either reviewing it or assisting it. It's constantly in the loop.

Speaker 1 Even if I'm writing stuff from scratch, I'm always just kind of one second away from asking a question about the code or asking it to generate or rewrite a certain line or to add a few more lines, all that kind of stuff.

Speaker 1 So I'm constantly, constantly using it. If you're learning to code or if you're an advanced programmer,

Speaker 1 it is really important that you get better and better at using AI as an assistant programmer. Get started with GitHub Copilot for free today at gh.io slash copilot.

Speaker 1 This episode is also brought to you by Notion, a note-taking and team collaboration collaboration tool that Mark Andreessen on this very episode sings a lot of praises to.

Speaker 1 I believe he sings, was it on mic or off mic? I don't remember. But anyway, he loves it.

Speaker 1 It's one of the tools, one of the companies, one of the ecosystems that integrate AI really effectively for team applications. When you have...

Speaker 1 Let's see, like docs and wikis and projects and all that kind of stuff, you can have the AI load all of that in and answer questions based on that you can connect a bunch of apps like you could connect slack you can connect google drive i think in the context we were talking about

Speaker 1 something like notion for email for like gmail i don't know if notion integrates email yet i'm

Speaker 1 they're just like this machine that's constantly increasing the productivity of every aspect of your life so i'm sure they're going to start integrating more and more apps i use it for slack and google drive but i use it primarily at the individual level for note-taking and even at the individual level, just incredible what Notion AI can do.

Speaker 1 Try it out for free when you go to Notion.com slash Lex. That's all lowercase Notion.com slash Lex to try the power of Notion AI today.

Speaker 1 This episode is also brought to you by Shopify, a platform designed for anyone to sell anywhere with a great-looking online store. Very few people embody the

Speaker 1 joy and the power of capitalism than Mark Andreessen. I believe Mark and Toby are friends.
I was at a thing where Mark and Toby were both there and they were chatting and they were very friendly.

Speaker 1 So I think they're friends and I got to hang out with Toby and is, again, an incredible person.

Speaker 1 I say it again and again, and it's almost becoming funny that eventually we'll do a podcast.

Speaker 1 I don't know why we haven't done a podcast. There's a few people in my life where

Speaker 1 it's like Jeffrey Hinton is one of those people. It's like we've agreed to do a podcast for so long

Speaker 1 and we've just been kind of lazy about it.

Speaker 1 And Toby's the same. Anyway, he's the CEO of Shopify.
I don't even know if he knows that Shopify sponsors this podcast. It doesn't matter.
It goes without saying.

Speaker 1 It should be obvious to everybody that one doesn't affect the other. I am very fortunate to have way more sponsors than we can possibly fit, so I can pick whoever the hell I want.

Speaker 1 And whatever guest I choose will never have anything to do with the companies that sponsor the podcast.

Speaker 1 There's not even like a

Speaker 1 tinge of influence. In fact, if there's anything, it'll be the opposite direction, but I also try to avoid that.

Speaker 1 It's possible I talk to the CEO of GitHub, for example, on this podcast, and GitHub sponsors this podcast. It's possible I talk to the CEO of Shopify, Toby, and Shopify sponsors this podcast.

Speaker 1 One doesn't affect the other.

Speaker 1 And obviously, again, it goes without saying, but let me say it, make it explicit that nobody can buy their way onto the podcast, whether through sponsorships or buying me dinner or whatever.

Speaker 1 I don't know. This just, it's impossible.
And most likely, if that's attempted, it's going to backfire. So I think people intuitively know not to attempt

Speaker 1 because it would really piss me off. Anyway, this is a detour.
We're supposed to talk about Shopify.

Speaker 1 I have a Shopify store, LuxRoomy.com slash store, that sells t-shirts, but you can sell more sophisticated stuff, make a lot of money, and participate in this beautiful machinery of capitalism.

Speaker 1 Sign up for a $1 per month trial period at shopify.com slash Lex. That's all lowercase.
Go to shopify.com slash Lux to take your business to the next level today.

Speaker 1 This episode is also brought to you by Element, my daily zero-sugar and delicious electrolyte mix of which I consume very ridiculously large amounts.

Speaker 1 You know, salt used to be currency in the ancient world. How silly are humans or not silly? How sort of surprising

Speaker 1 the things we converge on as being the store of value. Just value in general, the kind of things we assign value to together.

Speaker 1 We just kind of all agree that this item, this material, this idea, this building is extremely valuable. And then we compete over that resource or that idea or that building.

Speaker 1 And we fight and sometimes there is wars and sometimes there is complete destruction and the rise and fall of empires all over some resource. What a funny, strange little world.

Speaker 1 Mostly harmless, as

Speaker 1 Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy summarizes humans. For some reason, instead of that book, I was going to say Catch in the Rye.
In my exhausted brain, the books kind of all morph together.

Speaker 1 But Catchin' the Rye is a really damn good book.

Speaker 1 All of the classics I return to often, the simple books, just even like the first book I read in English, trivial book trivial book called the giver it's like i return to it in its simplicity maybe it's uh

Speaker 1 maybe it has sentimental value maybe that's what it is but just the simplicity of words animal farm i've read i don't know how many times probably over 50 times i returned to it over and over and over the simplicity the poetry of that simplicity it's something that just resonates with my brain maybe it's a peculiar kind of brain it is a peculiar kind of brain.

Speaker 1 And I have to thank you for being patient with this peculiar kind of brain. Get a sample pack for free with any purchase of whatever the thing I was talking about, which I think is Element.

Speaker 1 Try it at drink element.com/slash Lex.

Speaker 1 This is the Lex Friedman podcast. To support it, please check out our sponsors in the description.
And now, dear friends, here's Mark and Dreesen.

Speaker 1 All right, let's start with optimism. If you were to imagine the best possible one to two years, 2025, 26

Speaker 1 for tech, for big tech and small tech, what would it be? What would it look like? Lay out your vision for the best possible scenario trajectory for America.

Speaker 2 The roaring 20s. The roaring 20s.
The roaring 20s. I mean, look, a couple things.

Speaker 2 It is remarkable over the last several years with all of the issues, including, you know, everything, not just everything in politics, but also COVID and every other thing that's happened.

Speaker 2 It's really amazing. The United States just kept growing.
If you just look at economic growth charts, the U.S. just kept growing.
And very significantly, many other countries stopped growing.

Speaker 2 So Canada has stopped growing. The UK has stopped growing.
Germany has stopped growing. And, you know, some of those countries may be actually going backwards at this point.

Speaker 2 And there's a very long discussion to be had about what's wrong with those countries. And there's, of course, plenty of things that are wrong with our country.
But the U.S.

Speaker 2 is just flat out primed for growth.

Speaker 2 And I think that's a consequence of many factors,

Speaker 2 some of which are lucky and some of which through hard work. And so the lucky part is just, number one, we just have incredible physical security by being our own continent.

Speaker 2 You know, we have incredible natural resources, right?

Speaker 2 There's this running joke now that whenever it looks like the U.S.

Speaker 2 is going to run out of of some rare earth material, some farmer in North Dakota kicks over a hay bale and finds like a $2 trillion deposit.

Speaker 2 I mean, we're just blessed

Speaker 2 with geography and with natural resources.

Speaker 2 Energy, we can be energy independent anytime we want.

Speaker 2 This last administration decided they didn't want to be. They wanted to turn off American energy.
This new administration has declared that they have a goal of turning it on in a dramatic way.

Speaker 2 There's no question we can be energy independent. We can be a giant net energy exporter.
It's purely a question of choice. And I think the new administration is going to do that.

Speaker 2 And so we, and oh, and then I would say two other things. One is, you know, we, we are the beneficiaries, and, you know, you're an example of this, we're a beneficiary.

Speaker 2 We're the beneficiary of, you know, 50, 100, 200 years of like the basically most aggressive, driven, smartest people in the world, most capable people, you know, moving to the U.S.

Speaker 2 and raising their kids here.

Speaker 2 And so we just have, you know, by far the most dynamic, you know, we're by far the most dynamic population, most aggressive, you know.

Speaker 2 We're the most aggressive set of characters in certainly in any Western country and have been for a long time and certainly are today.

Speaker 2 And then finally, I would just say, look, we are overwhelmingly the advanced technology leader.

Speaker 2 You know, we have our issues, and we have a, I would say, a particular issue with manufacturing, which we could talk about.

Speaker 2 But for anything in software, anything in AI, anything in all these advanced biotech, all these advanced areas of technology, we're by far the leader.

Speaker 2 Again, in part, because many of the best scientists and engineers in those fields

Speaker 2 come to the U.S.

Speaker 2 And so we just have all of the preconditions for

Speaker 2 just a monster boom.

Speaker 2 I could see economic growth going way up i could see productivity growth going way up rate of technology adoption going way up and then we could we can do a global tour if you like but like basically all of our competitors have like profound issues and you know we could kind of go through them one by one but the the competitive landscape just is it's like it's it's remarkable how um how how much better positioned we are for growth What about the humans themselves?

Speaker 1 Almost philosophical questions. You know, I travel across the world and there's something about the American spirit, the entrepreneurial spirit that's uniquely intense in America.

Speaker 1 I don't know what that is.

Speaker 1 I've talked to Sager who claims it might be the Scots-Irish blood that runs through

Speaker 1 the history of America. What is it? You at the heart of Silicon Valley, is there something in the water? Why is there this entrepreneurial spirit?

Speaker 2 Yeah, so is this a family show, or am I allowed to swear?

Speaker 1 You can say whatever the fuck you want.

Speaker 2 Okay, so

Speaker 2 the great TV show Succession. The show, of course, which you were intended to root for exactly zero of the characters.

Speaker 2 Yes, the best line for Succession was in the final episode of the first season when the whole family is over in Logan Roy's ancestral homeland of Scotland and they're at this castle, you know, for some wedding.

Speaker 2 And Logan is just like completely miserable after having to, you know, because he's been in New York for 50 years. He's totally miserable being back

Speaker 2 in Scotland.

Speaker 2 And he gets in some argument with somebody, and he's like, My, he says, finally, just says, My God, I cannot wait to get out of here and go back to America where we can fuck without condoms.

Speaker 1 Was that a metaphor? Or okay, Exactly, right?

Speaker 2 And so, no, but it's exactly the thing. And everybody instantly knows what, like, everybody watching that instantly starts laughing because you know what it means, which is, it's exactly this.

Speaker 2 I think there's like an ethnographic, you know, way of it.

Speaker 2 There's a bunch of books on, like, all, like you said, the Scots-Irish, like all the different derivations of all the different ethnic groups that have come to the U.S.

Speaker 2 over the course of the last 400 years, right?

Speaker 2 But it's been, and what we have is this sort of amalgamation of like, you know, the, you know, the Northeast, you know, Yankees who were like super tough and hardcore.

Speaker 2 Yeah, the Scots-Irish are super aggressive.

Speaker 2 You know, we've got the, you know, the Southerners and the Texans, you know, and the, and, you know, know, the sort of, you know, whole kind of blended, you know, kind of Anglo-Hispanic thing, you know, super incredibly tough, strong, driven, you know, capable characters.

Speaker 2 You know, the Texas Rangers.

Speaker 2 You know, we've got the, yeah, we've got the California. You know, we've got the, you know, the wild.
We've got the incredibly, you know, inventive hippies, but we also have the hardcore engineers.

Speaker 2 We've got, you know, the best, you know, rocket scientists in the world. We've got the best, you know, artists in the world, you know, creative professionals, you know, the best movies.

Speaker 2 And so, yeah, there, there, there is, you know, the, the, the, the, you know, let's say all of our problems, I think, are are basically, you know, in my view to some extent, you know, attempts to basically sand all that off and make everything basically boring and mediocre.

Speaker 2 But there is something in the national spirit that basically keeps bouncing back. And

Speaker 2 basically, what we discover over time is we basically just need people to stand up at a certain point and say, you know, it's time to, you know, it's time to build. It's time to grow.

Speaker 2 You know, it's time to do things.

Speaker 2 And so, and there's something in the American spirit that just like roars right back to life. And I've seen it before.
I actually saw, you know, I saw it as a kid here in the early 80s,

Speaker 2 you know, because the 70s were like horribly depressing

Speaker 2 in the U.S. Like they were a nightmare on many fronts.

Speaker 2 And in a lot of ways, the last decade to me has felt a lot like the 70s, just being mired in misery and just this self-defeating, you know, negative attitude. And everybody's upset about everything.

Speaker 2 And, you know, and then by the way, like energy crisis and hostage crisis and foreign wars and just demoralization, right?

Speaker 2 You know, the low point for in the 70s was Jimmy Carter, who just passed away. He went on TV and he gave this speech known as the Malays speech.

Speaker 2 And it was like the weakest possible trying to like rouse people back to a sense of like passion. It completely failed.

Speaker 2 And, you know, we had the, you know, the hostages in, you know, Iran for, I think, 440 days.

Speaker 2 And every night on the nightly news, it was, you know, lines around the block, energy crisis, depression, inflation.

Speaker 2 And then, you know, Reagan came in and, you know, Reagan was a very controversial character at the time. And, you know, he came in and he's like, yep, nope, it's morning in America.

Speaker 2 And we're the shiny city on the hill and we're going to do it. And he did it.
And we did it. And the national spirit came roaring back and, you know, roared really hard for a full decade.

Speaker 1 and i i think that's exactly what i think you know we'll see but i think that's what could happen here and i just did a super long podcast on milton friedman with jennifer burns who's this incredible professor at stanford and he was part of the regan so some there's a bunch of components to that one of which is economic yes and one of which maybe you can put a word on it of

Speaker 1 not to be romantic or anything but freedom uh individual freedom economic freedom political freedom and just in general individualism yeah that's right Yeah.

Speaker 2 And as you know, America has this incredible streak of individualism.

Speaker 2 You know, individualism in America probably peaked, I think, between roughly call it the end of the Civil War, 1865 through to probably call it 1931 or something.

Speaker 2 You know, and there was this like incredible rush. I mean, that period, you know, we now know that period as the Second Industrial Revolution.

Speaker 2 And it's when the United States basically assumed global leadership and basically took over technological and economic leadership from England.

Speaker 2 And then, you know, that led to, you know, ultimately then, therefore, being able to, you know, not only industrialize the world, but also win World War ii and then win the cold war um and yeah there you know there's a massive industrial you know massive uh individualistic streak um by the way you know milton freed milton friedman's old videos are all on youtube they are every bit as compelling and inspiring yeah um as they uh as they were then um you know he's this he's a singular figure and many of us you know have you know i never knew him but um he was at uh actually at stanford for many years at the hoover institution but uh i never met him but i know a lot of people have worked with him and you know that you know he was he was a singular figure but his his all of his lessons you know live on or are fully available.

Speaker 2 But I would also say it's not just individualism.

Speaker 2 And this is, you know, one of, this is one of the big things that's like playing out in a lot of our culture and kind of political fights right now, which is

Speaker 2 basically this feeling, you know, certainly that I have and I share with a lot of people, which is it's not enough for America to just be an economic zone.

Speaker 2 And it's not enough for us to just be individuals. And it's not enough to just have line go up.
And it's not enough to just have economic success. There are deeper questions at play.

Speaker 2 And also, you know, there's more to a country than just that. And, you know,

Speaker 2 quite frankly, a lot of it is intangible. A lot of it is, you know, involves spirit and passion.
And, you know, like I said, we have more of it than anybody else.

Speaker 2 But, you know, we have to choose to want it. The way I look at it is like all of our problems are self-inflicted.
Like they're, you know, decline is a choice.

Speaker 2 You know, all of our problems are basically demoralization campaigns.

Speaker 2 You know, basically people telling us, people in positions of authority telling us that we should, you know, we shouldn't stand out. We shouldn't be adventurous.
We shouldn't be exciting.

Speaker 2 We shouldn't be exploratory. You know, we shouldn't, you know, this, that, that, and the other thing.
And we should feel bad about everything that we do.

Speaker 2 And I think we've lived through a decade where that's been the prevailing theme. And I think, quite honestly, as of November, I think people are done with it.

Speaker 1 If we could go on a tangent of a tangent, since we're talking about individualism and that's not all that it takes, you've mentioned in the past the book, The Ancient City, by, if I could only pronounce the name, French historian Nouma Denis Foustel de Counon.

Speaker 1 I don't know.

Speaker 2 That was amazing.

Speaker 1 Okay, all right. From the 19th century.
Anyway, you said this is an important book to understand who we are and where we come from.

Speaker 2 So, what that book does, it's actually quite a striking book. So, that book is written by this guy as a professor.

Speaker 2 I'm going to let Lex do the pronunciations, the foreign language pronunciations for the day.

Speaker 2 He was a professor of classics at the Sorbonne in

Speaker 2 Paris, the top university

Speaker 2 in the 1860s. So actually right around after the U.S.
Civil War.

Speaker 2 And he was a savant of a particular kind, which is he, and you can see this in the book, is he had apparently read and sort of absorbed and memorized every possible scrap of Greek and Roman literature.

Speaker 2 And so it was like a walking-like index on basically Greek and Roman, everything we know about Greek and Roman culture. And that's significant.

Speaker 2 The reason this matters is because basically none of that has changed, right? And so he had access to the exact same written materials that we have access to. And so we've learned nothing.

Speaker 2 And then specifically what he did is he talked about the Greeks and the Romans, but specifically what he did is he went back further.

Speaker 2 He reconstructed the people who came before the Greeks and the Romans and what their life in society was like. And these were the people who were now known as the Indo-Europeans.

Speaker 2 And these were, or you may have heard of these, these are the people who came down from the steppes.

Speaker 2 And so they came out of what's now like Eastern Europe, like around sort of the outskirts of what's now Russia. And then they sort of swept through Europe.
They ultimately took over all of Europe.

Speaker 2 By the way, you know, almost many of the ethnicities in the Americas, the hundreds of years that follow, you know, are Indo-European.

Speaker 2 And so like, you know, they were this basically this warrior basically class that like came down and swept through and

Speaker 2 you know essentially

Speaker 2 populated much of the world.

Speaker 2 And there's a whole interesting saga there. But what he does, and then they basically,

Speaker 2 from there came basically what we know as the Greeks and the Romans were kind of evolutions off of that.

Speaker 2 And so what he reconstructs is sort of what life was like, what life was like, at least in the West, for people in their kind of original social state.

Speaker 2 And the significance of that is, is the original social state is living in the state of the absolute imperative for survival with absolutely no technology, right?

Speaker 2 Like no modern systems, no nothing, right? You've got the clothes on your back, you've got your, you know, you've got whatever you can build with your bare hands, right?

Speaker 2 This is, you know, predates basically all concepts of

Speaker 2 technology as we understand it today. And so these are people under like maximum levels of physical survival pressure.
And so what social patterns do they evolve to be able to do that?

Speaker 2 And the social pattern basically was as follows.

Speaker 2 There's a three-part social structure, family,

Speaker 2 tribe, and city,

Speaker 2 and zero concept of individual rights. and essentially no concept of individualism.
And so you were not an individual. You were a member of your family.

Speaker 2 And then a set of families would aggregate into a tribe. And then a set of tribes would aggregate into

Speaker 2 a city.

Speaker 2 And then the morality was completely, it was actually what

Speaker 2 Nietzsche talks about, the morality was entirely master morality, not slave morality. And so, in their morality, anything that was strong was good.
And anything that was weak was bad.

Speaker 2 And it's very clear why that is, right? It's because strong equals good, equals survive. Weak equals bad, equals die.

Speaker 2 And that led to what became known later as the master-slave dialectic, which is, is it more important for you to live on your feet as a master, even at the risk of dying?

Speaker 2 Or are you willing to live as a slave on your knees in order to not die? And this is sort of the derivation of that moral framework. Christianity later inverted that moral framework, but

Speaker 2 the original framework lasted for many, many thousands of years. No concept of individualism.
The head of the family had total life and death control over the family.

Speaker 2 The head of the tribe, same thing. Head of the city, same thing.
And then you were morally obligated to kill members of the other cities on contact.

Speaker 2 You were morally required to. Like if you didn't do it, you were a bad person.

Speaker 2 And then the form of the society was basically maximum fascism combined with maximum communism.

Speaker 2 And so it was maximum fascism in the form of this like absolute top-down control, where the head of the family, tribe, or city could kill other members of the community at any time with no repercussions at all.

Speaker 2 So maximum hierarchy, but combined with maximum communism, which is no market economy. And so everything gets shared, right?

Speaker 2 And sort of the point of being in one of these collectives is that it's a collective and

Speaker 2 people are sharing. And of course, that limited how big they could get, because the problem with communism is it doesn't scale, right? It works at the level of a family.

Speaker 2 It's much harder to make it work at the level of a country. Impossible.
Maximum fascism, maximum communism. And then it was all intricately tied into their religion.

Speaker 2 And their religion was in two parts. It was veneration of ancestors and it was veneration of nature.

Speaker 2 And the veneration of ancestors is extremely important because it was basically like, basically, the ancestors were the people who got you to where you were.

Speaker 2 The ancestors were the people who had everything to teach you.

Speaker 2 And then it was veneration of nature because, of course, nature is the thing that's trying to kill you.

Speaker 2 And then you had your ancestor. Every family, tribe, or city had their ancestor gods, and then

Speaker 2 they had their nature gods. Okay, so fast forward to today, like we live in a world that is like radically different, but

Speaker 2 the book takes you through kind of what happened from that through the Greeks and Romans through to Christianity.

Speaker 2 And so but it's very helpful to kind of think in these terms because the conventional view of the progress through time is that we are, you know, the cliché is the arc of the moral universe, you know, Ben Stroh's justice, right, or so-called Whig history, which is, you know, that the arc of progress is positive, right?

Speaker 2 And so we, you know, what you hear all the time, what you're taught in school and everything is, you know, know, every year that goes by, we get better and better and more and more moral and more and more purer and a better version of ourselves.

Speaker 2 Our Indo-European ancestors would say, oh no, like you people have like fallen to shit.

Speaker 2 Like you people took all of the principles of basically your civilization and you have diluted them down to the point where they barely even matter.

Speaker 2 You know, and you're having, you know, children out of wedlock and you're, you know, you regularly encounter people of other cities and you don't try to kill them. And like, how crazy is that?

Speaker 2 And they would basically consider us to be living like an incredibly diluted version of this sort of highly religious, highly cult-like, right, highly organized, highly fascist communist society.

Speaker 2 I can't resist noting that as a consequence of basically going through all the transitions we've been through, going all the way through Christianity, coming out the other end of Christianity, Nietzsche declares God is dead.

Speaker 2 We're in a secular society, you know, that still has tinges of Christianity, but largely prides itself on no longer being religious in that way.

Speaker 2 You know, we being the sort of most fully evolved, modern, secular, you know, experts, scientists, and so forth have basically re-evolved or fallen back on the exact same religious structure that the Indo-Europeans had, specifically ancestor worship, which is identity politics, and nature worship, which is environmentalism.

Speaker 2 And so we have actually worked our way all the way back to their cult religions without realizing it.

Speaker 2 And it just goes to show that

Speaker 2 in some ways we have fallen

Speaker 2 far from the family tree, but in some cases we're exactly the same.

Speaker 1 You kind of described this progressive idea of wokeism and so on as worshiping ancestors.

Speaker 2 Identity politics is worshiping ancestors, right? It's tagging newborn infants with either benefits or responsibilities or levels of condemnation based on who their ancestors were.

Speaker 2 The Indo-Europeans would have recognized it on sight.

Speaker 2 We somehow think it's like super socially progressive.

Speaker 1 Yeah, and it is not.

Speaker 2 I mean, I would say obviously not. Let's get nuanced, which is where I think you're headed, which is, look, like...

Speaker 2 Is the idea that you can completely reinvent society every generation and have no regard whatsoever for what came before you? That seems like a really bad idea, right?

Speaker 2 That's like the Cambodians with your zero under Pol Pot and death follows. It's obviously the Soviets tried that.

Speaker 2 The utopian fantasists who think that they can just rip up everything that came before and create something new in the human condition and human society have a very bad history of causing enormous destruction.

Speaker 2 On the one hand, it's like, okay, there is like a deeply important role for tradition. And the way I think about that is the process of evolutionary learning, right?

Speaker 2 Which is what tradition ought to be is the distilled wisdom of all. And, you know, this is is how the Indo-Europeans thought about it.

Speaker 2 It should be the distilled wisdom of everybody who came before you, right? All those important and powerful lessons learned.

Speaker 2 And that's, that's why I think it's fascinating to go back and study how these people lived is because that's part of the history and part of the learning that got us to where we are today.

Speaker 2 Having said that, there are many cultures around the world that are mired in tradition to the point of not being able to progress.

Speaker 2 And in fact, you might even say globally, that's the default human condition, which is a lot of people are in societies in which there's like absolute seniority by age.

Speaker 2 Kids are completely, you know, like in the U.S., like for some reason, we decided kids are in charge of everything, right?

Speaker 2 And like, you know, they're the trendsetters and they're allowed to like set all the agendas and like set all the politics and settle the culture. And maybe that's a little bit crazy.

Speaker 2 But like in a lot of other cultures, kids have no voice at all, no role at all, because it's the old people who are in charge of everything.

Speaker 2 You know, they're gerontocracies, and it's all a bunch of 80-year-olds running everything, which, by the way, we have a little bit of that too, right?

Speaker 2 And so what I would say is like there's a down, there's a real downside. You know, full traditionalism is communitarianism.
You know, it's ethnic particularism, you know, it's ethnic chauvinism.

Speaker 2 It's, you know, this incredible level of resistance to change.

Speaker 2 You know, that's, I mean, it just doesn't get you anywhere.

Speaker 2 Like it may be good and fine at the level of individual tribe, but as a society living in the modern world, you can't evolve, you can't advance, you can't participate in all the good things that, you know, that have happened.

Speaker 2 And so, you know, I think probably this is one of those things where extremeness on either side is probably a bad idea.

Speaker 2 And I, but, you know, but this needs to be approached in a sophisticated and nuanced way.

Speaker 1 So the beautiful picture you painted of the roaring 20s.

Speaker 1 How can the Trump administration play a part in making that future happen?

Speaker 2 Yeah. So look, a big part of this is getting the government boot off the neck of the American economy, the American technology industry, the American people.

Speaker 2 You know, and again, this is a replay of what happened in the 60s and 70s, which is, you know, for what started out looking like, you know, I'm sure good and virtuous purposes, you know, we ended up both then and now with this, you know, what I, what I describe as sort of a form of soft authoritarianism.

Speaker 2 You know, the good news is is it's not like a military dictatorship. It's not like, you know, you get thrown into Lubianca, you know, for the most part, it's not coming at four in the morning.

Speaker 2 You're not getting dragged off to a cell. So it's not hard authoritarianism, but it is soft authoritarianism.

Speaker 2 And so it's this, you know, incredible suppressive blanket of regulation, rules, you know, this concept of a vetocracy, right? What's required to get anything done?

Speaker 2 You know, you need to get 40 people to sign off on anything. Any one of them can veto it.

Speaker 2 You know, a lot of how now political system works.

Speaker 2 And then, you know, just this general idea of, you know, progress is bad and technology is bad and capitalism is bad and building businesses is bad and success is bad.

Speaker 2 You know, tall poppy syndrome, you know, basically anybody who sticks their head up deserves to get it chopped off. Anybody who's wrong about anything deserves to get condemned forever.

Speaker 2 You know, just this very kind of grinding repression. And then coupled with specific government actions, such as censorship regimes, right, and debanking.
Right.

Speaker 2 And, you know, draconian, you know, deliberately kneecapping, you know, critical American industries.

Speaker 2 And then, you know, congratulating yourselves in the back for doing it or, you know, having these horrible social policies like, let's let all the criminals out of jail and see what happens. Right.

Speaker 2 And so like, we've just been through this period. I, you know, I call it a demoralization campaign.

Speaker 2 Like we've just been through this period where, you know, whether it started that way or not, it ended up basically being this comprehensive message that says, you're terrible.

Speaker 2 And if you try to do anything, you're terrible. And fuck you.

Speaker 2 And the Biden administration reached kind of the full pinnacle of that in our time. They got really bad on many fronts at the same time.

Speaker 2 And so just like relieving that and getting kind of back to a reasonably, you know, kind of optimistic, constructive, you know, pro-growth frame of mind,

Speaker 2 there's just, there's so much pent up energy and potential in the American system that that alone is going to, I think, cause, you know, growth and, and, and, and, and spirit to take off.

Speaker 2 And then there's a lot of things proactively that, yeah, and then there's a lot of things proactively that could be done.

Speaker 1 So, how do you relieve that? To what degree has the thing you described ideologically permeated government and permeated big companies.

Speaker 2 Disclaimer at first, which is I don't want to predict anything on any of this stuff because I've learned the hard way that I can't predict politics or Washington at all.

Speaker 2 But I would just say that the plans and intentions are clear and the staffing supports it.

Speaker 2 And all the conversations are consistent with the new administration and that they plan to take very rapid action on a lot of these fronts very quickly.

Speaker 2 They're going to do as much as they can through executive orders and then they're going to do legislation and regulatory changes for the rest.

Speaker 2 And so they're going to move, I think, quickly on a whole bunch of stuff. You can already feel, I think, a shift in the national spirit, or at least let's put it this way.

Speaker 2 I I feel it for sure in Silicon Valley.

Speaker 2 We just saw a great example of this with what Mark Zuckerberg is doing.

Speaker 2 Obviously, I'm involved with his company, but we just saw kind of in public the scope of the and speed of the changes

Speaker 2 are reflective of sort of this, of a lot of these shifts. But I would say that that same conversation, those same kinds of things are happening throughout the industry.

Speaker 2 And so the tech industry itself, whether people were pro-Trump or anti-Trump, there's just a giant vibe shift, mood shift that's like kicked in already.

Speaker 2 And then I was with a group of Hollywood people about two weeks ago, and they were still, you know, people who at least, at least vocally, were still very anti-Trump.

Speaker 2 But I said, you know, has anything changed since since November 6th? And they immediately said, oh, it's completely different. It feels like the ice has thawed.
You know, woke is over.

Speaker 2 You know, they said that all kinds of projects are going to be able to get made now that couldn't before, that, you know, Hollywood's going to start making comedies again.

Speaker 2 You know, like it's, it, they were just like, it's, it's like, it's like a, just like an incredible immediate environmental change.

Speaker 2 And I'm, as I talk to people kind of throughout, you know, certainly throughout the economy, people who run businesses, I hear that all the time, which is just this, this last 10 years of misery is just over.

Speaker 2 I mean, the one that I'm watching that's really funny.

Speaker 2 I mean, Facebook's getting a lot of, Meta's getting a lot of attention, but the other funny one is BlackRock, which I'm not, which, you know, and I don't know him, but I've watched for a long time.

Speaker 2 And so, you know, the Larry Fink, who's the CEO of BlackRock, was like first in as a major, you know, investment CEO on like every dumb social trend and

Speaker 2 rule set, like every,

Speaker 2 all right, I'm going for it. Every retarded,

Speaker 2 every retarded thing you can imagine yeah every esg and every like every possible satellite companies with every aspect of just this these crazed ideological positions and you know he was coming in he literally was like had aggregate aggregated together trillions of dollars of of of of of of shareholdings that he did not that were you know that were his his customers rights and he you know seized their voting control of their shares and was using it to force all these companies to do all of this like crazy ideological stuff and he was like the typhoid mary of all this stuff in corporate america and if if and he in the last year has been like backpedaling from that stuff like as fast as he possibly can.

Speaker 2 And I saw just an example last week, he pulled out of the, whatever, the corporate net zero alliance. You know, he pulled out of the crazy energy, energy, energy stuff.

Speaker 2 And so like, you know, he's backing away as fast as he can. He's doing, remember the Richard Pryor backwards walk?

Speaker 2 Richard Pryor had this way where he could, he could back out of a room while looking at you, like he was walking forward.

Speaker 2 And so.

Speaker 2 You know, even they're doing that.

Speaker 2 And just the whole thing, I mean, if you saw the court recently ruled that NASDAQ had these crazy board of directors composition rules.

Speaker 2 One of the funniest moments of my life is when my friend Peter Thiel and I were on the Meta board, and these NASDAQ rules came down, mandated diversity on corporate boards.

Speaker 2 And so we sat around the table and had to figure out, you know, which of us counted as diverse.

Speaker 2 And the very professional attorneys at Meta explained with a 100% complete straight face that Peter Thiel counts as diverse by virtue of being LGBT.

Speaker 2 And this is a guy who literally wrote a book called The Diversity Myth.

Speaker 2 And he literally looked like he swallowed a live goldfish.

Speaker 2 And this was imposed. I mean, this was so incredibly offensive to him that

Speaker 2 it was just absolutely appalling. And I felt terrible for him, but the look on his face was very funny.

Speaker 2 And it was imposed by NASDAQ, you know, your stock exchange imposing this stuff on you. And then the court, whatever the court of appeals just nuked that.

Speaker 2 You know, so like these things basically are being like ripped down one by one.

Speaker 2 And what's on the other side of it is basically, you know, finally being able to get back to, you know, everything that, you know, everybody always wanted to do, which is like run their companies, have great products, have happy customers, you know, like succeed, like succeed, achieve, outperform,

Speaker 2 and, you know, work with the best and the brightest and not be made to feel bad about it. And I, I think that's happening in many areas of American society.

Speaker 1 It's great to hear that Peter Thiel is fundamentally a diversity hire.

Speaker 2 Well, so it was very, you know, there was a moment. So, so Peter, you know, Peter, of course, you know, is, you know, is publicly gay, has been for a long time.

Speaker 2 You know, but, you know, there are other men on the board, right? And, you know, we're sitting there and we're all looking at it. And we're like, all right, like, okay, LGBT.

Speaker 2 And we we just we keep coming back to the b right um and it's like

Speaker 2 you know it's like all right you know i'm willing to do a lot for this company but

Speaker 2 it's all about sacrifice for diversity well yeah and then it's like okay like is there a test right

Speaker 1 you know um

Speaker 1 so oh yeah exactly and how do you prove it the questions that got asked you know

Speaker 2 what are you willing to do yeah and i'm good i've become very good at asking um uh lawyers uh completely absurd questions with a totally straight face.

Speaker 1 And do they answer with a straight face?

Speaker 2 Sometimes. Okay.
I think, in fairness, they have trouble telling when I'm joking.

Speaker 1 So you mentioned the Hollywood folks, maybe people in Silicon Valley, and the vibe shift. Maybe you can speak to

Speaker 1 preference falsification. What do they actually believe?

Speaker 1 How many of them actually hate Trump?

Speaker 1 What percent of them are feeling this vibe shift and are interested in creating the Roaring 20s in the way they've described.

Speaker 2 So, first, we should maybe talk population. So, there's like all of Silicon Valley.

Speaker 2 And the way to just measure that is just look at voting records, right?

Speaker 2 And what that shows consistently is Silicon Valley is just a, you know, at least historically, my entire time there has been overwhelmingly majority, just straight up Democrat.

Speaker 2 The other way to look at that is political donation records. And again, you know, the political donations in the valley, you know, range from 90 to 99%, you know, to one side.

Speaker 2 And so, you know, we'll, we'll, I just bring that up because like we'll see what happens with the voting and with donations going forward.

Speaker 2 Um, I we maybe talk about the fire later, but I can tell you there is a very big question of what's happening in Los Angeles right now.

Speaker 2 Um, I don't want to get into the fire, but like, it's catastrophic. And, you know, there was already a rightward shift in the big cities in California.

Speaker 2 And I think a lot of people in LA are really thinking about things right now as they're trying to, you know, literally save their houses and save their families.

Speaker 2 But, you know, even in San Francisco, there was a big right, it was a big shift to the right in the voting in 24. So we'll see where we'll see where that goes.

Speaker 2 But, you know, you observe that by just looking at, looking at the numbers over time.

Speaker 2 The part that I'm more focused on is, and I don't know how to exactly describe this, but it's like the top thousand or the top 10,000 people, right?

Speaker 2 And

Speaker 2 I don't have a list, but

Speaker 2 it's all the top founders, top CEOs, top executives, top engineers, top VCs, and then kind of into the ranks,

Speaker 2 the people who kind of build and run the companies. And

Speaker 2 I don't have numbers, but I have a much more tactile feel

Speaker 2 for what's happening.

Speaker 2 So

Speaker 2 the big thing I have now come to believe is that the idea that people have beliefs is mostly wrong.

Speaker 2 I think that most people just go along.

Speaker 2 And I think even most high status people just go along. And I think maybe the most high status people are the most prone to just go along because they're the most focused on status.

Speaker 2 And the way I would describe that is, you know, one of the great forbidden philosophers of our time is the Unabomber, Ted Kaczynski.

Speaker 2 And amidst his madness, he had this extremely interesting articulation. You know,

Speaker 2 he was an insane lunatic murderer, but he was also a, you know, at Harvard super genius.

Speaker 2 Not that those are in conflict.

Speaker 1 Shots fired, man.

Speaker 2 But

Speaker 2 he was a very bright guy. And he did this whole thing where he talked about, basically, he was very right-wing and talked about leftism a lot.

Speaker 2 And he had this great concept that's just stuck in my mind ever since I wrote it, which is he had this concept he just called over social. over socialization.

Speaker 2 And so, you know, most people are socialized. Most people are socialized.
Like most people are, you know, we live in a society. Most people learn how to be part of a society.

Speaker 2 They give some deference to the society.

Speaker 2 There's something about modern Western elites where they're over-socialized and they're just like overly oriented towards what other people like themselves, you know, think and believe.

Speaker 2 And you can get a real sense of that if you have a little bit of an outside perspective, which I just do, I think, as a consequence of where I grew up.

Speaker 2 Like even before I had the views that I have today, there was always just this weird thing where it's like, why does every dinner party have the exact same conversation?

Speaker 2 Why does everybody agree on every single issue? Why is that agreement precisely what was in the New York Times today?

Speaker 2 Why are these positions not the same as they were five years ago?

Speaker 1 Right.

Speaker 2 But why does everybody like snap into agreement every step of the way? And that was true when I came to Silicon Valley, and it's just as true today, 30 years later.

Speaker 2 And so I think most people are just literally, I think they're taking their cues from it's some combination of the press, the universities, the big foundations.

Speaker 2 So it's like, basically, it's like the New York Times, Harvard, the Ford Foundation, and, you know, I don't know, you know, a few CEOs and a few public figures and, you know, maybe, you know, maybe the president of your party's in power.

Speaker 2 And like, whatever that is, everybody just, everybody who's sort of good and proper and elite and good standing and in charge of things and a sort of correct member of, you know, let's call it coastal American society, everybody just believes those things.

Speaker 2 And then, you know, the two interesting things about that is, number one, there's no divergence among the organs of power, right? So Harvard and Yale believe the exact exact same thing.

Speaker 2 The New York Times and the Washington Post believe the exact same thing. The Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation believe the exact same thing.

Speaker 2 Google and, you know, whatever, you know, Microsoft believe the exact same thing.

Speaker 2 But those things change over time, but there's never conflict in the moment, right?

Speaker 2 And so, you know, the New York Times and the Washington Post agreed on exactly everything in 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020. Despite the fact that the specifics changed radically,

Speaker 2 the lockstep was what mattered.

Speaker 2 And so I think basically we in the Valley, we're on the tail end of that and the same way Halley was on the tail end of that and the same way New York's on the tail end of that, the same way the media is on the tail end of that.

Speaker 2 It's like some sort of collective pipe mind thing.

Speaker 2 And I just go through that to say, like, I don't think most people in my orbit, or, you know, let's say the top 10,000 people in the Valley or the top 10,000 people in LA, I don't think they're sitting there thinking, basically, I have rocks.

Speaker 2 I mean, they probably think they have rock slotted beliefs, but they don't actually have like some inner core of rock stautal beliefs.

Speaker 2 And then they kind of watch reality change around them and try to figure out how to keep their beliefs like correct. I don't think think that's what happens.

Speaker 2 I think what happens is they conform to the belief system around them. And I think most of the time they're not even aware

Speaker 2 that they're basically part of a herd.

Speaker 1 Is it possible that the surface chatter of dinner parties underneath that, there is a turmoil of ideas and thoughts and beliefs that's going on, but you're just talking to people really close to you or in your own mind.

Speaker 1 And then the socialization happens at the dinner parties. Like

Speaker 1 when you go outside the inner circle of one, two, three, four people who you really trust, then you start to conform.

Speaker 1 But inside there, inside the mind, there is an actual belief or a struggle, a tension with the New York Times or with the...

Speaker 1 For the listener, there's a slow smile that overtook Mark Andreessen's face.

Speaker 2 So look, I'll just tell you what I think, which is at the dinner parties and at the conferences, no, there's none of that.

Speaker 2 What there is is that all of the heretical conversations, anything that challenges the status quo,

Speaker 2 any heretical ideas and any new idea, you know, is a heretical idea.

Speaker 2 Any deviation, it's either discussed one-on-one, face-to-face. It's like a whisper network or it's like a real life social network.

Speaker 2 There's a secret handshake, which is like, okay, you meet somebody and you know each other a little bit, but like not well.

Speaker 2 And like you're both trying to figure out if you can like talk to the other person openly or whether you have to like be fully conformist. It's a joke.

Speaker 1 Oh, yeah, humor.

Speaker 1 Somebody cracks a joke, right?

Speaker 2 Somebody cracks a joke. If the other person laughs, the conversation is on.

Speaker 1 Yeah. Yeah.

Speaker 2 If the other person doesn't laugh, back slowly away from the scene.

Speaker 2 I didn't mean anything by it. Right.
And by the way, it doesn't have to be like a super offensive joke.

Speaker 2 It just has to be a joke that's just up against the edge of one of the, to use the Sam Bankman-Fried term, one of the shibblots.

Speaker 2 You know, it has to be up against one of the things of, you know, one of the things that you're absolutely required to believe to be the dinner parties.

Speaker 2 And then, and then at that point, what happens is you have a peer-to-peer network, right?

Speaker 2 You have, you have a, you have a, a one-to-one connection with somebody, and then you, you have your, you have your, your little conspiracy of

Speaker 2 thought criminality.

Speaker 2 And then you have your network, you've probably been through this.

Speaker 2 You have your network of thought criminals, and then they have their network of thought criminals, and then you have this delicate mating dance as to whether you should bring the thought criminals together.

Speaker 1 And the dance, the fundamental

Speaker 1 mechanism of the dance is humor.

Speaker 2 Yeah, it's humor.

Speaker 2 Well, of course. Memes, yeah.
Well, for two reasons. Number one, number one, humor is a way to have deniability, right?

Speaker 2 Humor is a way to discuss serious things without, without, without, with having deniability. Oh, I'm sorry, it was just a joke, right?

Speaker 2 So, so that's part of it, which is one of the reasons why comedians can get get away with saying things the rest of us can't, is, you know, they can always fall back on, oh, yeah, I was just going for the laugh.

Speaker 2 But, but the other key thing about humor, right, is that, is that laughter is involuntary, right?

Speaker 2 Like, you either laugh or you don't, and it's not like a conscious decision of whether you're going to laugh. And everybody can tell when somebody's fake laughing, right?

Speaker 2 And this, every professional comedian knows this, right? The laughter is the clue that you're onto something truthful.

Speaker 2 Like, people don't laugh at like made-up bullshit stories, they laugh because, like, you're revealing something that they either have not been allowed to think about, or have not been allowed to talk about, right?

Speaker 2 Or is off limits, and all of a sudden, it's like the ice breaks, and and it's like, oh yeah, that's the thing. And it's funny.
And like, I laugh.

Speaker 2 And then, and then, of course, this is why, of course, live comedy is so powerful is because you're all doing that at the same time.

Speaker 2 So you start to have right the safety of, you know, the safety of numbers.

Speaker 2 And so the comedians have like the alt, it's no, no surprise to me if like, for example, Joe's been as successful as he has because they have, they have this hack that the, you know, the rest of us who are not professional comedians don't have.

Speaker 2 But you have your in-person version of it. Yeah.
And then you got the question of whether the, whether you can sort of join the networks together.

Speaker 2 And then you've probably been to this is, you know, then at some point, there's like a different, there's like the alt dinner party, the Thorque Middle dinner party, and you get six or eight people together and you join the networks.

Speaker 2 And those are like the happiest moments, at least in the last decade, those are like the happiest moments of everybody's lives because they're just like, everybody's just ecstatic because they're like, I don't have to worry about getting yelled at and shamed like for every third sentence that comes out of my mouth.

Speaker 2 And we can actually talk about real things.

Speaker 2 So that's the live version of it. And then the, and then of course the other side of it is the, you know, the group chat, the group chat phenomenon.

Speaker 2 Right.

Speaker 2 And then this, and then basically the same thing played out, you know, until until Elon bought X and until Substack took off, you know, which were really the two big breakthroughs in free speech online.

Speaker 2 The same dynamic played out online, which is you had absolute conformity on the social networks, like literally enforced by the social networks themselves through censorship and then also through cancellation campaigns and mobbing and shaming, right?

Speaker 2 But then group chats grew up to be the equivalent of Samozdan, right? Anybody who grew up in the Soviet Union under communism,

Speaker 2 they had the hard version of this, right? It's like, how do you know who you could talk to? And then how do you distribute information? And, you know,

Speaker 2 like, you know, again, that was the hard authoritarian version of this.

Speaker 2 And then we've been living through this weird, mutant, you know, soft authoritarian version, but with, you know, with some of the same patterns.

Speaker 1 And WhatsApp allows you to scale and make it more efficient to build on these

Speaker 1 groups of heretical ideas bonded by humor.

Speaker 2 Yeah, exactly. Well, and this is the thing.
And then, well, this is kind of the running joke about groups. The running kind of thing about group chats, it's not even a joke.
It's true. It's like

Speaker 2 every group chat, if you've noticed this, like every this principle of group chats, every group chat ends up being about memes and humor.

Speaker 2 And the goal of the game, the game of the group chat is to get as close to the line of being actually objectionable

Speaker 2 as you can get without actually tripping it. Right.

Speaker 2 And like literally every group chat that I have been in for the last decade, even if it starts some other direction, what ends up happening is it becomes the absolute comedy fest where, but it's walking, they walk right up to the line and they're constantly testing.

Speaker 2 And every once in a while, somebody will trip the line and people will freak out. And it's like, oh, too soon.
Okay, you know, we got to wait until next year to talk about that.

Speaker 2 You know, they walk it back. And so it's that same thing.
And yeah, and then group chats is a technological phenomenon.

Speaker 2 It was amazing to see because basically it was, number one, it it was, you know, obviously the rise of smartphones. Then it was the rise of the new messaging services.

Speaker 2 Then it was the rise specifically of, I would say, combination of WhatsApp and Signal. And the reason for that is those were the two the two big systems that did the full encryption.

Speaker 2 So you actually had, you actually felt safe.

Speaker 2 And then the real breakthrough, I think, was disappearing messages, which hit Signal probably four or five years ago and hit WhatsApp three or four years ago. And then the

Speaker 2 combination of encryption and

Speaker 2 disappearing messages, I think, really unleashed it. Well, then there's the fight.
Then there's the fight over the length of the disappearing messages, right?

Speaker 2 And so it's like, you know, I often get behind on my thing. So I set to seven day, you know, disappearing messages.
And my friends who, you know, are like, no, that's way too much risk. Yeah.

Speaker 2 It's got to be a day. And then every once in a while, somebody will set it to five minutes before they send something like particularly inflammatory.
Yeah.

Speaker 1 100%. Well, what, I mean, one of the things that bothers me about WhatsApp, the choice is between 24 hours and, you know, seven days, one day or seven days.

Speaker 1 And I have to have an existential crisis deciding yes

Speaker 2 whether i can last for seven days with what i'm about to say yeah exactly now of course what's happening right now is the big thaw right and so the vibe shift so what's happening on the other on the other side of the election is you know elon on twitter two years ago and now mark with facebook and instagram and by the way with the continued growth of substack and with other you know new platforms that are emerging you know like i i think it may be you know i don't know that everything just shifts back into public but like a tremendous amount of the uh a tremendous amount of the verboten um conversations, you know, can now shift back into public view.

Speaker 2 And I mean, quite frankly, this is one of those things, you know, quite frankly, even if I was opposed to what those, you know, what people are saying, and I'm sure I am in some cases,

Speaker 2 you know, I would argue it's still like net better for society that those things happen in public instead of private. You know, do you, do you really want, like, yeah, like, don't you want to know?

Speaker 2 And, and so, and then it's just, look, it's just, I think, clearly much healthier to live in a society in which people are not literally scared of what they're saying.

Speaker 1 I mean, to push back and to come back to this idea that we're talking talking about, I do believe that people have beliefs and thoughts that are heretical, like a lot of people.

Speaker 1 I wonder what fraction of people have that.

Speaker 1 To me,

Speaker 1 the preference falsification is really interesting. What is the landscape of ideas that human civilization has in private

Speaker 1 as compared to what's out in public? Because like that,

Speaker 1 the dynamical system that is the difference between those two is fascinating.

Speaker 1 Like there's throughout history, the fall of communism and multiple regimes throughout Europe is really interesting because everybody was following, you know, the line until not.

Speaker 1 But you better, for sure, privately, there was a huge number of boiling conversations happening where, like, this is this, the bureaucracy of communism, the corruption of communism, all of that was really bothering people more and more and more and more.

Speaker 1 And all of a sudden, there's a trigger that allows the vibe shift to happen.

Speaker 1 So, to me, like the interesting question here is, what is the landscape of private thoughts and ideas and conversations that are happening under the surface of

Speaker 1 Americans? Especially, my question is, how much dormant energy is there for this roaring 20s where people are like, no more bullshit. Let's get shit done.

Speaker 2 Yeah. So let's go through the, we'll go through the theory of preference falsification.

Speaker 1 By the way, amazing. The books,

Speaker 1 it's fascinating.

Speaker 2 Yeah, yeah. So this is, this is exactly.

Speaker 2 This is one of the all-time great books, incredible, about 20 30 year old book but it's very it's completely modern and current um in what it talks about uh as well it's very deeply historically informed um so it's called uh private truths public lies and it's written by a

Speaker 2 social science professor named uh timur karan um at i think duke um and it's it's definitive work on this and so he he has this concept he calls preference falsification and so preference falsification is two things Preference falsification, and you get it from the title of the book, Private Truths, Public Lies.

Speaker 2 So preference falsification is when you believe something and you can't say it. Or, and this is very important,

Speaker 2 you don't believe something and you must say it, right?

Speaker 2 And

Speaker 2 the commonality there is in both cases, you're lying.

Speaker 2 You believe something internally and then you're lying about it in public.

Speaker 2 And so, the thing, you know, and there's sort of two classic forms of it. There's the, you know, for example, there's the I believe communism is rotten, but I can't say it version of it.

Speaker 2 But then there's also

Speaker 2 the famous parable of the real life example, but the thing that Vaslav Havel talks about in the other good book on this topic, which is the power of the powerless,

Speaker 2 you know, who is an anti-communist resistance fighter who ultimately became the, you know, the president of Czechoslovakia after the fall of the wall.

Speaker 2 But he wrote this book and he describes the other side of this, which is

Speaker 2 workers of the world unite, right? And so he describes what he calls the parable of the green grocer, which is you're a green grocer in Prague in 1985.

Speaker 2 And for the last 70 years, it has been, or 50 years, it's been absolutely mandatory to have a sign in the window of your store that says workers of the world unite. Right.

Speaker 2 And it's 1985. it is like crystal clear that the world the workers of the world are not going to unite like

Speaker 2 like of all the things that could happen in the world that is not going to happen the commies have been at that for 70 years it is not happening but that slogan had better be in your window every morning because if it's not in your window every morning you are not a good communist the secret police are going to come by and they're going to they're going to get you And so the first thing you do when you get to the store is you put that slogan in the window and you make sure that it stays in the window all day long.

Speaker 2 But he says the thing is, every single person, the green grocer knows the slogan is fake. He knows it's a lie.
Every single person person walking past the slogan knows that it's a lie.

Speaker 2 Every single person walking past the store knows that the green grocer is only putting it up there because he has to lie in public.

Speaker 2 And the green grocer has to go through the humiliation of knowing that everybody knows that he's caving into the system and lying in public. And so it turns into demoralization campaign.

Speaker 2 It's not just ideological enforcement. In fact, it's not ideological enforcement anymore because everybody knows it's fake.
The authorities know it's fake. Everybody knows it's fake.

Speaker 2 It's not that they're enforcing the actual ideology of the world's workers of the world uniting. It's that they are enforcing compliance, right? And compliance with the regime.

Speaker 2 And fuck you, you will comply, right? And so, so, anyway, that's the other side of that. And of course, we have lived in the last decade through a lot of both of those.

Speaker 2 I think anybody listening to this could name a series of slogans that we've all been forced to chant for the last decade that everybody knows at this point are just like simply not true.

Speaker 2 I'll let the audience, you know, speculate on those on their own group chats.

Speaker 1 Sandmark your memes online as well, please.

Speaker 2 Yes, yes, exactly. But okay, so anyway, so it's the two sides of that, right? So

Speaker 2 it's private, true, it's public lies.

Speaker 2 So then what preference falsification does is it talks about extending that from the idea of the individual experiencing that to the idea of the entire society experiencing that, right?

Speaker 2 And this gets to your percentages question, which is like, okay,

Speaker 2 what happens in a society in which people are forced to lie in public about what they truly believe? What happens, number one, is that individually they're lying in public, and that's bad.

Speaker 2 But the other thing that happens is they no longer have an accurate gauge at all or any way to estimate how many people agree with them.

Speaker 2 And this is how you, and again, this literally is like how you get something like the communist system, which is like, okay,

Speaker 2 you end up in a situation in which 80 or 90 or 99% of a society can actually all be thinking individually, I really don't buy this anymore.

Speaker 2 And if anybody would just stand up and say it, I would be willing to go along with it, but I'm not going to be the first one to put my head on the chopping block.

Speaker 2 But you have no, because of the suppression, censorship, you have no way of knowing how many other people agree with you.

Speaker 2 And if the people who, if the people who agree with you are 10% of the population and you become part of a movement, you're going to get killed.

Speaker 2 If 90% of the people agree with you, you're going to win the revolution, right? And so, the question of like what the percentage actually is is like a really critical question.

Speaker 2 And then, and then, basically, in any sort of authoritarian system, you can you can't like run a survey, right, to get an accurate result, and so you actually can't know until you put it to the test.

Speaker 2 And then, what he describes in the book is it's always put to the test in the same way, and this is exactly what's happened for the last two years, like 100% of exactly what's happened.

Speaker 2 It's like straight out of this book, which is somebody,

Speaker 2 Elon, sticks his hand up and says, The workers of the world are not going to unite.

Speaker 2 Right. Or the emperor is actually wearing no clothes, right? You know, that famous parable, right? So one person stands up and does it.
And literally, that person is standing there by themselves.

Speaker 2 And everybody else in the audience is like, ooh, I wonder what's going to happen to that guy.

Speaker 2 But again, nobody knows. Elon doesn't know.
The first guy doesn't know. Other people don't know.
Like, which way is this going to go?

Speaker 2 And it may be that that's a minority position and that's a way to get yourself killed. Or it may be that that's the majority position and that, and you are now the leader of a revolution.

Speaker 2 And then basically, of course, what happens is, okay, the first guy does that, doesn't get killed. The second guy does, well, a lot of the time, that guy does get killed.

Speaker 2 But when the guy doesn't get killed, then a second guy pops his head up and says the same thing. All right.
Now you've got two. Two leads to four, four leads to eight, eight leads to 16.

Speaker 2 And then as we saw with the fall of the Berlin Wall, this is what happened in Russia and Eastern Europe in 89.

Speaker 2 When it goes, it can go, right? And then it rips.

Speaker 2 And then what happens is very, very quickly, if it turns out that you had a large percentage of the population that actually believe a different thing, it turns out all of a sudden everybody has this giant epiphany that says, oh, I'm actually part of the majority.

Speaker 2 And at that point, like you are on the freight train to revolution, right? Like it is rolling, right? Now, the other part of this is the distinction between the role of the elites and the masses.

Speaker 2 And here, and here the best book is called The True Believer, which is the Eric Hoffer book.

Speaker 2 And so the nuance you have to put on this is the elites play a giant role in this because the elites do idea formation and communication, but the elites, by definition, are a small minority.

Speaker 2 And so there's also this giant role played by the masses.

Speaker 2 And the masses are not necessarily thinking these things through in the same intellectualized, formal way that the elites are, but they are for sure experiencing these things in their daily lives.

Speaker 2 And they for sure have at least very strong emotional views on them.

Speaker 2 And so when you really get the revolution, it's when you get the elites lined up with or a new, either the current elites change or the new set of elites, a new set of counter elites basically come along and say, no, there's actually a different and better way to live.

Speaker 2 And then the people basically decide to follow the, you know, to follow the counter elite. So that's the other dimension to it.
And of course, that part is also happening right now.

Speaker 1 And again, case study number one of that would be Elon and his, you know he turns out you know truly massive following and he has done that over and over in different industries not just saying crazy online but saying crazy in the in the realm of space in the realm of autonomous driving in the realm of ai just over and over and over again turns out saying crazy is one of the ways to do a revolution and to actually make progress yeah and it's like well and but then there's the test is it crazy or is it the truth yeah right and and and you know and this is where you know many there are many specific things about elon's genius but one of the one of the really core ones is an absolute dedication to the truth.

Speaker 2 And so when Elon says something, it sounds like crazy shit, but in his mind, it's true. Now, is he always right? No.

Speaker 2 Sometimes the rockets crash. Like, you know, sometimes he's wrong.

Speaker 2 He's human. He's like anybody else.
He's not right all the time.

Speaker 2 But at least my through line with him, both in what he says in public and what he says in private, which by the way are the exact same things. He does not do this.

Speaker 2 He doesn't lie in public about what he believes in private, or at least he doesn't do that anymore. Like he's 100% consistent in my experience.

Speaker 2 By the way, there's two guys who are 100% consistent like that that I know,

Speaker 2 Yulen and Trump.

Speaker 2 Whatever you think of them, what they say in private is 100% identical to what they say in public. Like they are completely transparent.
They're completely honest in that way, right?

Speaker 2 Which is like, and again, it's not like they're perfect people, but they're honest in that way.

Speaker 2 And it makes them potentially both, as they have been, very powerful leaders of these movements because they're both willing to stand up and say the thing.

Speaker 2 that if it's true, it turns out to be the thing in many cases that many or most or almost everyone else actually believes, but nobody was actually willing to say out loud.

Speaker 2 And so they can actually catalyze these shifts. And I think this framework is exactly why Trump took over the Republican Party.

Speaker 2 I think Trump stood up there on stage with all these other kind of conventional Republicans and he started saying things out loud that it turned out the base really was, they were either already believing or they were prone to believe.

Speaker 2 And he was the only one who was saying them. And so the, again, elite masses, he was the elite.
The voters are the masses and the voters decided, you know, no, no more bushes.

Speaker 2 Like we're going this other direction. That's the mechanism of social change.
Like what we just described is like the actual mechanisms of social change.

Speaker 2 It is fascinating to me that we have been living through exactly this. We've been living through everything, exactly what Timur Kran describes, everything that Vaslav Havel described.

Speaker 2 We've been living, you know, black squares and Instagram, like the whole thing, right? All of it.

Speaker 2 And we've been living through the, you know, the true believer, elites, masses, you know, thing with, you know, with a set of like basically incredibly corrupt elites wondering why they don't have the loyalty masses anymore and a set of new elites that are running away with things.

Speaker 2 And so like we're living through this like incredible applied case study of these ideas.

Speaker 2 And, you know, if there's a moral of the story, it is, you know, I think fairly obvious, which is it's it's a really bad idea for a society to wedge itself into a position in which most people don't believe the fundamental precepts of what they're told they have to do, you know, to be to be good people like that.

Speaker 2 That is just not a good state to be in.

Speaker 1 So one of the ways to avoid that in the future maybe is to keep the delta between what's said in private and what's said in public small.

Speaker 2 Yeah, it's like, well, this is sort of the siren song of censorship is we can keep people from saying things, which means we can keep people from thinking things. Yeah.

Speaker 2 And, you know, by the way, that may work for a while, right? Like, you know,

Speaker 2 I mean, again, the hard form of of the

Speaker 2 Soviet Union, owning a mimeograph, pre-photocopiers, there were mimeograph machines that were used to make samistat underground newspapers, which is the mechanism of written communication of radical ideas, heretical ideas.

Speaker 2 Ownership of a mimeograph machine was punishable by death.

Speaker 2 Right. So that's the hard version, right? You know, the soft version is somebody clicks a button in Washington and you are erased from the internet.

Speaker 2 Right. Like, which, you know, good news you're still alive.
Bad news is, you know, shame about not being able to get a job.

Speaker 2 You know, too bad your family now, you know, hates hates you and won't talk to you, but, you know, whatever, whatever the, you know, whatever the version of cancellation has been.

Speaker 2 And so, so, so, like, does that work? Like, maybe it works for a while.

Speaker 2 It could work for the Soviet Union for a while, you know, in its way, especially when it was coupled with, you know, official state power.

Speaker 2 But when it unwinds, it can unwind with like incredible speed and ferocity because to your point, there's all this bottled up energy. Now, your question was, like, what are the percentages?

Speaker 2 Like, what, what's the breakdown? And so, my,

Speaker 2 My rough guess, just based on what I've seen in my world, is it's something like 20, 60, 20.

Speaker 2 It's like you've got 20% like true believers in whatever is, you know, the current thing.

Speaker 2 You know, you've got 20, you got 20% of people who are just like true believers of whatever they, you know, whatever's the, like I said, whatever's the New York Times, Harvard professors and the Ford Foundation, like just, they're just believing.

Speaker 2 And by the way, maybe it's 10, maybe it's five, but let's say generously, it's, it's 20. So, you know, 20% kind of full-on revolutionaries.

Speaker 2 And then you've got, let's call it 20% on the other side that are like, no, I'm not on board with this. This is, this is crazy.
I'm not, I'm not signing up for this.

Speaker 2 But, you know, you their view of themselves is they're in a small minority. And in fact, they start out in a small minority because what happens is the 60% go with the first 20%, not the second 20%.

Speaker 2 So you've got this large middle of people. And it's not that there's anything like, it's not that people in the middle are not smart or anything like that.

Speaker 2 It's that they just have like normal lives and they're just trying to get by.

Speaker 2 And they're just trying to go to work each day and do a good job and be a good person and raise their kids and, you know, have a little bit of time to watch the game.

Speaker 2 And they're just not engaged in the cut and thrust of, you know, political activism or any of this stuff. It's just just not their thing.

Speaker 2 But that's where the over socialization comes in. It's just like, okay, by default, the 60% will go along with the 20% of the radical revolutionaries, at least for a while.

Speaker 2 And then the counter elite is in this other 20%.

Speaker 2 And over time, they build up a theory and network and ability to resist and a new set of representatives and a new set of ideas. And then at some point, there's a contest.

Speaker 2 And then, and then, and then, and then, right. And then the question is, what happens in the middle? What happens in the 60%? And

Speaker 2 it's kind of my point. It's not even really does the 60% change their beliefs as much as it's like, okay, what is the thing that that 60% now decides to basically fall into step with?

Speaker 2 And I think that 60% in the valley, that 60% for the last decade decided to be woke and, you know, extremely, I would say,

Speaker 2 on edge on a lot of things. And I, you know, that 60% is pivoting in real time.
They're just done.

Speaker 2 They've just had it.

Speaker 1 And I would love to see where that pivot goes because there's internal battles happening right now, right?

Speaker 2 So this is the other thing. Okay, so there's two forms of internal.
There's two forms of things that happen. And

Speaker 2 Timur has actually talked about this. Professor Karan has talked about this.

Speaker 2 So one is he said that he said this is the kind of unwind where what you're going to have is you're now going to have people in the other direction.

Speaker 2 You're going to have people who claim that they supported Trump all along who actually didn't.

Speaker 1 Right. Right.

Speaker 2 So it's going to swing the other way. And by the way, Trump's not the only part of this, but he's just a convenient shorthand for, you know, for a lot of this.

Speaker 2 But, you know, whatever it is, you'll, you'll have people who will say, well, I never supported the EI, right? Or I never supported ESG, or I never thought we should have canceled that person, right?

Speaker 2 Where, of course, they were full-on a part of the mob, like, you know, kind of at that moment. And so anyway, so you'll have preference falsification happening in the other direction.

Speaker 2 And his prediction, I think, basically is you'll end up with the same, quote, problem

Speaker 2 on the other side. Now, will that happen here? I don't know.
You know, how far is American society willing to go in any of these things? I don't know. But like, there is some question there.

Speaker 2 And then the other part of it is, okay, now you have this, you know, elite that is used to being in power for the last decade.

Speaker 2 And by the way, many of those people are still in power and they're in very important positions. And the New York Times is still the New York Times and Harvard is still Harvard.

Speaker 2 And like those people haven't changed like at all. Right.
And they still, you know, they've been bureaucrats in the government and senior Democratic

Speaker 2 politicians and so forth. And they're sitting there right now feeling like reality has just smacked them hard in the face because they lost the election so badly.

Speaker 2 But they're now going into a, and specifically the Democratic Party is going into a civil war. Right.
And

Speaker 2 that form of the civil war is completely predictable. And it's exactly what's happening, which is half of them are saying, we need to go back to the center.

Speaker 2 We need to de-radicalize because we've lost the people. We've lost the people in the middle.
And so we need to go back to the middle in order to be able to get 50% plus one in an election. Right.

Speaker 2 And then the other half of them are saying, no, we weren't true to our principles. We were too weak.
We were too soft. We must become more revolutionary.
We must double down.

Speaker 2 And we must, you know, celebrate, you know, murders in the street of health insurance executives. And that's, and that, that right now is like our real fight.

Speaker 1 If I could tell you a little personal story that breaks my heart a little bit, there's a, there's a professor, historian, I won't say who, who I admire deeply, love his work.

Speaker 1 He's a kind of a heretical thinker.

Speaker 1 And we were talking about having a podcast, doing a podcast. And he eventually said that, you know what, at this time, given your guest list,

Speaker 1 I just don't want the headache of

Speaker 1 being in the faculty meetings. in my particular institution.
And I asked who are the particular figures in this guest list. He said, Trump

Speaker 1 and the second one he said that you announced your interest to talk to Vladimir Putin

Speaker 1 so I just don't want the headache now I fully believe he

Speaker 1 it would surprise a lot of people if I said who it is but you know this is a person who's not bothered by the the guest list and I should also say that 80 plus percent of the guest list is left wing Okay.

Speaker 1 Nevertheless, he just doesn't want the headache. And that speaks speaks to the thing that you've kind of mentioned, that you just don't want the headache.

Speaker 1 You just want to just have a pleasant morning with some coffee and talk to your fellow professors. And I think a lot of people are feeling that in universities and in other contexts in tech companies.

Speaker 1 And I wonder if that shifts, how quickly that shifts. And there, the percentages you mentioned, 2060-20 matters.
And

Speaker 1 the contents of the private groups matters. And the dynamics of how that shifts matters.
Because it's very possible nothing really changes in universities and in major tech companies.

Speaker 1 We're just there's a kind of excitement right now for potential revolution and these new ideas, this new vibes to reverberate through these companies and universities. But it's possible

Speaker 1 the wall will hold.

Speaker 2 Yeah. So he's a friend of yours.
I respect that you don't want to name him. I also respect you don't want to beat on him.
So I would like to beat on him on your behalf.

Speaker 2 Does he have tenure?

Speaker 1 Yes.

Speaker 1 He should use it.

Speaker 2 So this is the thing, right? This is the ultimate indictment of the corruption and the rot at the heart of our education system, at the heart of these universities.

Speaker 2 And it's, by the way, it's like across the board. It's like all the top universities.

Speaker 2 It's like, because the siren song for right, what it's been for 70 years, whatever, the tenure system, peer review system, tenure system, which is like, yeah, you work your butt off as an academic to get a professorship and then to get tenure because then

Speaker 2 you can say what you actually think

Speaker 2 right then you can do your work and your research and your speaking and your teaching without fear of being fired right without fear of being canceled um like

Speaker 2 academic freedom i mean think of the term academic freedom and then think of what these people have done to it like it's gone like that entire thing was fake and is completely rotten and these people are completely

Speaker 2 completely giving up the entire moral foundation of the system that's been built for them, which, by the way, is paid for virtually 100% by taxpayer money.

Speaker 1 What's the inkling of hope in this? Like what this particular person and others who hear this, what can give them strength, inspiration, and courage?

Speaker 2 That the population at large is going to realize the corruption in their industry and it's going to withdraw the funding.

Speaker 1 It's okay. So desperation.

Speaker 2 No, no, no, no, no. Think about what happens next.
Okay, so let's go, let's go through it. So the universities, the universities are funded by four primary sources of federal funding.

Speaker 2 The big one is the federal student loan program, which is in the many trillions of dollars at this point and only spiraling way faster than inflation.

Speaker 2 That's number one. Number two is federal research funding, which is also very large.
And you probably know that

Speaker 2 when a scientist at the university gets a research grant, the university rakes as much as 70% of the money for central uses.

Speaker 2 Number three is tax exemption at the operating level, which is based on the idea that these are non-profit institutions as opposed to, let's say, political institutions.

Speaker 2 And then number four is tax exemptions at the endowment level,

Speaker 2 which is the financial buffer that these places have.

Speaker 2 Hypothetically, anybody who's been close to a university budget will basically see that what would happen if you withdrew those sources of federal taxpayer money.

Speaker 2 And then for the state schools, the state money, they all instantly go bankrupt. And then

Speaker 2 you could rebuild.

Speaker 2 Then you could rebuild. Because the problem right now, and the folks at the University of Austin are like mounting a very valiant effort, and I hope that they succeed.

Speaker 2 And I'm sure I'm cheering for them. But the problem is you're now inserting.

Speaker 2 Suppose you and I want to start a new university, and we want to hire all the free thinking professors, and we want to have the place that fixes all this.

Speaker 2 Practically speaking, we can't do it because we can't get access to that money. I'll give you the most direct reason we can't get access to that money.
We can't get access to federal student funding.

Speaker 2 Do you know how universities are accredited for the purpose of getting access to federal student funding, federal student loans?

Speaker 2 They're accredited by the government, but not directly, indirectly. They're not accredited by the Department of Education.

Speaker 2 Instead, what happens is the Department of Education accredits accreditation bureaus that are nonprofits that do the accreditation. Guess what the composition of the accreditation bureaus is?

Speaker 2 The existing universities.

Speaker 2 They are in complete control. The incumbents are in complete control

Speaker 2 as to who gets access to federal student loan money. Guess how enthusiastic they are about accrediting a new university?

Speaker 2 Right. And so we have a government-funded and supported cartel that has gone, I mean, it's just obvious now.

Speaker 2 It's just gone like sideways in basically any possible way it could go sideways, including, I mean, literally, as you know, students getting beaten up on campus for being, you know, the wrong religion.

Speaker 2 And it's just, they're just wrong in every possible way at this point. And it's all in the federal taxpayer back.
And there is no way.

Speaker 2 I mean, my opinion, there is no way to fix these things without replacing them.

Speaker 2 And there's no way to replace them without letting them fail. And by the way.

Speaker 2 It's like everything else in life.

Speaker 2 I mean, in a sense, this is like the most obvious conclusion of all time, which is what happens in the business world when a company does a bad job is they go bankrupt and another company takes its place, right?

Speaker 2 And that's how you get progress.

Speaker 2 And of course, below that is what happens is this is the process of evolution, right? Why does anything ever get better? It's because things are tested and tried and then

Speaker 2 the things that are good survive. And so these places have cut themselves off.

Speaker 2 They've been allowed to cut themselves off from both from evolution at the institutional level and evolution at the individual level, as shown by

Speaker 2 just widespread abuse of tenure.

Speaker 2 And so we've just stalled out.

Speaker 2 We built an ossified system, an ossified centralized corrupt system. We're surprised by the results.

Speaker 2 They are not fixable in their current form.

Speaker 1 I disagree with you on that.

Speaker 1 Maybe it's grounded in hope that I believe you can revolutionize the system from within because I do believe Stanford and MIT are important.

Speaker 2 Oh, but that logic doesn't follow at all. That's Underpants GNOME logic.

Speaker 1 Underpants GNOME. Can you explain?

Speaker 2 Underpants GNOME's logic. So I just started watching a key touchstone of American culture with my nine-year-old, which, of course, is South Park.

Speaker 1 Yes. And there is, wow.

Speaker 2 And there is a, which, by the way, is a little aggressive for a nine-year-old. Very aggressive.
But he likes it. So he's learning all kinds of new words.

Speaker 1 And all kinds of new ideas.

Speaker 2 But yeah, I told him, I said, you're going to hear words on here that you are not allowed to use. Right.

Speaker 2 Education. And I said, you know how we have an agreement that we never lie to mommy?

Speaker 2 I said, not using a word that you learn in here does not count as lying.

Speaker 2 Wow.

Speaker 2 And keep that in mind.

Speaker 1 Orwellian redefinition of lying, but yes, go ahead.

Speaker 2 Of course, in the very opening episode, in the first 30 seconds, one of the kids calls the other kid a dildo.

Speaker 2 We're off to the races. Yep.

Speaker 2 Daddy, what's a dildo?

Speaker 2 Yep.

Speaker 2 You know, sorry. Sorry, son.
I don't know. Yeah.

Speaker 2 So

Speaker 2 the underpants gnomes. So famous episode of South Park, the underpants gnomes.
And so the underpants gnomes. So there's this rat.

Speaker 2 All the kids basically realize that their underpants are going missing from their dresser drawers. Somebody's stealing stealing the underpants.
And it's just like, well, who on earth would steal

Speaker 2 the underpants? And it turns out it's the underpants gnomes.

Speaker 2 And it turns out the underpants gnomes have come to town and they've got this little underground warren of tunnels and storage places for all the underpants.

Speaker 2 And so they go out at night, they steal the underpants. And the kids discover that, you know, the underpants gnomes.
And they're, you know, what are you doing? Like, what's the point of this?

Speaker 2 And so the underpants gnomes present their master plan, which is a three-part plan, which is step one, collect underpants. Step three, profit.

Speaker 2 Step two, question mark.

Speaker 1 Yeah.

Speaker 2 So you just, you just propose the underpants gnome, which is very common in politics. So the form of this in politics is we must do something.
Yeah. This is something.

Speaker 2 Therefore, we must do this.

Speaker 2 But there's no causal logic chain in there at all to expect that that's actually going to succeed because there's no reason to believe that it is. Yeah, but it's the same thing.

Speaker 2 But this is what I hear all the time. And

Speaker 2 I will let you talk as the host of the show in a moment.

Speaker 2 But I hear this all the time.

Speaker 2 I have friends who are on these boards, right? I'm very involved in these places. And I hear this all the time, which is like, oh, these are very important.

Speaker 2 We must fix them. And so, therefore, they are fixable.

Speaker 2 There's no logic chain there at all.

Speaker 1 If there's that pressure that you described in terms of cutting funding, then you have the leverage to fire a lot of the administration and have new leadership that steps up that

Speaker 1 aligns with this vision that things really need to change at the heads of the universities.

Speaker 1 And they put students and faculty primary, fire a lot of the administration, and realign and reinvigorate this idea of freedom of thought and intellectual freedom.

Speaker 1 I mean, I don't, because there is already a framework of great institutions that's there, and the way they talk about what it means to be a great institution is aligned with this very idea that you're talking about.

Speaker 1 It's this meaning like intellectual freedom, the idea of tenure, right?

Speaker 1 On the surface, it's aligned, underneath, it's become corrupted.

Speaker 2 If we say free speech and academic freedom often enough, sooner or later, these tendered professors will get brave.

Speaker 1 Wait, do you think the universities are fundamentally broken? Okay, so how do you fix it? How do you have institutions for educating 20-year-olds and institutions that host

Speaker 1 researchers that have the freedom to do epic shit, like research type shit that's outside the scopes of R D departments and inside companies? So how do you create an institution like that?

Speaker 2 How do you create a good restaurant when the one down the street sucks?

Speaker 1 Right. You invent something new.

Speaker 2 You open a new restaurant. Yeah.

Speaker 2 Like, how often in your life have you experienced a restaurant that's just absolutely horrible and it's poisoning all of its customers and the food tastes terrible?

Speaker 2 And then three years later, you go back and it's fantastic.

Speaker 2 Charlie Munger actually had the great, the best comment on his great investor, Charlie Munger, the great comment. He was once asked, he's like, you know,

Speaker 2 General Electric was going through all these challenges. And he was asked at a QA, he said, how would you fix the culture at General Electric? And he said, fix the culture at General Electric.

Speaker 2 He said, I couldn't even fix the culture at a restaurant.

Speaker 2 Like, it's insane. Like, obviously, you can't do it.

Speaker 2 I mean, nobody in business thinks you can do that. Like,

Speaker 2 it's impossible. Like, it's not.
Now, now, look, having said all that, I should also express this because I have a lot of friends to work at these places and

Speaker 2 are involved in various attempts to fix these.

Speaker 1 I hope that I'm wrong.

Speaker 2 I would love to be wrong.

Speaker 2 I would love for the underpants GNOME Step 2 to be something clear and straightforward that they can figure out how to do. I would love to love to fix it.

Speaker 2 I'd love to see them come back to their spoken principles. I think that'd that'd be great.
I'd love to see the professors with tenure get bravery.

Speaker 2 I would love to see, I mean, it would be fantastic.

Speaker 2 You know, my partner and I have done like a lot of public speaking on this topic. It's been intended to not just be harsh, but also be like, okay, like these challenges have to be confronted directly.

Speaker 2 By the way, let me also say something positive.

Speaker 2 You know, especially post-October 7th, there are a bunch of very smart people who are major donors and board members of these institutions, like Mark Rowan, you know, who are really coming in trying to, you know, I think legitimately trying to fix these places.

Speaker 2 I have a friend on the executive committee at one of the top technical universities. He's working overtime to try to do this.

Speaker 2 Man, I hope they can figure it out.

Speaker 2 But the counter question would just be like, do you see it actually happening at a single one of these places?

Speaker 1 I'm a person that believes in leadership. If you have the right leadership,

Speaker 1 the whole system can be changed.

Speaker 2 So here's a question for your friend who have tenure at one of these places, which is who runs his university?

Speaker 1 I think, you know, you know who I think runs it?

Speaker 1 Whoever the fuck says they run it. That's what great leadership is.
Like a president has that power. But the president of the university has the leverage because they can mouth off like Elon can.

Speaker 2 Can they fire the professors?

Speaker 1 They can fire them through being vocal publicly.

Speaker 2 Can they fire the professors?

Speaker 1 What are you talking about? Legal? Can they fire the students? No, can they not fire the professors?

Speaker 2 Then we know who runs the university. The professors? Yeah.
Professors. The professors and the students.
The professors and the feral students.

Speaker 2 And they're, of course, in a radicalization feedback cycle driving each other crazy.

Speaker 1 The feral students. Yeah, the feral students.
Yeah, the feral students.

Speaker 2 What happens when you're put in charge of your bureaucracy where the thing that the bureaucracy knows is that they can outlast you?

Speaker 2 The thing that the tenured professors at all these places know is it doesn't matter who the president is because they can outlast them because they cannot get fired.

Speaker 2 By the way, it's the same thing the bureaucrats in the government know. It's the same thing that the bureaucrats in the Department of Education know.
They know the exact same thing.

Speaker 2 They can outlast you.

Speaker 2 I mean, it's the whole thing that's the resistance. Like, they can be the resistance.
They can just sit there and resist, which is what they do. They're not fireable.

Speaker 1 That's definitely a crisis that needs to be solved. That's a huge problem.
And I also don't like that I'm defending academia here. I agree with you that the situation is dire,

Speaker 1 but I just think that institutions are important. And I should also add context since you've been grilled with me a little bit.
You are using restaurants as an analogy.

Speaker 1 And earlier offline in this conversation, you said the Dairy Queen is a great restaurant. So let's say Dairy Queen is great.
Let the listener take.

Speaker 2 I said Dairy Queen is the best restaurant.

Speaker 1 The best restaurant. There you go.

Speaker 2 So everything that Mark Andrees is saying today

Speaker 2 you should go order a Blizzard. One day you should walk down there and order order a blizzard.
Yeah. They can get like 4,000 calories in a cup.
They can. And they're delicious.

Speaker 1 Amazing. They are truly delicious.

Speaker 2 And they'll put anything in there you want. All right.
Okay. So, but anyway, let me just close by saying, look,

Speaker 2 my friends in the university system, I would just say, look, like, this is the challenge. Like, I would just, I would just pose this as the challenge.

Speaker 2 Like, to me, like, this is having had a lot of these conversations, like, this is the bar, in my view, this is the conversation that actually has to happen.

Speaker 2 This is the bar that actually has to be hit. These problems need to be confronted directly.
Because I think there's just, I think there's been way too much.

Speaker 2 I mean, I'm actually worried kind of on the other side. There's too much happy talk in these conversations.

Speaker 2 I think the taxpayers do not understand this level of crisis. And I think if the taxpayers come to understand it, I think the funding evaporates.

Speaker 2 And so I think the fuse is going through, you know, no fault of any of ours, but like the fuse is going. And there's some window of time here to fix this and address it and justify the money.

Speaker 2 Cause it just normal taxpayers sitting in normal towns in normal jobs are not going to tolerate this for that much longer.

Speaker 1 You've mentioned censorship a few times. Let us, if we can, go deep into the the darkness of the past and how censorship mechanism was used.

Speaker 1 So you are a good person to speak about the history of this because you were there on the ground floor in 2013-ish,

Speaker 1 Facebook. I heard that you were there when they invented or maybe

Speaker 1 developed the term hate speech in the context of

Speaker 1 censorship on social media. So take me to through that history, if you can, the use of censorship.

Speaker 2 So I was there on the ground floor in 1983.

Speaker 1 There's multiple floors to this building, apparently. There are.

Speaker 2 So I got the first ask to implement censorship on the internet,

Speaker 2 which was in the web browser. That is fascinating.
Yeah, yeah. Actually, 1992, I was asked to implement a nudity filter.

Speaker 1 Did you have the courage to speak up back then?

Speaker 2 I did not have any problem speaking up back then. I was making $6.25 an hour.
I did not have a lot to lose.

Speaker 2 No, I was asked at the time.

Speaker 2 And then look, it's legitimate, you know, in some sense, a legitimate request, which is working on a research project actually funded by the federal government at a public university.

Speaker 2 So, you know, I don't think my boss was like in any way out of line, but it was like, yeah, like this, this web browser thing is great, but like, could it just make sure to not have any photos of naked people that show up?

Speaker 2 But if you think about this for a second as a technologist, I had an issue, which is this was like pre-image net, right?

Speaker 2 And so I had a brief period where I tried to imagine an algorithm that I refer to as the breast detection algorithm

Speaker 2 that I was going to have to design. And then apparently, a variety of other, apparently, body parts people are also sensitive about.

Speaker 2 And then I politely declined to do this.

Speaker 1 For just the technical difficulties of it.

Speaker 2 Well, number one, I didn't, I actually didn't know how to do it. But number two, it's just like, no, I'm not.
I'm not building, I'm just not building a censorship engine.

Speaker 2 Like, I'm a, you know, I'm just not doing it.

Speaker 2 And, and in those days, it was, you know, in those days, the internet generally was, you know, free fire zone for everything. It was actually interesting.

Speaker 2 It's sort of pre-93, the internet was such a specific niche community. Like, it was like the million kind of highest IQ nerds in the world.

Speaker 2 And so it actually like didn't really have a lot of, you know, issues.

Speaker 2 People were like super interested in talking about like astrophysics and not very interested in, you know, even politics at that, at that time. So there really was not an issue there.

Speaker 2 But yeah, I didn't, I didn't want to start the process.

Speaker 2 So I think the way to think about this, so first of all, you know, yeah, so I was involved in this at Facebook every step. By the way, I've been involved with this with Facebook every step of the way.

Speaker 2 I joined the board there in 2007. So I saw, I've seen everything in the last, you know, almost 20 years, every step of the way.

Speaker 2 But also I've been involved in most of the the other companies over time. So I was an angel investor in Twitter, I knew them really well.
We were the founding investor in Substack.

Speaker 2 I'm part of the Elon takeover of Twitter with X. I was an angel at LinkedIn.
So

Speaker 2 I've been in these, we were the funder of Pinterest. We were one of the main investors there, Reddit as well.
And I was having these conversations with all these guys all the way through.

Speaker 2 So as much talk specifically about Facebook, but I can just tell you the general pattern. And for quite a while, it was kind of all the same across these companies.

Speaker 2 Yeah, so basically the way to think about this, the true kind of nuanced nuanced view of this is that there is practically speaking no internet service that can have zero censorship.

Speaker 2 And by the way, that also mirrors there is no country that actually has limited free speech either. The U.S.
First Amendment actually has 12 or 13 formal carve-outs from the Supreme Court over time.

Speaker 2 So incitement to violence and terrorist recruitment and child abuse. And so, you know, child pornography and so forth are like, they're not covered by the First Amendment.

Speaker 2 And just practically speaking, if you and I are going to start an internet company and have a service, we can't have that stuff either, right?

Speaker 2 Because it's illegal or it will just clearly, you know, destroy the whole thing. So

Speaker 2 you're always going to have a censorship engine. I mean, hopefully it's not actually in the browser, but like you're going to have it for sure at the level of an internet service.

Speaker 2 But then what happens is now you have a machine, right? Now you have a system where you can put in rules saying we allow this, we don't allow that. You have enforcement, you have consequences, right?

Speaker 2 And once that system is in place, like it becomes the ring of power, right?

Speaker 2 Which is like, okay, now now anybody in that company or anybody associated with that company or anybody who wants to pressure that company will just start to say, okay, you should use that machine for more than just terrorist recruitment and child pornography.

Speaker 2 You should use it for XYZ.

Speaker 2 And basically that transition happened, call it 2012, 2013, is when there was this like very, very kind of rapid pivot.

Speaker 2 I think the kickoff to it for some reason was this, it was the beginning of the second Obama term.

Speaker 2 I think it also coincided with the sort of arrival of the first kind of super woke kids into these, into these schools, you know, that kind of, you know, it's the kids that were in school between like, you know, for the Iraq war and then the global financial crisis.

Speaker 2 And like, they came out like super radicalized. They came into these companies and they immediately started mounting these social crusades to ban and censor lots of things.

Speaker 2 And then, you know, quite frankly, the Democratic Party figured this out and they figured out that these companies were, you know, very subject to being controlled.

Speaker 2 And the, you know, the executive teams and boards of directors are almost all Democrats. And, you know, there's tremendous circulation.

Speaker 2 A lot of Obama people from the first term actually came and worked in these companies. And a lot of FBI people and other law enforcement intelligence people came in and worked.
And

Speaker 2 they were all Democrats for that set. And so they just, the ring of power was lying on the table.
It had been built. And they picked it up and put it on.
And then they just ran.

Speaker 2 And the original discussions were basically always on two topics. It was hate speech and misinformation.

Speaker 2 Hate speech was the original one.

Speaker 2 And the hate speech conversation started exactly like you'd expect, which is we can't have the N-word, and which the answer is, fair enough. Let's not have the n-word.

Speaker 2 Okay, now we've set a precedent, right? And then, but the, and then, and Jordan Peterson has talked a lot about this.

Speaker 2 The definition of hate speech ended up being things that make people uncomfortable, right? So we can't have things that make people uncomfortable.

Speaker 2 I, of course, you know, people like me that are disagreeable raise their hands and say, well, that idea right there makes me uncomfortable. But of course, that doesn't count as hate speech, right?

Speaker 2 So, you know,

Speaker 2 the ring of power is on one hand and not, not, not on the other hand.

Speaker 2 And then basically that began this slide where it ended up being that, you know, completely anodyne.

Speaker 2 This is a point Mark has been making recently, like completely anodyne comments that are completely legitimate on television or on the Senate floor.

Speaker 2 All of a sudden our hate speech and can't be said online. So that, you know, the ring of power was wielded in grossly irresponsible ways.
We can talk about all the stuff that happened there.

Speaker 2 And then the other one was misinformation. And that wasn't as, there was a little bit of that.
Early on, but of course that really kicked in with Trump.

Speaker 2 So so the hate speech stuff, the hate speech stuff predated Trump by like three or four years.

Speaker 2 The misinformation stuff was basically, it was a little bit later and it was a consequence of the Russia Gate hoax. And then that was a ring of power that was even more powerful, right?

Speaker 2 Because hate speech is like, okay, at some point, if something offensive or not, at least you can have a question as to whether that's the case.

Speaker 2 But the problem with misinformation is like, is it the truth or not?

Speaker 2 What do we know for 800 years or whatever Western civilization? It's that there's only a few entities that can determine the truth on every topic. There's God,

Speaker 2 there's the king. We don't have those anymore.
And the rest of us are all imperfect and flawed.

Speaker 2 And so the idea that any group of experts is going to sit around the table and decide on the truth is, you know, deeply anti-Western and deeply authoritarian.

Speaker 2 And somehow the misinformation kind of crusade went from the Russiagate hoax into just full-blown, we're going to use that weapon for whatever we want.

Speaker 2 And then, and then, of course, and then the culminating moment on that that really was the straw that broke the camel's back was we're going to censor all theories that the COVID virus might have been manufactured in a lab as misinformation.

Speaker 2 And then inside these companies, like that was the point where people for the first time, this is like, what, three years ago, for the first time, they were like,

Speaker 2 that was when it sunk in where it's just like, okay, this has spun completely out of control. So anyway, that's how we got to where we are.
And then basically that spell lasted,

Speaker 2 that complex existed and got expanded basically from Call of 2013 to 2023.

Speaker 2 I think basically two things broke it.

Speaker 2 One is Substack. And so, and I'm super proud of those guys because they started from scratch and declared declared right up front that they were going to be a free speech platform.

Speaker 2 And they came under intense pressure, including from the press

Speaker 2 and, you know, that tried to just beat them to the ground and kill them.

Speaker 2 And intense pressure, by the way, from, you know, let's say certain of the platform companies, you know, basically threatening them.

Speaker 2 And they stood up to it. And, you know, sitting here today, they have the widest spectrum of speech and conversation anywhere on planet Earth.
And they've done a great job.

Speaker 2 And it's worked, by the way. It's great.
And then obviously Elon, you know, with X was the, you know, the hammer blow. And then I, the third one now is what Mark is doing at Facebook.

Speaker 1 And there's also like singular moments. I think you've spoken about this, which like Jon Stewart going on Stephen Colbert and talking about the lab league theory.
Yes.

Speaker 1 I just, there's certain moments that just kind of shake everybody up. The right person, the right time, just, it's a wake-up call.

Speaker 2 So that there, and I will tell you, like, and I should say, Jon Stewart attacked me recently, so I'm not that thrilled about him. But I would say I was a long-run fan of Jon Stewart.

Speaker 2 I watched probably every episode of the Daily Show when he was on it

Speaker 2 for probably 20 years. But he did a very important public service, and it was that appearance in the Colbert Show.

Speaker 2 And I don't know how broadly this is, you know, at the time it was in the news briefly, but I don't know how people remember this.

Speaker 2 But I will tell you in the rooms where people discuss what is misinformation and these policies, that was a very big moment. That was probably actually the key catalyzing moment.

Speaker 2 And I think he exhibited, I would say, conspicuous bravery and had a big impact with that.

Speaker 2 And yeah, for people who don't recall, recall, what he did, and this was in the full-blown, like, you absolutely, you know, you absolutely must lock down for two years.

Speaker 2 You absolutely must keep all the schools closed. You absolutely must have everybody work from home.
You absolutely must wear a mask, like the whole thing.

Speaker 2 And one of those was you absolutely must believe that COVID was completely natural. You must believe that.

Speaker 2 And not believing that means you're a fascist, Nazi, Trump supporter, mega evil QAnon person, right? And that was like uniform. And that was enforced by the social media companies.

Speaker 2 And like I said, that was the peak. And Jon Stewart went on the Colbert show.
And I don't know if they planned it or not, because Colbert looked shocked.

Speaker 2 I don't know how much of it was a bit, but he went on there and he just had one of these like

Speaker 2 the Emperor's Wearing No Clothes things where he said, it's just not plausible that you had the COVID supervirus appear 300 yards down the street from the Wuhan Institute of

Speaker 2 Lethal Coronaviruses.

Speaker 2 Like, it's just not plausible that

Speaker 2 certainly that you could just rule that out. And then there was another key moment, actually, the more serious version was I think the author Nicholson Baker wrote a big piece for New York Magazine.

Speaker 2 And Nicholson Baker is like one of our great novelist writers of our time. And he wrote the piece and he did the complete undressing of it.

Speaker 2 And that was the first, I think that was the first legit, there had been like alt, you know, renegade.

Speaker 2 There had been, you know, people running around saying this, but getting censored all over the place.

Speaker 2 That was the first one that was like in the mainstream press where he and he talked to all the heretics and he just like laid the whole thing out. And that was a moment.

Speaker 2 And I remember, let's say, a board meeting at one of these companies after that, where basically, you know, everybody looked around the table and it was like, all right, like, I guess we're not,

Speaker 2 we don't need to censor that anymore. And, you know, and then, of course, what immediately follows from that is, well, wait a minute, why were we censoring that in the first place?

Speaker 2 And okay, like, and then, you know, the downstream, not that day, but the downstream conversations were like, okay, if, if, if we made such a giant, in retrospect, if we all made such a giant collective mistake censoring that, then what does that say about the rest of our regime?

Speaker 2 And I think that was the thread in the sweater that started to unravel it.

Speaker 1 I should say it again. I do think that the Jon Stewart appearance and the statement he made was a courageous act.

Speaker 1 I agree. I think we need to have more of that, of that in the world.
And like you said, Elon, everything he did with X is

Speaker 1 a series of courageous acts. And I think what

Speaker 1 Zuck, what Mark Zuckerberg did on Rogan a few days ago is a courageous act.

Speaker 1 Can you just speak to that?

Speaker 2 He has become, I think, an outstanding communicator, right? And he's, you know, somebody who came in for a lot of criticism earlier in his career on that front. And I think he's, you know,

Speaker 2 he's one of these guys who can sit down and talk for three hours and make complete sense.

Speaker 2 And, you know, as you do with all of all of your episodes, like when somebody sits and talks for three hours, like you really get a sense of somebody because it's really hard to be artificial for that long.

Speaker 2 And, you know, he's now done that repeatedly. He's really good at it.
And then, look, again, I would maybe put him in the third category now with, certainly after that appearance, I would say

Speaker 2 I would put him up there now with kind of Elon of Trump in the sense of

Speaker 2 the public and the private are now synchronized. I guess I'd say that.
Like he said on that show what he really believes. He said all the same things that he says in private.

Speaker 2 Like, I don't think there's really any any discrepancy anymore.

Speaker 2 I would say he has always taken upon himself a level of obligation and responsibility to running a company the size of Meta and to running services that are that large.

Speaker 2 And I think, you know, his conception of what he's doing, which I think is correct, is he's running services that are bigger than any country, right?

Speaker 2 He's running, you know, over 3 billion people use those services.

Speaker 2 And so, and then, you know, the company has, you know, many tens of thousands of employees and many investors, and it's a public company, and he thinks very deeply and seriously about his responsibilities.

Speaker 2 Um, and so, you know, he has not felt like he has had, let's just say, the complete flexibility that Elon has had.

Speaker 2 Um, and, you know, people could argue that one way or the other, but you know, he's, he's, you know, yeah, he's, he's, you know, he talked about a lot. He's, he's evolved a lot.

Speaker 2 A lot of it was he learned a lot. And by the way, I'm going to put myself right back up there.
Like, I'm not claiming any huge foresight or heroism on any of this. Like, I've also learned a lot.

Speaker 2 Like, like, I, my views on things are very different than they were 10 years ago on lots of topics. And so, you know, I've been on a learning journey.
He's been on a learning learning journey.

Speaker 2 He is a really, really good learner. He assimilates information, you know, as good as or better than anybody else I know.

Speaker 2 The other thing I guess I would just say is he talked on that show about something very important, which is when you're in a role where you're running a company like that, there are a set of decisions that you get to make and you deserve to be criticized for those decisions and so forth, and it's valid.

Speaker 2 But you are under tremendous external pressure as well. And by the way, you're under tremendous internal pressure.
You've got your employees coming at you.

Speaker 2 You've got your executives in some cases coming at you. You've got your board in some cases coming at you.

Speaker 2 You've got your shareholders coming at you. So you've got your internal pressures, but you also have the press coming at you.
You've got academia coming at you.

Speaker 2 You've got the entire nonprofit complex coming, activist complex coming at you. And then really critically, you know, he talked about in Rogan, and these companies all went through this.

Speaker 2 In this last, especially five years, you had the government coming at you.

Speaker 2 And, you know, that's the really stinky end of the pool where the government was, in my view, illegally exerting just in flagrant violation of the First Amendment and federal laws on speech and coercion and conspiracy, forcing these companies to engage in activities.

Speaker 2 And again, in some cases, they may have wanted to do, but in other cases, they clearly didn't want to do and felt like they had to do. And the level of pressure.

Speaker 2 Like I just say, like, I've known every CEO of Twitter.

Speaker 2 They've all had the exact same experience, which when they were in the job, it was just daily beatings.

Speaker 2 Like, it's just getting punched in the face every single day, constantly. And, you know, Mark is very good at getting physically punched in the face.

Speaker 1 Getting better and better, yeah.

Speaker 2 And he is, and he, you know, and he's very good at, you know, taking a punch and he has taken many, many punches. So I would encourage people to have a level of sympathy for these are not kings.

Speaker 2 These, these are people who operate with like, I would say, extraordinary levels of external pressure. I think if I had been in his job for the last decade, I would be a little puddle on the floor.

Speaker 2 And so it says, I think, a lot about him that he has, you know, risen to this occasion the way that he has. And by the way, I should also say, you know, the cynicism, of course, is immediately out.

Speaker 2 And, you know, it's a

Speaker 2 legitimate thing for people to say, but it's like, oh, you're only doing this because of Trump or, you know, whatever.

Speaker 2 And it's just like, no, like he has been thinking about and working on these things and trying to figure them out for a very long time.

Speaker 2 And so I think what you saw are legitimate, deeply held beliefs, not some

Speaker 2 sort of just in the moment thing that could change at any time.

Speaker 1 So what do you think it's like to be him and other leaders of companies to be you and withstand internal pressure and external pressure. What's that life like? Is it deeply lonely?

Speaker 2 That's a great question. So, leaders are lonely to start with.
And this is one of those things where almost nobody has sympathy, right? Nobody feels sorry for a CEO, right?

Speaker 2 Like it's not a thing, right?

Speaker 2 And, you know, and again, legitimately so, like, CEOs get paid a lot, like the whole thing. There's a lot of great things about it.

Speaker 2 So it's not like they should be out there asking for a lot of sympathy, but it is the case that they are human beings. And it is the case that it is a lonely job.

Speaker 2 And the reason it's a lonely job is because your words carry tremendous weight

Speaker 2 and you are dealing with extremely complicated issues and you're under a tremendous amount of emotional, you know, personal emotional stress.

Speaker 2 And, you know, you often end up not being able to sleep well and you end up not being able to like keep up an exercise routine and all those things.

Speaker 2 And, you know, you come under family stress because you're working all the time. Or my partner, Ben, you know, was he was CEO of our last company before we started the venture firm.

Speaker 2 He, he said, you know, the problem he had like with his family life was he would, even when he was home at night, he wasn't home.

Speaker 2 because he was in his head trying to solve all the business problems. And so he was like supposed to be like having dinner with his kids and he was physically there, but he wasn't mentally there.

Speaker 2 So, you know, you kind of get, you get that a lot. But the key thing is like, you can't talk to people, right?

Speaker 2 So you can't, I mean, you can talk to your spouse and your kids, but like they don't understand that they're not working in your company.

Speaker 2 They don't understand, they have the context to really help you.

Speaker 2 If you talk to your executives, they all have agendas, right? And so they're all, they're all, and they can't resist. Like it's just human nature.
And so you can't necessarily rely on what they say.

Speaker 2 It's very hard in most companies to talk to your board because they can fire you, right? Now, now, Mark has the situation situation because he has control.

Speaker 2 It actually turns out he can talk to his board.

Speaker 2 And Mark talks to us about many things that he doesn't, that most CEOs won't talk to their boards about because we, literally, because we can't fire him.

Speaker 2 But the general, a general CEO, including all the CEOs of Twitter, none of them had control. And so they could all get fired.
So you can't talk to the board members. They're going to fire you.

Speaker 2 You can't talk to the shareholders because they'll just like dump your stock. Right.
Like, okay, so who's the, so

Speaker 2 every once in a while, what you find is basically the best case scenario they have is they can talk to other CEOs. And there's these little organizations where they kind of pair up and do that.

Speaker 2 And so they maybe get a little bit out of that. But even that's fraught with peril because can you really talk about confidential information with another CEO, insider trading risk?

Speaker 2 And so it's just a very, it's just a very lonely and isolating thing to start with.

Speaker 2 And then you, and then on top of that, you apply pressure.

Speaker 2 Right. And that's where it gets painful.
And then maybe I'll just spend a moment on this internal, external pressure thing.

Speaker 2 My general experience with companies is that they can withstand most forms of external pressure as long as they retain internal coherence.

Speaker 2 So, as long as the internal team is really bonded together and supporting each other,

Speaker 2 most forms of external pressure you can withstand. And by that, I mean investors dump your stock, you lose your biggest customers,

Speaker 2 whatever negative article, negative headline,

Speaker 2 you can withstand all that. And basically, in fact, many of those forms of pressure can be bonding experiences for the team

Speaker 2 where they come out stronger. What you 100% cannot withstand is the internal crack.

Speaker 2 And what I always look for in high pressure corporate situations now is the moment when the internal team cracks, because I know the minute that happens, we're in a different regime.

Speaker 2 Like it's like the, you know, the solid is turned into a liquid. Like we're in a different regime and like the whole thing can unravel in the next week because then people turn on.

Speaker 2 I mean, this, I guess, this is what's happening in Los Angeles right now.

Speaker 2 The mayor and the fire chief turned on each other. And

Speaker 2 that's it. That government is dysfunctional.
It is never going to get put back together again. It is over.
It is not going to work ever again. And that's what happens inside companies.

Speaker 2 And so

Speaker 2 somebody like Mark is under profound internal pressure and external pressure at the same time.

Speaker 2 Now, he's been very good at maintaining the coherence of his executive team, but he has had over the years a lot of activist employees, as a lot of these companies have had.

Speaker 2 And so that's been continuous pressure. And then the final thing I'd say is I said that companies can withstand most forms of external pressure, but not all.

Speaker 2 And the special, although not all one, is government pressure.

Speaker 2 is that when your government comes for you, like,

Speaker 2 yeah,

Speaker 2 any CEO who thinks that they're bigger than their government, um, has that uh notion beaten out of them in short order.

Speaker 1 Can you just linger on that? Because it is,

Speaker 1 uh, maybe educating and deeply disturbing. You've spoken about it before, but we're speaking about, again, this government pressure.

Speaker 1 So you think they've crossed the line into essentially criminal levels of pressure, flagrant criminality,

Speaker 2 felonies, like obvious felonies. And I can actually cite the laws.
But yes,

Speaker 2 absolute criminality.

Speaker 1 Can you explain how those

Speaker 1 possible to happen? And maybe on a hopeful note, how we can avoid that happening again?

Speaker 2 So to start with, is a lot of this now is in the public record, which is good because it needs to be in the public record.

Speaker 2 And so there's three forms of things that are in the public record that people can look at. So one is the Twitter files.

Speaker 2 which Elon put out with a set of journalists when he took over. And I will just tell you, the Twitter files are 100% representative of what I've seen at every other one of these companies.

Speaker 2 And so you can just see what happened in Twitter and you can just assume that that happened in these other companies

Speaker 2 for the most part. Certainly in terms of the kind of pressure that they got.
So that's number one. That stuff, you can just read it and you should if you haven't.

Speaker 2 The second is, Mark referenced this in the Rogan podcast. There's a Congressman Jim Jordan who has a committee, congressional committee called the Weaponization Committee.

Speaker 2 And they, in the last, you know, whatever, three years have done a full-scale investigation of this. And Facebook produced a lot of documents into that investigation.

Speaker 2 And those have, many of those have now been made public. And you can download those reports.
And there's like 2,000 pages worth of material on that.

Speaker 2 And that's essentially the Facebook version of the Twitter files just arrived at with a different mechanism.

Speaker 2 And then third is Mark himself talking about this on Rogan. So I'll just defer to his comments there.

Speaker 2 But yeah, basically what those three forms of information show you is basically the government, over time and then culminating in 2020, 2021, in the last four years, just decided that the First Amendment didn't apply to them.

Speaker 2 And they just decided that federal laws around free speech and around conspiracies to take away the rights of citizens just don't apply.

Speaker 2 And they just decided that they can just arbitrarily pressure,

Speaker 2 just like literally arbitrarily call up companies and threaten and bully and yell and scream and threaten repercussions and force people to force them to censor.

Speaker 2 And, you know, there's this whole thing of like, well, the First Amendment only applies to, you know, the government. It doesn't apply to companies.

Speaker 2 It's like, well, there's actually a little bit of nuance to that. First of all, it definitely applies to the government.

Speaker 2 Like 100%, the First Amendment applies to the government. By the way, so does the Fourth Amendment and the Fifth Amendment, including the right to due process, also applies to the government.

Speaker 2 There was no due process at all to any of the censorship regime that was put in place. There was no due process put in place, by the way, for debanking either.

Speaker 2 Those are just as serious violations as the free speech violations. And so this is just like flagrant, flagrant unconstitutional behavior.
And then there are specific federal statutes.

Speaker 2 It's 18241 and 18242.

Speaker 2 And one of them applies to federal employees, government employees, and the other one applies to private actors

Speaker 2 around what's called deprivation of rights and conspiracy to deprive rights.

Speaker 2 And it is not legal, according to the United States Criminal Code, for government employees or in a conspiracy, private entities to take away constitutional rights.

Speaker 2 And interestingly, Some of those constitutional rights are enumerated, for example, in the First Amendment, freedom of speech. And then some of those rights actually do not need to be enumerated.

Speaker 2 If the government takes away rights that you have, they don't need to be specifically enumerated rights in the Constitution in order to still be a felony.

Speaker 2 The Constitution does not very specifically does not say you only have the rights that it gives you. It says you have all the rights that have not been previously defined as being taken away from you.

Speaker 2 Right. And so debanking qualifies as a right, you know, right to access to the financial system is every bit something that's subject to these laws as free speech.

Speaker 2 And so, yeah, this has happened. And then I'll just add one final thing, which is we've talked about two parties so far.

Speaker 2 We've talked about the government employees, and then we've talked about the companies. The government employees, for sure, have misbehaved.

Speaker 2 The companies, there's a very interesting question there as to whether they are victims or perpetrators or both.

Speaker 2 They will defend and they will argue, and I believe they have a good case that they are victims, not perpetrators, right? They are the downstream subjects of pressure,

Speaker 2 not the cause of pressure. But there's a big swath of people who are in the middle, and specifically the ones that are funded by the government that I think are in possibly pretty big trouble.

Speaker 2 And that's all of these third-party censorship bureaus.

Speaker 2 I mean, the one that is sort of the most obvious is the so-called Stanford Internet Observatory that got booted up there over the last several years.

Speaker 2 And they basically were funded by the federal government to be third-party censorship operations. And they're private sector actors, but acting with federal funding.

Speaker 2 And so it puts them in this very interesting spot where there could be a very obvious theory under which they're basically acting as agents of the government.

Speaker 2 And so I think they're also very exposed on this and have behaved in just flagrantly illegal ways.

Speaker 1 So fundamentally, fundamentally, government should not do any kind of pressure, even soft pressure, on companies to censor.

Speaker 2 Can't.

Speaker 2 Not allowed.

Speaker 1 It really is disturbing. I mean, it probably started soft,

Speaker 1 lightly, slowly, and then it escalates as the old will to power will instruct them to do.

Speaker 1 Because you get, you get, I mean, yeah, that's why, that's why there's protection because you can't put a check on power for government, right?

Speaker 2 There are so many ways that they can get you. Like, there are so many ways they can come at you and get you.

Speaker 2 And, you know, the thing here to think about is a lot of times when people think about government action, they think about legislation, right? Because you, so

Speaker 2 when I was a kid, we got trained at how does government work? There was this famous animated short

Speaker 2 thing we got shown. It was just a cartoon of how a bill becomes a law.
It's like this, you know, fancy little bill sneaked along and goes to this. I'm just a bill.
Yeah. Exactly.

Speaker 2 Like, it's like, all right, number one, that's not how it works at all. Like, that, that doesn't actually happen.
We can talk about that.

Speaker 2 But even beyond that, mostly what we're dealing with is not legislation. When we talk about government power these days, mostly it's not legislation.

Speaker 2 Mostly it's either regulation, which is basically the equivalent of legislation, but having not gone through the legislative process, which is a very big open legal issue and one of the things that the Doge is very focused on.

Speaker 2 Most government rules are not legislated. They're regulated.

Speaker 2 And there's tons and tons of regulations that these companies are.

Speaker 2 This is another cliche you'll hear a lot, which is, oh, private companies can do whatever they want. It's like, oh, no, they can't.

Speaker 2 They're subject to tens of thousands of regulations that they have to comply with. And the hammer that comes down when you don't comply with regulations is profound.

Speaker 2 Like they can completely wreck your company with no ability for you to do anything about it.

Speaker 2 So regulation is a big part of the way the power gets exercised. And then there's what's called just flat out administrative power, the term that you'll hear.

Speaker 2 And administrative power is just literally the government telling you, calling you and telling you what to do. Here's an example of how this works.

Speaker 2 So Facebook had this whole program a few years back to do a global cryptocurrency for payments called Libra.

Speaker 2 And they built the entire system and it was this high scale, you know, sort of new cryptocurrency and they were going to to build in every product and there were going to be three billion people who could transact with Libra and they went to the government and they went to all these different try to figure out how to make it so it's like fully compliant with anti-money laundering and all these controls and everything.

Speaker 2 And they had the whole thing ready to go. Two senators wrote letters to the big banks saying, we're not telling you that you can't work with Facebook on this, but if you do,

Speaker 2 you should know that every aspect of your business is going to come under greatly increased level of regulatory scrutiny, which is, of course, the exact equivalent of it sure is a nice corner restaurant you have here.

Speaker 2 It would be a shame if somebody tossed a Molotov cocktail through the window and burned it down tonight. And so that letter, like, what is that letter? Like, it's not a law.

Speaker 2 It's not even a regulation. It's just like straight direct state power.

Speaker 2 And then it culminates in literally calls from the White House where they're just like flat out telling you what to do, which is, of course, what a king gets to do, but not what a president gets to do.

Speaker 2 And so anyway, so this bait, so what these companies experienced was they experienced the full panoply of this, but

Speaker 2 it was the level of intensity was in that order. It was actually legislation was the least important part.
Regulation was more important. Administrative power was more important.

Speaker 2 And then just like flat-out demands and flat out threats were ultimately the most important.

Speaker 2 How do you fix it? Well, first of all, like you have to elect people who don't do it.

Speaker 2 So like, as with all these things, ultimately the fault lies with the voters.

Speaker 2 And so, you know, you have to decide you don't want to live in that regime. I have no idea what part of this recent election mapped to the censorship regime.

Speaker 2 I do know a lot of people on the right got very angry about the censorship, but, you know, I think it probably at least helped with enthusiasm on that side.

Speaker 2 Maybe some people on the left will now not want their Democratic nominees to be so pro-censorship.

Speaker 2 So the voters definitely get a vote. Number one, number two, I think you need transparency.
You need to know what happened. We know some of what happened.

Speaker 2 Peter Thiel has written in the FT just now saying we just need like broad, after what we've been through in the last decade, we need broad-based truth and reconciliation efforts to really get to the root of things.

Speaker 2 So maybe that's part of it. We need investigations for sure.

Speaker 2 Ultimately, we need prosecutions. Like, we need ultimately, we need people to go to jail because we need to set object lessons that say that you don't get to do this.

Speaker 2 And on those last two, I would say that those are both up to the new administration.

Speaker 2 And I don't want to speak for them, and I don't want to predict what they're going to do, but they have, they for sure have the ability to do both of those things. And

Speaker 2 we'll see where they take it.

Speaker 1 Yeah, it's truly disturbing. I don't think anybody wants this kind of overreach of power for government, including perhaps people that were participating in it.

Speaker 1 It's like this dark momentum of power that you just get caught up in it. And that's the reason there's that kind of protection.
Nobody wants that.

Speaker 2 So I use the metaphor of the ring of power. And for people who don't catch the reference, that's Lord of the Rings.

Speaker 2 And the thing with the ring of power, Lord of the Rings, it's the ring that Gollum has in the beginning and it turns you invisible. And it turns out it like unlocks all this like fearsome power.

Speaker 2 It's the most powerful thing in the world. It's the key to everything.

Speaker 2 And basically the moral lesson of Lord of the Rings, which was, you know, written by a guy who thought very deeply about these things, is, yeah, the ring of power is inherently corrupting.

Speaker 2 The characters at one point, they're like, Gandalf, just put on the ring and like fix this. Right.
And he's like,

Speaker 2 he will not put the ring on, even to like end the war,

Speaker 2 because he knows that it will corrupt him. And then, you know, the character, as it starts, the character of Gollum is the result of, you know,

Speaker 2 like a normal character who ultimately becomes, you know, this incredibly corrupt and deranged version of himself.

Speaker 2 And so, I mean, I think you, I think you said something actually quite profound there, which is the ring of power is infinitely tempting. You know, the censorship machine is infinitely tempting.

Speaker 2 If you, if you have it, like you are going to use it. It's overwhelmingly tempting because it's so powerful and that it will corrupt you.

Speaker 2 And yeah, I don't know whether any of these people feel any of this today.

Speaker 2 They should. I don't know if they do.

Speaker 2 But yeah, you go out five or 10 years later, you know, you would hope that you would realize that your soul has been corroded.

Speaker 2 And you probably started out thinking that you were a patriot and you were trying to defend democracy and you ended up being, you know, extremely authoritarian and anti-democratic and anti-Western.

Speaker 1 Can I ask you a tough question here?

Speaker 1 Staying on the ring of power, Elon is quickly becoming the most powerful human on earth.

Speaker 2 I'm not sure about that.

Speaker 1 You don't think he is?

Speaker 2 Well, he doesn't have the nukes.

Speaker 1 Nukes.

Speaker 1 Yeah, there's different definitions and perspectives on power, right?

Speaker 1 How can he and or Donald Trump

Speaker 1 avoid the corrupting aspects of this power?

Speaker 2 I mean, I think the danger is there with power. It's just, it's flat out there.

Speaker 2 I would say with Elon, I mean, we'll, you know, we'll see. I would say with Elon, and I would say, by the way, overwhelmingly, I would say, so far, so good.

Speaker 2 I'm extremely, extremely thrilled by what he's done on almost every front

Speaker 2 for like, you know, the last 30 years,

Speaker 2 but including all this stuff recently. Like, I think he's been a real hero on a lot of topics where we needed to see heroism.

Speaker 2 But look, I would say, I guess the sort of case that he has this level of power is some combination of the money and

Speaker 2 the proximity to the president. And obviously, both of those are

Speaker 2 instruments of power. The counterargument to that is, I do think a lot of how Elon is causing change in the world right now.

Speaker 2 I mean, there's the companies he's running directly where I think he's doing very well. And we're investors in multiple of them and doing very well.

Speaker 2 But I think like a lot of the stuff that gets people mad at him is like, it's the social and political stuff. And it's, you know, it's his statements.

Speaker 2 And then it's the downstream effects of his statements.

Speaker 2 So like, for example, it's, you know, for the last couple of weeks, it's been him, you know, kind of weighing in on this rape gang scandal, you know, this rape, organized child rape thing in the UK.

Speaker 2 and you know it's it's you know it's it's actually a it's a preface cascade it's one of these things where people knew there was a problem they weren't willing to talk about it it kind of got suppressed um and then um elon brought it up and then all of a sudden there's now in the uk this like massive explosion of basically open conversation about it for the first time and you know it's like this catalyzing all of a sudden everybody's kind of woken up and being like oh my god you know this is really bad and and and there will be now you know i'm pretty sure pretty pretty clearly big changes as a result so and elon was you know he played the role of the boy who said the emperor has no clothes clothes, right?

Speaker 2 But, but, but here's the thing, here's my point. Like, he said it about something that was true, right? And so had he said it about something that was false, you know, he would get no credit for it.

Speaker 2 He wouldn't deserve any credit for it. But he said something that was true.
And by the way, everybody over there instantly, they were like, oh, yeah, he's right. Right.

Speaker 2 Like, nobody, like, nobody seriously said. They're just arguing the details now.
So, so number one, it's like, okay, he says true things.

Speaker 2 And so it's like, okay, how far Let me put it this way, like, how worried are we about somebody becoming corrupt by virtue of their power being that they get to speak the truth?

Speaker 2 And I guess I would say, especially in the last decade of what we've been through, where everybody's been lying all the time about everything, I'd say I think we should run this experiment as hard as we can to get people to tell the truth.

Speaker 2 And so I don't feel that bad about that. And then the money side, you know, this rapidly gets into the money and politics question.

Speaker 2 And the money in politics question is this very interesting question because

Speaker 2 it seems like there's a clear-cut case that the more money in politics, the worse things are, and the more corrupted the system is.

Speaker 2 That was a very popular topic of public conversation up until 2016 when Hillary outspent Trump three to one and lost.

Speaker 2 You'll notice that money in politics has almost vanished as a topic in the last eight years.

Speaker 2 And once again, Trump spent far, you know, Kamala raised and spent $1.5 billion on top of what Biden had spent. So they were at, I don't know, something like $3 billion total.

Speaker 2 And Trump, I think, spent, again, like a third or a fourth of that.

Speaker 2 And so the money in politics kind of topic has kind of vanished from the popular conversation the last eight years. It has come back a little bit now that Elon is spending.

Speaker 2 You know, but again, like, it's like, okay, he's spending, but the data would seem to indicate in the last, at least the last eight years, that money doesn't win the political battles.

Speaker 2 It's actually like the voters actually have a voice and they actually exercise it and they don't just listen to ads.

Speaker 2 And so, again, there, I would say, like, yeah, clearly there's some power there, but I don't know if it's, like, I don't know if it's some like, I don't know if it's some weapon that he can just like turn on and use in a definitive way.

Speaker 1 And I don't know if there's parallels there, but I could also say just on a human level, he has a good heart. And I interact with a lot of powerful people.
And that's not always the case.

Speaker 1 So that's a good thing there.

Speaker 1 If we can draw parallels to the Hobbit or whatever,

Speaker 1 who gets to put on the ring?

Speaker 2 Frodo.

Speaker 1 Frodo, yeah.

Speaker 2 Yeah, I mean, maybe one of the lessons of Lord of the Rings, right, is even Frodo would have been, you know, even Frodo would have been corrupted, right?

Speaker 2 But, you know, nevertheless, you had somebody who could do what it took at the time.

Speaker 2 The thing that I find just so amazing about the Elon phenomenon and all the critiques is the one thing that everybody in our societies universally universally agrees on because of our sort of our post-Christian egalitarian.

Speaker 2 So, you know, we live in sort of this post-secularized Christian context in the West now.

Speaker 2 And it's, you know, we, you know, we've, we consider Christianity kind of, you know, backwards, but we still believe essentially all the same things. We just dress them up in sort of fake science.

Speaker 2 So the one thing that we're all told, we're all taught from early, is that the best people in the world are the people who care about all of humanity, right?

Speaker 2 And we venerate, you know, all of our figures are people who care about all of, you know, Jesus cared about all of of humanity. Gandhi cared about all of humanity.

Speaker 2 Martin Luther King cared about all of humanity. Like this universe, the person who cares the most about everybody.

Speaker 2 And with Elon, you have a guy who literally,

Speaker 2 he talks about this constantly and he talks about exactly the same in private.

Speaker 2 He's literally, he is operating on behalf of all of humanity to try to get us to, you know, he goes through to get us through multi-planetary civilization so that we can survive a strike on any one planet, so that we can extend the light of human consciousness into the world and, you know, into the universe and have it persist, you know, and the good of the whole thing.

Speaker 2 And like literally, the critique is, yeah, we want you to to care about all of humanity, but not like that.

Speaker 1 Yeah. All the critics, all the

Speaker 1 surface turmoil of the critics will be forgotten.

Speaker 2 Yeah, I think that's, yeah, that's clear.

Speaker 1 You said that we always end up being ruled by the elites of some kind. Can you explain this law, this idea?

Speaker 2 So this comes from a Italian political philosopher from about 100 years ago named Robert. I'm going to mangle the, let you pronounce the Italian, Michelle's

Speaker 2 or Michael's.

Speaker 2 And then it was, I learned about it through a famous book on politics, probably the best book on politics written in the 20th century called The Machiavellians by this guy, James Burnham, who has had a big impact on me.

Speaker 2 But in the Machiavellians, he resurrects what he calls this sort of Italian realist school of political philosophy from the 10s and 20s.

Speaker 2 And these were people, to be clear, this was not like a Mussolini thing. These were people who were trying to understand the actual mechanics of how politics actually works.

Speaker 2 So to get to the actual sort of mechanical substance of like how the political machine operates. And

Speaker 2 this guy Michelle's had this concept he ended up with called the iron law of oligarchy.

Speaker 2 And so what the iron law of oligarchy, and I mean take a step back to say what he meant by oligarchy because it has multiple meanings.

Speaker 2 So basically in classic political theory, there's basically three forms of government at core. There's democracy, which is rule of many.
There's oligarchy, which is rule of the few.

Speaker 2 And there's monarchy, which is rule of the one. And you can just use that as a general framework of any government you're going to be under is going to be one of those.

Speaker 2 Just a mechanical observation without even saying which one's good or bad, just a structural observation.

Speaker 2 And so the question that Michelle's asked was, like, is there such a thing as democracy? Like, is there actually such a thing as democracy? Is there ever actually like direct, direct government?

Speaker 2 And what he did was he mounted this sort of incredible historical exploration of whether democracies had ever existed in the world. And the answer basically is almost never.

Speaker 2 And we could talk about that.

Speaker 2 But the other thing he did was he sought out the most democratic private organization in the world that he could find at that point, which he concluded was was some basically communist German auto workers union that was like wholly devoted to the workers of the world uniting, you know, back when that was like the hot thing.

Speaker 2 And he went in there and he's like, okay, this is the organization out of all organizations on planet Earth that must be operating as a direct democracy.

Speaker 2 And he went in there and he's like, oh, nope, there's a leadership class. You know, there's like six guys at the top and they control everything.

Speaker 2 And then they lead the rest of the membership along, you know, by the nose, which is, of course, the story of every union.

Speaker 2 The story of every union is always the story of, you know, there's a Jimmy Hoffa in there, you know, kind of running the thing. You know, we just saw that with the dock workers' union, right?

Speaker 2 Like, you know, there's a guy

Speaker 2 and he's in charge. And by the way, the number two is his son, right? Like, that's not like an accident, right? So the Iron Law of Oligarchy basically says democracy is fake.

Speaker 2 There's always a ruling class. There's always a ruling elite structurally.
And he said the reason for that is because the masses can't organize.

Speaker 2 What's the fundamental problem? Whether the masses, 25,000 people in a union or 250 million people in a country, the masses can't organize. The majority cannot organize.
Only a minority can organize.

Speaker 2 And to be effective in politics, you must organize. And therefore, every political structure in human history has been some form of a small organized elite ruling a large and dispersed majority.

Speaker 2 Every single one.

Speaker 2 The Greeks and the Florentines had brief experiments in direct democracy, and they were total disasters.

Speaker 2 In Florence, I forget the name of it. It was called like the Workers' Revolt or something like that.

Speaker 2 There was like a two-year period where they basically experimented with direct democracy during the Renaissance, and it was a complete disaster. And they never tried it again.

Speaker 2 In the state of California, we have our own experiment on this, which is the proposition system, which is an overlay on top of the legislature.

Speaker 2 And anybody who looks at it for two seconds concludes it's been a complete disaster. It's just a catastrophe.
And it's caused enormous damage to the state. And so basically,

Speaker 2 basically the presumption that we are in a democracy is just sort of by definition fake. Now, Good news for the U.S., it turns out the founders understood this.

Speaker 2 And so, of course, they didn't give us a direct democracy. They gave us a representative democracy, right?

Speaker 2 And so, they built the oligarchy into the system in the form of Congress and the executive branch and the judicial branch.

Speaker 2 But so, anyway, so as a consequence, democracy is always and everywhere fake. There is always a ruling elite.

Speaker 2 And basically,

Speaker 2 the lesson of the Machiavellians is you can deny that if you want, but you're fooling yourself.

Speaker 2 The way to actually think about how to make a system work and maintain any sort of shred of freedom is to actually understand that that is actually what's happening.

Speaker 1 And lucky for us, the founders saw this and

Speaker 1 figured out a way to given that there's going to be a ruling elite how to create a balance of power

Speaker 2 among that elite yes so it doesn't get out of hand and it was very clever right and you know some of this was based on earlier experiments some of this by the way you know they were these these were very very smart people right and so they they knew tremendous amounts of like greek and roman history they knew the renaissance history you know they the federalist papers they argued this at great length you can read it all um you know they they they they ran like a one of the best seminars in world history trying to figure this out um and they went through all this And yeah, and so they thought through it very carefully.

Speaker 2 But just to give you an example, which continues to be a hot topic. So, you know, one way they did it is through the three branches of government, right? Executive, legislative, and judicial,

Speaker 2 sort of balance of powers. But the other way they did it was they sort of echoing what had been done earlier, I think in the UK Parliament,

Speaker 2 they created the two different bodies of the legislature.

Speaker 2 And so the, you know, the House and the Senate. And as you know, the House is apportioned on the basis of population and the Senate is not.

Speaker 2 The small states have just as many senators as the big states.

Speaker 2 And then they made the deliberate decision to have the House get re-elected every two years to make it very responsive to the will of the people.

Speaker 2 And they made the decision to have the Senate get re-elected every six years so that it had more buffer from the passions of the moment.

Speaker 2 But what's interesting is they didn't choose one or the other, right? They did them both. And then to get legislation passed, you have to get through both of them.

Speaker 2 And so they built in like a second layer of checks and balances. And then

Speaker 2 there's a thousand observations we could make about like how well the system is working today and like how much does it live up to the ideal and how much are we actually complying with the Constitution.

Speaker 2 And there's lots of, you know, there's lots of open questions there. But, you know, this system has survived for coming on 250 years with a country that has been spectacularly successful.

Speaker 2 But I don't think at least, you know, I don't think any of us would trade this system for any other one. And so it's, yeah, one of the great all-time achievements.

Speaker 1 Yeah, it's incredible. And we should say they were all pretty young relative to our current set of leaders.

Speaker 2 Many in their 20s at the time. And like super geniuses.

Speaker 2 This is one of those things where it's just like, all right, something happened where there was a group of people where, you know, nobody ever tested their IQs, but like, these are Einsteins of politics.

Speaker 2 Yeah. An amazing thing.
But anyway, I just go through all that, which is they were very keen students of the actual mechanical practice of democracy, not fixated on what was desirable.

Speaker 2 They were incredibly focused on what would actually work, which is, you know, I think the way to think about these things.

Speaker 1 They were engineers of sort, not the fuzzy humanity students of sort.

Speaker 2 They were shape rotators, not word cells.

Speaker 1 I remember that. Wow.
That meme came and went. I think you were centered to to that.
You're centered to a lot of memes.

Speaker 1 I was. You're the meme dealer and the meme popularizer.

Speaker 2 That meme I get some credit for, and then the current thing is the other one I get some credit for. I don't know that I invented either one, but

Speaker 2 I popularized them.

Speaker 1 Take credit and run with it. Thanks.

Speaker 1 If we can just linger on the Mike Valiance,

Speaker 1 it's a study of power and power dynamics. Like you mentioned, looking at the actual reality of the machinery of power.

Speaker 1 From everything you've seen now in government, but also in companies, what are some interesting things you can sort of continue to say about the dynamics of power, the jostling for power that happens inside these institutions?

Speaker 2 Yeah, so a lot of it, you know, we already talked about this a bit with the universities, which is you can apply a Machiavellian style lens to the, it's why I posed the question to you that I did, which is, okay, who runs the university?

Speaker 2 The trustees, the administration, the students or the faculty? And, you know, the answer, the true answer is some combination of the three or of the four, plus the donors.

Speaker 2 By the way, plus the government, plus the press, et cetera. And so

Speaker 2 there's a mechanical interpretation of that. I mean, companies operate under the exact same set of questions.
Who runs a company?

Speaker 2 The CEO, but like the CEO runs the company basically up to the day that either the shareholders or the management team revolt.

Speaker 2 If the shareholders revolt, it's very hard for the CEO to stay in the seat. If the management team revolts, it's very hard for the CEO to stay in the seat.

Speaker 2 By the way, if the employees revolt, it's also hard to stay in the seat. By the way, if the New York Times comes at you, it's also very hard to stay in the seat.

Speaker 2 If the Senate comes at you, it's very hard to stay in the seat. So, you know, like

Speaker 2 a reductionist version of this that is a good shorthand is who can get who fired.

Speaker 2 You know, so, so, who has more power? You know, the newspaper columnist who makes, you know, $200,000 a year, or the CEO who makes, you know, $200 million a year.

Speaker 2 And it's like, well, I know for sure that the columnist can get the CEO fired. I've seen that happen before.
I have yet to see a CEO get a columnist fired.

Speaker 1 Did anyone ever get fired from the Bill Ackman assault on journalism?

Speaker 1 So Bill really showed the bullshit that happens in journalism.

Speaker 2 No, because what happens is they wear it with a badge.

Speaker 2 And I would say to their credit, they wear it as a badge of honor. And then to their shame, they wear it as a badge of honor, right?

Speaker 2 Which is if, you know, if they're doing the right thing, then they are justifiably priding themselves for standing up under pressure. But it also means that they can't respond to legitimate criticism.

Speaker 2 And, you know, they're obviously terrible at that now.

Speaker 2 As I recall, he went straight to the CEO of Ashel Springer that owns Insider.

Speaker 2 And I, you know, and I happen to know the CEO, and I think he's quite a good CEO, but like, I like, well, it's a good example. It was the CEO of Axel Springer run his own company.
Right.

Speaker 2 Like, well, there's a fascinating, okay, so there's a fascinating thing playing out right now.

Speaker 2 Not to dwell on these fires, but it's a case. You see, the pressure reveals things, right?

Speaker 2 And so if you've been watching what's happening with the LA Times recently, so this guy, biotech entrepreneur, buys the LA Times, like whatever, eight years ago.

Speaker 2 It is just like the most radical social revolutionary thing you can possibly imagine. It endorses every crazy left-wing radical.
You can imagine it endorses Karen Bass, it endorses Gavin Newsom.

Speaker 2 It's just like a litany of all the people who are currently burning the city to the ground. It's just like endorsed every single bad person, every step of the way.
He's owned it the entire time.

Speaker 2 You know, he put his foot down right before, for the first time, I think, put his foot down right before the November election and said, we're not.

Speaker 2 We're getting, he said, we're going to get out of this thing where we just always endorsed a Democrat. And we said, we're not endorsing.
I think he said, we're not endorsing for the presidency.

Speaker 2 And like the paper flipped out, right?

Speaker 2 It's like our billionaire backer who's, and I i don't know what he spends but like he must be burning 50 or 100 million dollars a year out of his pocket to keep this thing running he paid 500 million for it which is amazing uh back when people still thought these things were businesses um and then he's probably burned another 500 million over the last decade keeping it running and he burns probably another 50 or 100 million a year to do this and the journalists at the a times hate him with the fury of a thousand sons like they just like absolutely freaking despise him and they have been like attacking him and you know the ones that can get jobs elsewhere quit and do it.

Speaker 2 And the rest just stay and say the worst, you know, most horrible things about him. And they want to constantly run these stories attacking him.

Speaker 2 And so he has had this reaction that a lot of people in LA are having right now to this fire and to this just like incredibly vivid collapse of leadership.

Speaker 2 And all these people that he at his paper had endorsed are just disasters.

Speaker 2 And he's on this tour. He's basically just, he's decided, he's.
He's decided to be the boy who says the emperor has no clothes, but he's doing it to his own newspaper. Very smart guy.

Speaker 2 He's on a press tour. And he's basically saying, yeah, yes, we did all that and we endorsed all these people and it was a huge mistake and we're going to completely change.

Speaker 2 And his paper is, you know, in a complete internal revolt.

Speaker 2 But I go through it, which is, okay, now we have a very interesting question, which is who runs the LA Times.

Speaker 2 Because for the last eight years, it hasn't been him.

Speaker 2 It's been the reporters.

Speaker 2 Now, for the first time, the owner is showing up saying, oh, no, I'm actually in charge. And the reporters are saying, no, you're not.
And like,

Speaker 2 it is freaking on. And so, again, if the Machiavellian's mindset on this is like, okay, how is power actually exercised here?

Speaker 2 Can a guy who's like even super rich and super powerful, who even owns his own newspaper, can he stand up to a full-scale assault, not only by his own reporters, but by every other journalism outlet who also now thinks he's the Antichrist?

Speaker 1 And he is trying to exercise power by speaking out publicly. And so that's the game of power there.
And firing people.

Speaker 2 And, you know, he has removed people and he has set new rules. I mean,

Speaker 2 he is now, I think, at long, I think he's saying, he's now at long last actually exercising prerogatives of an owner of a business, which is decide on the policies and staffing of the business.

Speaker 2 There are certain other owners of these publications that are doing similar things right now. Um, he's the one I don't know, so he's the one I can talk about.

Speaker 2 Um, but there are others that are going through this same thing right now. Um, and I think it's a really interesting, open question.

Speaker 2 Like, you know, in a fight between the employees and the employer, like it's not crystal clear that the employer wins that one.

Speaker 1 And just to stay on journalism for a second, we mentioned Bill Ackman. I just want to say, put him in the category we mentioned before of a really courageous person.

Speaker 1 I don't think I've ever seen anybody so fearless

Speaker 1 in going after,

Speaker 1 you know, in following what he believes in publicly. That's courage.
That, that, that,

Speaker 1 several things he's done publicly has been really inspiring, just being courageous.

Speaker 2 What do you think is like the most impressive example?

Speaker 1 Where he went after a journalist whose whole incentive is to, like,

Speaker 1 I mean, it's uh, it's like sticking your, like, kicking the beehive or whatever. You know what's going to follow.

Speaker 1 And to do that, I mean, that's why it's difficult to challenge journalistic organizations because they're going to, you know, there's just so many mechanisms they use, including like writing articles and get cited by Wikipedia, then drive the narrative, and then they can get you fired, all this kind of stuff.

Speaker 1 Bill Ackman, like a bad MFer,

Speaker 1 just, just tweets these essays and just goes after them

Speaker 1 legally and also in the public eye. And just, i i don't know that was truly inspiring there's not many people like that out

Speaker 1 uh in public and i hopefully that inspires not just me but many others to be like to be courageous themselves did you know of him before he started doing this in public I knew of Neri, his wife, who's this brilliant researcher and scientist.

Speaker 1 And so I admire her, look up to her. I think she's amazing.

Speaker 2 Well, the reason I ask if you knew about Bill is because a lot of people had not heard of him before, especially like before October 7th and before some of the campaigns he's been running since in public, but with Harvard and so forth.

Speaker 2 But

Speaker 2 he was very well known in the investment world before that.

Speaker 2 So he was a famous, he's still called activist investor for, you know, very, very successful and very widely respected for probably 30 years before

Speaker 2 now. And I bring that up because it turns out they weren't, for the most part, battles that happened in kind of full public view.
They weren't national stories.

Speaker 2 But in the business and investing world,

Speaker 2 the activist investor is a very, it's like in the movie Taken, it's a very specific set of skills

Speaker 2 on how to really take control of situations and how to wreck the people who you're going up against.

Speaker 2 And

Speaker 2 just, and there's a lot, there's been controversy over the years on this topic, and there's too much detail to go into, but the defense of activist investing, which I think is valid, is, you know, these are the guys who basically go in and take stakes in companies that are being poorly managed or underoptimized.

Speaker 2 And

Speaker 2 then generally, what that means is, at least the theory is, that means the existing management has become entrenched and lazy, mediocre, you know, whatever, not responding to the needs of the shareholders, often not responding to the customers.

Speaker 2 And the activists basically go in with a minority position and then they rally support among other investors who are not activists. And then they basically show up and they force change.

Speaker 2 But they are the aggressive version of this. And I've been on the, I've been involved in companies that have been on the receiving end of these

Speaker 2 where it is amazing how much somebody like that can exert pressure on situations even when they don't have formal control.

Speaker 2 So it's another, it would be another chess piece on the mechanical board board of kind of how power gets exercised.

Speaker 2 And basically what happens is the effective analysts, a large amount of the time, they end up taking, they end up taking over control of companies, even though they never own more than like 5% of the stock.

Speaker 2 And so anyway, so it turns out with Bill's, it's such a fascinating case because he has that like complete skill set.

Speaker 2 And he has now decided to bring it to bear in areas that are not just companies. And two interesting things for that.

Speaker 2 One is, you know, some of these places, you know, and some of these battles are still ongoing, but number one, like a lot of people who run universities or newspapers are not used to being up against against somebody like this.

Speaker 2 And by the way, also now with infinitely deep pockets and lots of experience in courtrooms and all the things that kind of go with that.

Speaker 2 But the other is, through example, he is teaching a lot of the rest of us the activist playbook like in real time.

Speaker 2 And so the Liam Neeson skill set is getting more broadly diffused just by being able to watch and learn from him. So

Speaker 2 I think he's having a, you know, I would put him up there with Elon in terms of somebody who's really affecting how all this is playing out.

Speaker 1 But even skill set aside, just courage.

Speaker 2 Yes.

Speaker 2 Including, by the way, courage to go outside of his his own zone yeah right um you know because like he has i'll give you an example like my firm venture capital firm we have lps there are things that i feel like i can't do or say because i feel like i would be bringing you know i would be bringing embarrassment or other consequences to our lps he has investors also where he worries about that um and so his so a couple things one is his willingness to go out a bit and risk his relationship with his own investors but i will tell you the other thing which is his investors have i know this for a fact his investors have been remarkably supportive of him doing that because as it turns out a a lot of them actually agree with him.

Speaker 2 Um, and so

Speaker 2 he's the same thing he does in his activism campaigns, he is able to be the tip of the spear on something that actually a lot more people agree with.

Speaker 1 Yeah, it turns out if you have truth behind you,

Speaker 1 it helps.

Speaker 2 And just again, our, you know, how I started is a lot of people are just fed up.

Speaker 1 You've been spending a bunch of time in Mar-a-Lago and Palm Beach helping the new administration in many ways, including interviewing people who might join. So,

Speaker 1 what's your general sense about the talent, about the people who are coming into the new administration?

Speaker 2 So, I should start by saying I'm not a member of the new administration.

Speaker 2 I'm not in the room when a lot of these people are being selected.

Speaker 1 I believe you said unpaid intern.

Speaker 2 I am an unpaid intern. So, I'm a volunteer and went helpful, but

Speaker 2 I'm not making the decisions, nor am I in a position to speak for the administration. So, I don't want to say anything that would cause people to think I'm doing that.

Speaker 2 It's a very unusual situation, right, where you had an incumbent president and then you had a four-year gap where he's out of office, and then you have him coming back, right?

Speaker 2 And as you'll you'll recall, there was a fair amount of controversy over the end of the first term.

Speaker 1 Oh, yeah.

Speaker 2 The fear, the specific concern was, you know, the first Trump administration, and they, you know, they, they will all say this is like they, they didn't come in with a team, right?

Speaker 2 So they, you know, they didn't come in with a team and most of the sort of institutional base of the Republican Party were Bush Republicans and they were, and many of them had become never Trumpers.

Speaker 2 And so they had a hard time putting the team together. And then, by the way, they had a hard time getting people confirmed.

Speaker 2 And so if you talk to the people who were there in the first term, it took them two to three years to kind of even get the government in place.

Speaker 2 And then they basically only had the government in place for, you know, for basically like 18 months and then COVID hit, you know, and then sort of the aftermath and everything and all the, all the drama and headlines and everything.

Speaker 2 And so the concern, you know, including from some very smart people in the last two years has been, boy, if Trump gets a second term, is he going to be able to get a team that is as good as the team he had last time or a team that is actually not as good?

Speaker 2 Because maybe people got burned out. Maybe they're more cynical now.
Maybe they're not willing to go through the drama.

Speaker 2 By the way, a lot of people in the first term came under like, you know, their own withering legal assaults. And, you know, some of them went to prison and

Speaker 2 a lot of stuff happened.

Speaker 2 Lots of investigations, lots of legal fees, lots of bad press.

Speaker 2 Lots of debanking, by the way. A lot of the officials in the first Trump term got debanked,

Speaker 2 including the president's wife and son.

Speaker 1 Yeah, I heard you tell that story. That's insane.
That's just insane.

Speaker 2 In the wake of the first term, yes. We now take out spouses and children with our ring of power.

Speaker 2 And so there was like this legitimate question as to like whether, okay, what will the team for the second term look like?

Speaker 2 And at least what I've seen and what you're seeing with the appointments is it looks much, much better.

Speaker 2 First of all, it just looks better than the first term.

Speaker 2 And not because the people in the first term were not necessarily good, but just you, you just have this like influx of like incredibly capable people that have shown up that want to be part of this.

Speaker 2 And you just didn't have that the first time. And so they're just drawing on a much deeper, richer talent pool than they had the first time.
And they're drawing on people who know what the game is.

Speaker 2 Like they're drawing on people now who know what is going to happen and they're still willing to do it.

Speaker 2 And so they're going to get, I think, you know, some of the best people from the first first term, but they're bringing in a lot of people who they couldn't get the first time around.

Speaker 2 And then second is there's a bunch of people, including people in the first term, where they're just 10 years older.

Speaker 2 And so they went through the first term and they just learned how everything works.

Speaker 2 Or they're young people who just had a different point of view and now they're 10 years older and they're ready to go serve in government.

Speaker 2 And so there's a generational shift happening. And actually, one of the interesting things about the team that's forming up is it's remarkably young.

Speaker 2 Some of the cabinet members and then many of the second and third level people are like in their 30s and 40s, you know, which is a big change from the gerontocracy that, you know, we've been under for the last 30 years.

Speaker 2 And so I think the caliber has been outstanding.

Speaker 2 You know, and we could sit here and list tons and tons of people, but like, you know, the people who are running, you know, it's everything from the people who are running all the different departments at HHS.

Speaker 2 It's the people running, you know, the number two at the Pentagon is Steve Feinberg, who's just like an incredible legend of private equity, incredible, capable guy.

Speaker 2 We've got two, actually, two of my partners are going in who I both think are amazing. Yeah, like many, many parts of the government, the people are like really impressive.

Speaker 1 Well, I think one of the concerns is

Speaker 1 actually that

Speaker 1 given the human being of Donald Trump, that there would be more tendency towards, let's say, favoritism versus meritocracy, that there's kind of circles of sycophancy that form. And if you're

Speaker 1 able to

Speaker 1 be loyal

Speaker 1 and never oppose and just be basically suck up to the president that you'll get a position. So, that's one of the concerns.

Speaker 1 And I think you're in a good position to speak to the degree that's happening versus

Speaker 1 hiring based on merit and just getting great teams.

Speaker 2 Yeah. So, look, I just start by saying any leader at that level,

Speaker 2 by the way, any CEO, there's always some risk of that, right? So, there's always some, you know, it's just like a natural reality warps around powerful leaders.

Speaker 2 And so, there's always some risk to that. Of course, the good and powerful leaders are, you know, very aware of that.
Trump, at this point in his life, I think, is highly aware of of that.

Speaker 2 At least in my interactions with him,

Speaker 2 he definitely seems very aware of that. So

Speaker 2 that's one thing.

Speaker 2 I would just say that I think the way to look at that, I mean, look, like I said, I don't want to predict what's going to happen once this whole thing starts unfolding, but I would just say that, again, the caliber of the people who are showing up and getting the jobs, and then the fact that these are some of the most accomplished people in the business world

Speaker 2 and in the medical field.

Speaker 2 I just, you know, Jay Batataria coming in to run NIH.

Speaker 2 So I was actually in the, I was actually, I was part of the interview team for a lot of the HHS folks. Nice.

Speaker 1 Jay is amazing. Oh, I was so, I was so happy to see that.

Speaker 2 So I literally got, this is a story.

Speaker 2 I got to the transition office for one of the days of the HHS interviews, and I was on one of the interviewing teams, and they gave us, I didn't know who the candidates were, and they gave us the sheet in the beginning.

Speaker 2 And I go down the sheet and I saw Jay's name. And I, like, I almost physically fell out of my chair.
Yeah.

Speaker 2 And I was just like,

Speaker 2 you know, and I happen to know Jay. I happen to know Jay and I like respect him enormously.

Speaker 2 And then he proved himself under this, like, talk about a guy who proved himself under extraordinary pressure over the last five years.

Speaker 1 And then go radical under the pressure. He maintained balance and thoughtfulness and depth.

Speaker 2 I mean, incredibly serious, very analytical, very applied. And

Speaker 2 yes, 100% tested under pressure, came out. Like the more people look back at what he said and did, and, you know, he's not, you know, none of us are perfect, but like overwhelmingly,

Speaker 2 like overwhelmingly insightful throughout that whole period. And, you know, we, you know, we would all be much better off today had he been in charge of the response.

Speaker 2 And so just like an incredibly capable guy. And look, and then he learned from all that, right? He, learned a lot in the last five years.

Speaker 2 And so the idea that somebody like that could be ahead of NIH as compared to the people we've had is just like breathtakingly. It's just a gigantic upgrade.

Speaker 2 And then Marty Macquarie coming in to run FDA, exact same thing. The guy coming to run a CDC, exact same thing.

Speaker 2 I mean, I've been spending time with Dr. Oz.
So, you know, I'm not like, as again, I'm not like, I'm not on these teams.

Speaker 2 I'm not in the room, but like I've been spending enough time trying to help that like his level of insight into the healthcare system is like, it's like astounding.

Speaker 2 and it comes from being a guy who's been like in the middle of the whole thing and been talking to people about this stuff and working on it and serving as a doctor himself and in medical systems for you know his entire life and is just like you know he's like a walking encyclopedia on these things and so and you know very dynamic you know very charismatic very smart organized effective um

Speaker 2 so you know to have somebody like that in there and so anyway they're just i have like 30 of these stories now across all these different um all these different positions and so i and then i just i'd be quite honest i did do the compare and contrast to the last four years and it's not even these people are not in the same ballpark.

Speaker 2 They're just like wildly better. Um, and so it, you know, the pound for pound is maybe the best team in the White House since, you know, I don't even know,

Speaker 2 maybe the 90s, maybe the

Speaker 2 maybe the 30s,

Speaker 2 maybe the 50s. You know, maybe Eisenhower had a team like this or something, but um, it, it's, it's, there's a lot of really good people in there now.

Speaker 1 Yeah, the potential for change is certainly extremely high. What can you speak to Doge?

Speaker 1 What's the most wildly successful next two years for Doge? Can you imagine maybe also? Can you think about the trajectory that's the most likely? And what kind of challenges would it be facing?

Speaker 2 Yeah, so I start by saying again, I'm not disclaimer, I have to disclaim, I'm not on Doge.

Speaker 2 I'm not a member of Doge.

Speaker 1 We should say there's about 10 lawyers in the room. They're staring.
No, I'm just kidding.

Speaker 2 Both the angels and the devils on my shoulder.

Speaker 2 Okay, so yeah, so I'm not speaking for Doge. I'm not in charge of Doge.

Speaker 2 Those guys are doing it. I'm not doing it.
But I am, you know, again, I'm volunteering to help as much as I can and I'm 100% supportive.

Speaker 2 Yeah. So look, I think the way to think about it, I mean, the basic outlines are in public, right? Which is it's a time-limited, you know, basically commission.

Speaker 2 It's not a formal government agency. It's a time-limited 18-month.

Speaker 2 In terms of implementation, it will advise the executive branch, right? And so the implementation will happen through the White House. And the president has total attitude on

Speaker 2 what he wants to implement.

Speaker 2 And then basically what I think about it is three kind of streams, you know, kind of target sets. And they're related but different.
So money, people, and regulations.

Speaker 2 And so, you know, the headline number, they've, you know, put us the $2 trillion number, and there's already disputes over that and whatever. And there's a whole question there.

Speaker 2 But then there's the people thing. And the people thing is interesting because you get into these very kind of fascinating questions.
And I've been doing this.

Speaker 2 I won't do this for you as a pop quiz, but I do this for people in government as a pop quiz and I can stump them every time, which is, A, how many federal agencies are there?

Speaker 2 And the answer is somewhere between 450 and 520, and nobody's quite sure. And then the other is how many people work for the federal government?

Speaker 2 And the answer is, you know, something on the order, I forget, but like 4 million full-time employees and maybe up to 20 million contractors, and nobody is quite sure.

Speaker 2 And so there's a large people component to this.

Speaker 2 And then, by the way, there's a related component to that, which is how many of them are actually in the office.

Speaker 2 And the answer is not many. Most of the federal buildings are still empty, right?

Speaker 2 And so, and then there's questions of like, are people, you know, working from home or are we actually working from home? So there's the people dimension.

Speaker 2 And of course, the money and the people are connected. And then there's the third, which is the regulation thing, right?

Speaker 2 And I described earlier how basically our system of government is much more now based on regulations than legislation, right? Most of the rules that we all live under are not.

Speaker 2 from a bill that went through Congress. They're from an agency that created a regulation.
That turns out to be very, very important.

Speaker 2 So one is Elon have already described, we want to do the Doge wants to do broad-based regulatory relief.

Speaker 2 And Trump has talked about this and basically get the government off people's backs and liberate the American people to be able to do things again.

Speaker 2 So, that's part of it.

Speaker 2 But there's also something else that's happened, which is very interesting, which was there were a set of Supreme Court decisions about two years ago that went directly after the idea that the executive branch can create regulatory agencies and issue regulations and enforce those regulations without corresponding congressional legislation.

Speaker 2 And most of the federal government that exists today,

Speaker 2 including most of the departments and most of the rules and most of the money and most of the people, most of it is not enforcing laws that Congress passed. Most of it is this regulation.

Speaker 2 And the Supreme Court basically said large parts, you know, large to maybe all of that regulation that did not directly result from a bill that went through Congress the way that the cartoon said that it should,

Speaker 2 that may not actually be legal. Now, the previous White House, of course, was super in favor of big government.
They had no desire to act. They did nothing based on this.

Speaker 2 They didn't pull anything back in. But the new regime, if they choose to, could say, look, the thing that we're doing here is not

Speaker 2 challenging the laws.

Speaker 2 We're actually complying with the Supreme Court decision that basically says we have to unwind a lot of this and we have to unwind the regulations, which are no longer legal, constitutional.

Speaker 2 We have to unwind the spend and we have to unwind the people.

Speaker 2 And that's how you get from basically you connect the thread from the regulation part back to the money part, back to the people part.

Speaker 2 They have work going on all three of these threads. They have, I would say, incredibly creative ideas on how to deal with this.

Speaker 2 I know lots of former government people who 100% of them are super cynical on this topic. And they're like, this is impossible.
This could never possibly work.

Speaker 2 And I'm like, well, I can't tell you what the secret plans are, but like.

Speaker 2 like blow my mind like and all three of those like they have ideas that are like really quite amazing as you'd expect from you know from the from the people involved and so um over the course of the next few months you know that'll start to become visible and then the final thing i would say is

Speaker 2 this is going to be very different than attempts like there have been other programs like this in the past.

Speaker 2 The Clinton Gore administration had one, and then there were others before that. Reagan had one.

Speaker 2 The difference is this time, they're social media.

Speaker 2 And so there has never been.

Speaker 2 It's interesting. One of the reasons people in Washington are so cynical is because they know all the bullshit.

Speaker 2 Like they know all the bad spending and all the bad rules and all the like, you know, I mean, look, we're adding a trillion dollars to the national debt every 100 days right now.

Speaker 2 And that's compounding and it's now passing the size of the Defense Department budget and it's compounding and it's pretty soon it's going to be adding a trillion dollars every 90 days and then it's going to be adding a trillion dollars every 80 days and then it's going to be a trillion dollars every 70 days.

Speaker 2 And then if this doesn't get fixed at some point, we enter a hyperinflationary spiral and we become Argentina or Brazil and

Speaker 2 kablooe, right? And so like everybody in DC knows that something has to be done. And then everybody in DC knows for a fact that it's impossible to do anything.

Speaker 2 Right. They know all the problems and they also know the sheer impossibility of fixing it.

Speaker 2 But I think what they're not taking into account, what the critics are not taking into account is these guys can do this in the full light of day and they can do it on social media.

Speaker 2 They can completely bypass the press. They can completely bypass the cynicism.
They can expose any element of unconstitutional or silly government spending.

Speaker 2 They can run victory laps every single day on what they're doing. They can bring the people into the process.

Speaker 2 And again, if you think about it, this goes back to our Machiavellian structure, which which is if you think about, again, you've got democracy, oligarchy, monarchy, rule of the many, rule of the few, rule of the one.

Speaker 2 You could think about what's happening here as a little bit of a sandwich, right? Which is you have, you have, we don't have a monarch, but we have a president, rule of the one with some power.

Speaker 2 And then we have the people who can't organize, but they can be informed and they can be aware and they can express themselves through voting and polling. Right.

Speaker 2 And so there's a sandwich happening right now is the way to think about it, which is you've got basically monarch, monarchy. If you've got rule of one combining with rule of

Speaker 2 right? And rule of many is they do get to vote, right?

Speaker 2 The people do get to vote, basically, and then essentially Congress as and this sort of permanent bureaucratic class in Washington as the oligarchy in the middle.

Speaker 2 And so the White House plus the people, I think, have the power to do all kinds of things here. And I think that would be the way I would watch it.

Speaker 1 The transparency. I mean, Elon just

Speaker 1 by who he is

Speaker 1 is incentivized to be transparent and show the bullshit in the system and to celebrate the victories. So it's going to be so exciting.

Speaker 1 I mean, honestly, it just makes government more exciting, which is a win for everybody.

Speaker 2 These people are spending our money. Yeah.

Speaker 2 These people have enormous contempt for the taxpayer. Okay, here's the thing you hear in Washington.
Here's one of the things. So the first thing you hear is this is impossible.

Speaker 2 They'll be able to do nothing. And then I walk them through this and they're like, they start to get, it starts to dawn on them that this is a new kind of thing.

Speaker 2 And then they're like, well, it doesn't matter because all the money is in entitlements and the debt and the military. And so like, yeah, you've got like this silly fake, whatever, you know,

Speaker 2 NPR funding or whatever. And like, it just, it's a rounding error and it doesn't matter.

Speaker 2 And you look it up in the budget and it's like, whatever, $500 million or $5 billion or it's there, or it's the, the, the, the, it's the charging stations that don't exist.

Speaker 2 It's the $40 billion of charging stations and they build eight charging stations, or it's the, it's the broadband internet plan that delivered broadband to nobody, right? And cost you $30 billion.

Speaker 2 Like, so these, these boondoggles. And what everybody in Washington says is the $30 billion is a rounding error on the federal budget.
It doesn't matter.

Speaker 2 Who cares if they, if they, if they make it go away? And of course, any taxpayer is like, what the?

Speaker 1 What do you mean?

Speaker 2 It's $30 billion.

Speaker 2 Yeah. Right.
And then the experts are like, and the press is in on this too. Then the experts are like, well, it doesn't matter because it's a rounding error.
No, no, it's $30 billion.

Speaker 2 And if you're this cavalier about $30 billion, imagine how cavalier you are about the $3 trillion.

Speaker 2 Okay.

Speaker 2 Then there's the, okay, $30 billion. Is $30 billion a lot of the federal budget and percentage? No, it's not.
But $30 billion divided by,

Speaker 2 do the math, $30 billion divided by, let's say, 300 million taxpayers right like what's that

Speaker 2 math expert 100 100 per taxpayer per year okay so a hundred dollars to an ordinary person working hard every day to make money and provide for their kids a hundred dollars is a meal out It's a trip to the amusement park.

Speaker 2 It's the ability to, you know, buy additional educational materials. It's the ability to have a babysitter, to be able to have a romantic relationship with your wife.

Speaker 2 It's, there's like 100 things that that person can do with $100 that they're not doing because it's going to some bullshit program that is being basically where the money is being looted out in the form of just like ridiculous ridiculousness and craft.

Speaker 2 And so the idea that that $30 billion program is not something that is like a very important thing to go after is just like the level of contempt for the taxpayer is just off the charts.

Speaker 2 And then that's just one of those programs. And there's like a hundred of those programs.
And they're all just like that. Like it's not like any of this stuff is running well.

Speaker 2 Like the one thing we know is that none of this stuff is running well. Like we know that for sure.
Right. And we like, we know these people aren't showing up to work.

Speaker 2 And like, we know that all this crazy stuff is happening, right?

Speaker 2 Um, and like, you know, the, the, the, do you remember Elon's story of the um, do you remember Elon's story of what got the Amish to turn out to vote in Pennsylvania?

Speaker 2 Oh, okay, so like, Pennsylvania, okay, so Pennsylvania is like a wonderful state, great history.

Speaker 2 It has these cities like Philadelphia that have descended, like other cities, into just like complete chaos, violence, madness, and death, right?

Speaker 2 And the federal government has just like let it happen in these incredibly violent places.

Speaker 2 And so, the Biden administration decided that the big pressing law enforcement thing that they needed to do in Pennsylvania was that they needed to start raiding Amish farms to prevent them from selling raw milk

Speaker 2 with armed raids.

Speaker 1 Right.

Speaker 2 And it turns out it really pissed off the Amish.

Speaker 2 And it turns out they weren't willing to drive to the polling places because they don't have cars. But if you came and got them, they would go and they would vote.

Speaker 2 And that's one of the reasons why Trump won. Anyway, so like the law enforcement agencies are off working on like crazy things.
Like the system's not working.

Speaker 2 And so you add up, pick $130 billion programs. All right, now you're okay, math major, 100 times 100.
$10,000. $10,000.
Okay, $10,000 per taxpayer per year.

Speaker 1 And but it's also not just about money. That's really, obviously money is a hugely important thing, but it's the cavalier attitude that then in sort of in the ripple effect of that,

Speaker 1 it makes it so nobody wants to work in government and be productive.

Speaker 1 It makes it so the corruption can, it breeds corruption, it breeds laziness, it breeds secrecy because you don't want to be transparent about having done nothing all year, all this kind of stuff.

Speaker 1 And you want to reverse that so that it would be exciting for the future to work in government

Speaker 1 because

Speaker 1 the amazing thing, if you're the steel man government, is you can do shit at scale. You have money and you can directly impact people's lives in a positive sense at scale.

Speaker 1 It's super exciting. As long as there's no bureaucracy that slows you down or not huge amounts of bureaucracy that slows you down significantly.

Speaker 2 So here's the term. This blew my mind because I was,

Speaker 2 you know, once you look into the, once you open the hellmouth of looking into the federal budget, you learn all kinds of things.

Speaker 2 So there is a term of art in government called impoundment.

Speaker 2 And so

Speaker 2 if you're like me, you've learned this the hard way when your car has been impounded. The government meaning of impoundment, the federal budget meaning is a different meaning.

Speaker 2 Impoundment is as follows. The Constitution requires Congress to authorize money to be spent by the executive branch, right?

Speaker 2 So the executive branch goes to congress says we need money x congress does their thing they come back and they say you can have money y the money is appropriated from congress the executive branch spends it on the military or whatever they spend it on or on roads to nowhere or charging stations to nowhere or whatever um the the the and what's in the constitution is the the congress appropriates the money um over the last 60 years, there has been an additional interpretation of appropriations applied by the courts and by the system, which is the executive branch not only needs Congress to appropriate X amount of money, the executive branch is not allowed to underspend.

Speaker 1 Yeah. I'm aware of this.
I'm aware of this.

Speaker 2 And so there's this thing that happens in Washington at the end of every fiscal year, which is September 30th, and it's the great budget flush.

Speaker 2 And any remaining money that's in the system that they don't know how to productively spend, they deliberately spend it unproductively. Yeah.

Speaker 2 To the tune of hundreds and hundreds of billions of dollars. A president that doesn't want to spend the money can't spend it.
Yeah. Like, okay, A, that's not what's in the Constitution.

Speaker 2 And there's actually quite a good Wikipedia page that goes through the great debate on this has played out in the legal world over the last 60 years.

Speaker 2 And like, basically, if you look at this with anything resembling, I think, an open mind, you're like, all right, this is not what the founders meant.

Speaker 2 And then number two, again, we go back to this thing of contempt. Like, can you imagine

Speaker 2 showing up and running the government like that and thinking that you're doing the right thing and not going home at night and thinking that you've sold your soul? Right.

Speaker 2 Like, it's just like, I actually think you sort of had a really good point, which is it's even unfair to the people who have to execute this.

Speaker 1 Yeah.

Speaker 2 Right. Because

Speaker 2 it makes them bad people. And they didn't, they didn't start out wanting to be bad people.
And so there is stuff like this, like

Speaker 1 everywhere. Everywhere.

Speaker 2 And so we'll see how far these guys get. I'm, I am extremely encouraged what I've, what I've seen so far.

Speaker 1 It seems like a lot of people will try to slow them down, but yeah, we're hoping to get far. Yeah.
Another difficult topic, immigration.

Speaker 1 What's your take on the, let's say, heated H-1B visa debate that's going on online and legal immigration in general?

Speaker 2 Yeah, I should start by saying I am not involved in any aspect of government policy on this. I am not planning to be.
This is not an issue that I'm working on or that I'm going to work on.

Speaker 2 We're not, this is not part of the agenda of what the firm is doing. So my firm is doing.
So like I'm not, I'm not in, I'm not in this in the new administration of the government.

Speaker 2 I'm not planning to be. So purely just personal opinion.
So I would say.

Speaker 2 I would describe what I have as a complex or nuanced, hopefully nuanced view on this issue that's maybe a little bit different than what a lot of my peers have.

Speaker 2 And I think,

Speaker 2 and I kind of thought about this, you know, I didn't say anything about it all the way through the big kind of debate over Christmas, but I thought about it a lot and read everything.

Speaker 2 I think what I realized is that I just have a very different perspective on some of these things. And the reason is because of the combination of where I came from and then where I ended up.

Speaker 2 And so

Speaker 2 let's start with this. Where I ended up, Silicon Valley.
So,

Speaker 2 and I have made the pro skilled, high-skilled immigration argument many, many times, the H-1B argument many times.

Speaker 2 In past lives, I've been in DC many times arguing with prior administrations about this, always on the side of trying to get more H-1Bs and trying to get more high-skilled immigration.

Speaker 2 Um, and you know, I think that argument is very strong and very solid, and very um, you know, has paid off for the U.S. in some in many, many ways.

Speaker 2 And we can go through it, but I think it's the argument everybody already knows, right?

Speaker 2 It's like the stock, you take any Silicon Valley person, you press the button, and they tell you why we need to brain drain the world to get more H-1Bs, right?

Speaker 2 So, everybody kind of gets that argument.

Speaker 1 So, it's basically just to summarize: it's a mechanism by which you can get super smart people from the rest of the world, import them in, keep them here

Speaker 1 to increase the productivity of the U.S. companies.
Yeah.

Speaker 2 And then, and then, and then it's not just good for them, and it's not just good for Silicon Valley or the tech industry.

Speaker 2 It's good for the country because they then create new companies and create new technologies and create new industries that then create many more jobs for Americans, native-born Americans than would have previously existed.

Speaker 2 And so you've got a, it's a positive sum flywheel thing where everybody wins. Like everybody wins.
There are no trade-offs. It's all absolutely glorious in all directions.

Speaker 2 You cannot possibly, there cannot possibly be a moral right argument against it under any circumstances.

Speaker 2 Anybody who argues against it is obviously doing so from a position of racism, is probably a fascist and a Nazi, right?

Speaker 2 Right. I mean,

Speaker 2 that's the thing. And like I said, I've made that argument many times.
I'm very comfortable with that argument. And then I'd also say, look, I would say, number one, I believe a lot of it.

Speaker 2 I'll talk about the parts I don't believe, but I believe a lot of it. And then the other part is, look, I benefit every day.

Speaker 2 I always describe it as I work in the United Nations. Like

Speaker 2 my own firm and our founders and our companies and the industry and my friends, you know, are just this like amazing, you know, panoply cornucopia of people from all over the world.

Speaker 2 And, you know, I just, I've worked, I don't know at this point with people from, it's got to be, I don't know, 80 countries or something. And hopefully over time, it'll be, you know, the rest as well.

Speaker 2 And, you know, it's just, it's been amazing. And they've done many of the most important things in my industry.
And it's been really remarkable. So.

Speaker 2 So that's all good.

Speaker 2 And then, you know, there's just the practical version of the argument, which is we are the main place these people get educated anyway, right?

Speaker 2 The best and the brightest tend to come here to get educated.

Speaker 2 And so, you know, this is the old kind of Mitt Romney staple a green card to every, you know, at least, you know, maybe not every university degree, but every technical degree.

Speaker 2 Maybe the sociologists we could quibble about, but, you know, the roboticists, for sure. For sure.
For sure, we can all agree that.

Speaker 1 At least I won you over on something today.

Speaker 2 Well, no, I'm exaggerating for a fact.

Speaker 2 And I lost you. I had you for

Speaker 2 a second. I haven't gotten to the other side of the argument yet.
Okay, thank you. So surely we can all agree

Speaker 2 that we need to staple a green card.

Speaker 1 The roller coaster is going up.

Speaker 2 The roller coaster is rationing slowly up. So yeah, so surely we can all agree that the roboticists should all get green cards.
And again, like there's a lot of merit to that, obviously.

Speaker 2 Like, look, we want the U.S. to be the world leader in robotics.
What's step one to being the world leader in robotics is have all the great robotics people, right?

Speaker 2 Like, you know, very, unlike the underpants GNOME, it's like a very straightforward formula, right? All right, that's all well and good.

Speaker 2 All right, but it gets a little bit more complicated because there is a kind of argument that's sort of right underneath that that you also hear from, you know, these same people.

Speaker 2 And I have made this argument myself many times, which is we need to do this because we don't have enough people in the U.S. who can do it otherwise.

Speaker 2 We have all these unfilled jobs. We've got all these, you know, all these companies that wouldn't exist.
We don't have enough good founders. We don't have enough engineers.

Speaker 2 We don't have enough scientists. Or then the next version of the argument below that is our education system is not good enough to generate those people.

Speaker 2 Which is a weird argument, by the way, because our education system is good enough for foreigners to be able to come here preferentially in a very large number of cases, but somehow not good enough to educate our own native-born people.

Speaker 2 So there's like a weird, these little cracks in the matrix that you can kind of stick your fingernail into and kind of wonder about. And we'll come back to that one.

Speaker 2 But like, at least, yes, our education system has its flaws.

Speaker 2 And then, and then underneath that is the, is the argument that, you know, Vivek made, you know, which is, you know, we have cultural rot in the country and, you know, native-born people in the country aren't, you know, don't work hard enough and spend too much time watching TV and TikTok and don't spend enough time studying differential, you know, equations.

Speaker 2 And again, it's like, all right, like, you know, yeah, there's a fair amount to that. Like, there's a lot of American culture that is, you know, there's a lot of frivolity.

Speaker 2 There's a lot of, you know, look, I mean, we have well-documented social issues on many fronts, many things that cut against having a culture of just like straightforward high achievement and effort and striving.

Speaker 2 Anyway, like, you know, those are the basic arguments.

Speaker 2 But then I have this kind of other side of my, you know, kind of personality and thought process, which is, well, I grew up in a small farming town in rural Wisconsin, the rural Midwest.

Speaker 2 And, you know, it's interesting. There's not a lot of people who make it from rural Wisconsin to, you know, high tech.

Speaker 2 And so it's like, all right, why is that exactly? Right. And I know this, I'm an aberration.
Like I was the only one from anybody I ever knew who ever did this.

Speaker 2 Like I know what an aberration I am, and I know exactly how that aberration happened. And it's a very unusual, you know, set of steps,

Speaker 2 including, you know, many that were just luck.

Speaker 2 But like, it, there is in no sense a talent flow from rural Wisconsin into high tech, like not

Speaker 1 at all.

Speaker 2 There is also like in no sense a talent flow from the rest of the Midwest into high tech. There is no talent flow from the South into high-tech.
There is no flow from the Sun Belt into high-tech.

Speaker 2 There is no flow from, you know, the Deep South into high-tech. Like, just like, literally, it's like the blanks.

Speaker 2 There's this whole section of the country just where the people just, like, for some reason, don't end up in tech. Now,

Speaker 2 that's a little bit strange because these are the people who put a man on the moon. These are the people who built the World War II war machine.

Speaker 2 These are the people, at least their ancestors, are the people who built the second industrial revolution and built the railroads and built the network telephone network and built you know logistics and transportation in the auto industry i mean the auto industry was built in cleveland and detroit and so at least these people's parents and grandparents and great grandparents somehow had the wherewithal to like build all of this like amazing things invent all these things and then there's many many many many stories in the history of american invention and innovation and capitalism where you had people who grew up in the middle of nowhere Philo Farnsworth who invented the television and just like, you know, tons and tons of others, endless stories like this.

Speaker 2 Now you have a puzzle, right? And the conundrum, which is like, like, okay, like, what is happening on the blank spot of the map?

Speaker 2 And then, of course, you also can't help noticing that the blank spot on the map, the Midwest, the South, you've also just defined Trump country,

Speaker 2 the Trump voter base, right? And it's like, oh, well, that's interesting. Like, how, how did that happen? Right.

Speaker 2 And so either you really, really, really have to believe the very, very strong version of like the Vivek thesis or something where you have to believe that like that basically culture, the whole sort of civilization in the middle of the country and the south of the country is so like deeply flawed, either inherently flawed or culturally flawed, such that for whatever reason, they are not able to do the things that their

Speaker 2 parents and grandparents are able to do and that their peers are able to do, or something else is happening. Would you care to guess on what else is happening?

Speaker 1 I mean, what affirmative action. Affirmative action.

Speaker 1 Okay,

Speaker 2 this is very, think about this. It's very entertaining, right? What are the three things that we know about affirmative action? It is absolutely 100% necessary.

Speaker 2 But, however, it cannot explain the success of any one individual.

Speaker 2 Right. Nor does it have any victims at all.

Speaker 1 That could explain maybe disproportionate, but

Speaker 1 it surely doesn't explain why you're probably the only person in Silicon Valley from Wisconsin.

Speaker 2 What educational institution in the last 60 years has wanted Farm Boys from Wisconsin?

Speaker 1 But what institution rejected Farm Boys from Wisconsin? All of them. All of them.
Of course.

Speaker 2 Okay, so we know this. We know this.
The reason we know this is because of the Harvard and UNC Supreme Court cases. So this was like three years ago.
These were big court cases.

Speaker 2 Because the idea of affirmative action has been litigated for many, many, many years and through many court cases.

Speaker 2 And the Supreme Court repeatedly in the past had upheld that it was a completely legitimate thing to do.

Speaker 2 And a lot of these, and there's basically two categories of affirmative action that like really matter, right?

Speaker 2 The one is the admissions into educational institutions, and then the other is jobs, right? Getting hired. Like those are the two biggest areas.

Speaker 2 The education one is like super potent, has been a super potent political issue for a very long time. For all, you know, people have written and talked about this for many decades.

Speaker 2 I don't need to go through it. There's many arguments for why it's important.
There's many arguments as to how it could backfire.

Speaker 2 It's been this thing, but the Supreme Court upheld it for a very long time.

Speaker 2 The most recent ruling, I'm not a lawyer, I don't have the exact reference in my head, but there was a case in 2003 that said that Sandra Day O'Connor famously wrote that, you know, although it had been 30 years of affirmative action and although it was not working remotely as it had been intended,

Speaker 2 she said that, you know, well, basically, we need to try it for another 25 years.

Speaker 2 But she said, basically, as a message to future Supreme Court justices, if it hasn't resolved basically the issues it's intended to resolve within 25 years, then we should probably call it off.

Speaker 2 By the way, we're coming up on the 25 years. It's

Speaker 2 a couple years away.

Speaker 2 The Supreme Court just

Speaker 2 had these cases. It was a Harvard case and I think a UT University of North Carolina case.

Speaker 2 And what's interesting about those cases is the lawyers in those cases put a tremendous amount of evidence into the record of how the admissions decisions actually happen at Harvard and happen at UNC.

Speaker 2 And it is like every bit as cartoonishly garish and racist as you could possibly imagine because it's a ring of power.

Speaker 2 And if you're an admissions officer at a private university or an administrator, you have unlimited power to do what you want and you can justify any of it under any of these rules or systems.

Speaker 2 And up until these cases, it had been a black box where you didn't have to explain yourself and show your work. And what the Harvard and USC cases did is they basically required showing the work.

Speaker 2 And so they, then, and there was like all kinds of like phenomenal detail.

Speaker 2 I mean, number one is there were text messages in there that will just curl your hair of people, of students being spoken of and just like crude racial stereotypes that would just make you want to jump out the window.

Speaker 2 It's horrible stuff. But also,

Speaker 2 there was statistical information. And of course, the big statistical kicker to the whole thing is that at top institutions, it's common for different ethnic groups to have different cutoffs for SAT

Speaker 2 that are as wide as 400 points.

Speaker 2 Right. So different groups.
So

Speaker 2 specifically, Asians need to perform at 400 SAT points higher than other ethnicities in order to actually get admitted into these.

Speaker 2 I mean, this is not even about, I mean, white people are a part of this, but like Asians are like a very big part of this.

Speaker 2 And actually, the Harvard case is actually brought by an activist on behalf of actually the Asian students who are being turned away.

Speaker 2 And it's basically, I mean, it's the cliche now in the Valley and in the medical community, which is like, if you want a super genius, you hire an Asian from Harvard because they are guaranteed to be freaking Einstein.

Speaker 2 Because if they weren't, they were never getting admitted, right? Almost all the qualified Asians get turned away.

Speaker 2 So they've been running this. It's a very, very explicit, very, very clear program.

Speaker 2 This, of course, has been a a third rail of things that people are not supposed to discuss under any circumstances. The thing that has really changed the tenor on this is, I think, two things.

Speaker 2 Number one, those Supreme Court cases, the Supreme Court ruled that they can no longer do that.

Speaker 2 I will tell you, I don't believe there's a single education institution in America that is conforming with the Supreme Court ruling.

Speaker 2 I think they are all flagrantly ignoring it.

Speaker 1 We could talk about that. Mostly because of momentum, probably, or what?

Speaker 2 They are trying to make the world a better place. They are trying to solve all these social problems.
They are trying to have diverse student populations.

Speaker 2 They They are trying to live up to the expectations of their donors. They are trying to make their faculty happy.
They are trying to have their friends and family think that they're good people.

Speaker 2 They're trying to have the press write nice things about them.

Speaker 2 Like, it's nearly impossible for them. And, you know, to be clear, like, nobody has been fired from an admissions office for

Speaker 2 25 years or prior, what we now, the Supreme Court now has ruled to be illegality.

Speaker 2 And so they're all the same people under the exact same pressures.

Speaker 2 And so like, you know, the numbers are moving a little bit, but like, I don't think, I don't know anybody in the system who thinks that they're complying with the Supreme Court. Like who's in charge?

Speaker 2 In the rank ordering of who rules who, the universities rule the Supreme Court way more than the Supreme Court rules the universities.

Speaker 2 Right. Well, another example of that is I think it's that every sitting member of the Supreme Court right now went to either Harvard or Yale.
Right. Like the level of incestuousness here is like,

Speaker 2 anyway, so

Speaker 2 there's that. And so this has been running for a very long time.
So one is the Harvard and UNC cases kind of gave up the game, number one, or at least showed what the mechanism was.

Speaker 2 And then number two, the other thing is obviously the aftermath of October 7th, right? And what we discovered was happening with Jewish applicants.

Speaker 2 And what was happening at all the top institutions for Jewish applicants was they were being managed down, they were being actively managed down as a percentage

Speaker 2 of the base.

Speaker 2 And let's say I've heard reports of like extremely explicit,

Speaker 2 basically plans to

Speaker 2 manage the Jewish admissions down to their representative percentage of the U.S. population, which is 2%.

Speaker 2 And, you know, there's a whole backstory here, which is 100 years ago, Jews were not admitted into a lot of these institutions. And then there was a big campaign to get them in.

Speaker 2 Once they could get in, they immediately became 30% of these institutions because there's so many smart, talented Jews. So it went from 0% to 30%.

Speaker 2 And then the most recent generation of leadership has been trying to get it down to 2%.

Speaker 2 And a lot of Jewish people, at least a lot of Jewish people I know, sort of, they kind of knew this was happening, but they discovered it the hard way after October 7th, right? And so all of a sudden,

Speaker 2 so basically the Supreme Court case meant that you could address this in terms of the Asian victims. The October 7th meant that you could address it in terms of the Jewish victims.

Speaker 2 And for sure, both of those groups are being systematically excluded, right?

Speaker 2 And then, of course, there's the thing that you basically can't talk about, which is all the white people are being excluded.

Speaker 2 And then it turns out it's also happening to black people. And this is the thing that like blew my freaking mind when I found out about it.

Speaker 2 So I just assumed that like this was great news for like American blacks because like, you know, obviously if, you know, whites, Asians, and Jews are being excluded, then, you know, the whole point of this in the beginning was to get the black population up.

Speaker 2 And so this must be great for American blacks. So then I discovered this New York Times article from 2004

Speaker 2 called Blacks Are Being Admitted into Top Schools at Greater Numbers, but which ones?

Speaker 1 Uh-oh.

Speaker 2 And again, by the way, this is in the New York Times. This is not in like, you know, whatever, National Review.
This is New York Times. 2004.

Speaker 2 And the two authorities that were quoted in the story are Henry Louis Gates, who's the dean of the African American Studies community in the United States, super brilliant guy, and then Lanny Guinier, who was a

Speaker 2 potential Supreme Court appointee under, I think, a close friend of Hillary Clinton. And there was for a long time she was on the shortlist for Supreme Court.

Speaker 2 So one of the top jurists, lawyers in the country, both black,

Speaker 2 sort of legendarily successful

Speaker 2 in the academic and legal worlds and black.

Speaker 2 And they are quoted as the authorities in this story. And the story that they tell

Speaker 1 is actually very, it's amazing.

Speaker 2 And by the way, it's happening today in education institutions and it's happening in companies. And you can see it all over the place and the government,

Speaker 2 which is

Speaker 2 at least at that time, the number was half of the black admits into a place like Harvard were not American-born blacks. They were foreign-born blacks.

Speaker 2 Specifically,

Speaker 2 Northern African, generally Nigerian or West Indian.

Speaker 2 Right.

Speaker 2 And by the way, many Nigerians and Northern Africans have come to the US and have been very successful. Nigerian Americans is a group like way outperformed.

Speaker 2 They're, you know, this is a super smart cohort of people. And then West Indian blacks in the U.S.
are incredibly successful.

Speaker 2 Most recently, by the way, Kamala Harris, as well as Colin Powell, like just two sort of examples of that.

Speaker 2 And so basically what Henry Lewis Gates and Leonard Grannier said in the story is Harvard is basically struggling to either, whatever it was, identify, recruit, make successful whatever it was, American-born native blacks.

Speaker 2 And so therefore, they were using

Speaker 2 high-skill immigration as an escape hatch to go get blacks blacks from other countries.

Speaker 2 And then this was 2004 when you could discuss such things.

Speaker 2 Obviously, that is a topic that nobody has discussed since. It has sailed on.
All of the DEI programs of the last 20 years have had this exact characteristic.

Speaker 2 There's large numbers of black people in America who are fully aware of this and are like, it's obviously not us that are getting these slots.

Speaker 2 We're obviously, we're literally competing with people who are being imported.

Speaker 2 And, you know, if you believe in the basis of affirmative action, you are trying to make up for historical injustice of American black slavery.

Speaker 2 And so the idea that you import somebody from, you know, Nigeria that never experienced that, you know, is like tremendously insulting to black Americans.

Speaker 2 Anyway, so you can see where I'm heading with this.

Speaker 2 We have been in a 60-year social engineering experiment to exclude native-born people from the educational slots and jobs that high-skill immigration has been funneling foreigners into. Right.

Speaker 2 And so it turns out it's not a victim-free thing. There's like 100% there's victims because why? There's only so many for sure.
There's only so many education slots.

Speaker 2 And then for sure, there's only so many of these jobs, right? You know, Google only hires so many, you know, whatever level seven engineers. Right.

Speaker 2 And so, so, so, so that's the other side of it, right? And so, you're a farm boy in Wisconsin, right?

Speaker 2 Or a, you know, black American whose ancestors arrived here, you know, on a slave ship 300 years ago in Louisiana, or a, you know, Cambodian immigrant in, you know, the Bronx.

Speaker 2 And you're a kid, or a Jewish immigrant, or, you know, from a very successful Jewish family.

Speaker 2 And, you know, your entire, you know, for three generations, you and your parents and grandparents went to Harvard.

Speaker 2 And what all of those groups know is the system that has been created is not for them.

Speaker 1 Right.

Speaker 2 It's designed specifically to exclude them. And then what happens is all of these tech people show up in public and say, yeah, let's bring in more foreigners.
Right.

Speaker 2 And so, so, anyway, so the short version of it is you can't anymore, I don't think, just have the

Speaker 2 quote, high-skill immigration conversation for either education or for

Speaker 2 or for employment without also having the dei conversation um and then underneath and then dei is just another word for affirmative action so it's the affirmative action conversation and you you need to actually deal with this its substance and to see what's actually happening to people you need to join these topics and i and and i think it is much harder to make the moral claim for high school immigration given the the the the extent to which dei took over both the education hiring uh education process and the hiring process okay so first of all that was brilliantly laid out the nuance of it

Speaker 1 so just to understand it's not so much a criticism of H-1B high school immigration, it's that there needs to be more people saying,

Speaker 1 yay, we need more American-born hires.

Speaker 2 So, I spent the entire Christmas holiday reading every message on this and not saying anything. And what I was,

Speaker 2 which you know me well enough to know that's a serious level of yeah, that's very zen.

Speaker 1 Yes, thank you.

Speaker 2 No, it wasn't. There was tremendous rage on the other side of it, but I suppressed it.

Speaker 2 So

Speaker 2 I was waiting for the dog that didn't bark, right?

Speaker 2 And the dog that didn't bark was I did not, and you tell me if you saw one, I did not see a single example of somebody pounding the table for more high-skilled immigration who was also pounding the table to go get more smart kids who are already here into these educational institutions and into these jobs.

Speaker 2 I didn't see a single one.

Speaker 1 That's true. I think I agree with that.

Speaker 1 There really was a divide.

Speaker 2 But it was like, literally, it was like the proponents of high-skilled immigration. And again, this was me for a very long time.

Speaker 2 I mean, I kind of took myself by surprise on this because I was on, you know, I had the much, say, simpler version of this story for a very long time.

Speaker 2 And like i said i i've been in washington many times under past presidents lobbying for this by the way never made any progress which we could talk about like it never actually worked um but um you know i've been on the other side of this one but i was literally sitting there being like all right which of these like super geniuses um who you know many of whom by the way are very you know successful high school immigrants or children of high school immigrants you know, which of these super geniuses are going to like say, actually, we have this like incredible talent source here in the country, which again, to be clear, I'm not talking about white people.

Speaker 2 I'm talking about Native born Americans, whites, Asians, Jews, blacks, for sure. For sure.
For sure. Those four groups.

Speaker 1 But also white people.

Speaker 2 Yeah. And also white people.

Speaker 1 People that are making the case for American-born hires

Speaker 1 are usually not also supporting H-1B.

Speaker 1 It's an extreme divide. And those people that are making that case are often not making it in a way that's like.

Speaker 2 uh make making it in quite a radical way let's put it this way but you have this interesting thing that you have a split between the sides that i've noticed which is one side has all of the experts right right and i and i'm using scare quote for people listening to audio i'm making quotes in the air with my fingers as vigorously as i can yeah one side has all the certified experts the other side just has a bunch of people who are like they know that something is wrong and they don't quite know how to explain it And what was so unusual about the Harvard UNC cases, by the way, in front of the Supreme Court, is they actually had sophisticated lawyers for the first time in a long time actually put all this evidence together and actually put it in the public record.

Speaker 2 They actually had experts, which is just, which is just really rare. Generally, what you get is you get, because if you don't have experts, what do you have?

Speaker 2 You know something is wrong, but you have primarily an emotional response. You feel it.

Speaker 2 But can you put it, you know, can you put it in the words and tables and charts, you know, that a certified expert can? And no, you can't. Like, that's not, you know, that's not who you are.

Speaker 2 That doesn't mean that you're wrong. And it also doesn't mean that you have less of a moral stance.

Speaker 2 Yeah. And so it's just like, all right.
Now, by the way, look,

Speaker 2 I think there are ways to square the circle. I think there's a way to have our cake can eat it too.
Like, I think there'd be many ways to resolve this.

Speaker 2 I think, again, I think the way to do it is to look at these

Speaker 2 issues combined, look at DEI combined with high school immigration. It so happens that DEI is under much more scrutiny today than it has been for probably 20 years.
Affirmative action is.

Speaker 2 The Supreme Court did just rule that it is not legal for universities to do that. They are still doing it, but they should stop.

Speaker 2 And then there are more and more, you've seen more companies now also dishing their DEI programs.

Speaker 2 In part, that's happening for a bunch of reasons, but it's happening in part because a lot of corporate lawyers will tell you that the Supreme Court rulings in education either already apply to businesses or it just is a clear foreshadowing the Supreme Court will rule on new cases that will ban any businesses.

Speaker 2 And so

Speaker 2 there is a moment here to be able to look at this

Speaker 2 on both sides.

Speaker 2 Let me add one more nuance to it, though, that makes it even more complicated.

Speaker 1 Yep.

Speaker 2 So the cliche is we're going to brain drain the world, right? You've heard that? We're going to take all the smart people from all over the world. We're going to bring them here.

Speaker 2 We're going to educate them and we're going to keep them. And then they're going to raise their families here, create businesses here, create jobs here, right?

Speaker 1 In the cliche, that's a super positive thing. Yeah.
Okay.

Speaker 2 So what happens to the rest of the world?

Speaker 1 They lose. Well,

Speaker 2 how fungible are people?

Speaker 2 How many highly ambitious, highly conscientious, highly energetic, high-achieving, high-IQ super geniuses are there in the world?

Speaker 2 And if there's a lot, that's great. But if there just aren't that many, and they all come here, and they all aren't where they would be otherwise, what happens to all those other places?

Speaker 2 So it's almost impossible for us here to have that conversation in part because we become incredibly uncomfortable as a society talking about the fact that people aren't just simply all the same, which is a whole thing we could talk about.

Speaker 2 But

Speaker 2 also, we are purely the beneficiary of this effect, right? We are brain draining the world, not the other way around.

Speaker 2 There's only four. So if you look at the flow of high-scale immigration over time, there's only four permanent sinks of high-skill immigration places people go.

Speaker 2 It's the US, Canada, the UK, and Australia.

Speaker 1 It's the, it's the Australia.

Speaker 2 It's the four, it's four of the five, five eyes. It's the major Anglosphere countries.
And so, for those countries,

Speaker 2 this seems like a no-lose proposition. It's all the other countries that basically

Speaker 2 what we, four countries, have been doing is draining all the smart people out.

Speaker 2 It's actually much easier for people in Europe to talk about this, I've discovered, um, because the Eurozone is whatever, you know, 28 countries.

Speaker 2 And within the Eurozone, the high-skilled people over time have been migrating to originally the UK, but also specifically, I think it's the Netherlands, Germany, and France.

Speaker 2 But specifically, they've been migrating out of the peripheral Eurozone countries. And the one where this really hit the fan was in Greece, right?

Speaker 2 So, you know, Greece falls into chaos, disaster, and then, you know, you're running the government in Greece and you're trying to figure out how to put an economic development plan together.

Speaker 2 All of your smart young kids have left. Like, what are you going to do? Right.
By the way, this is a potential, I know you care a a lot about Ukraine.

Speaker 2 This is a potential crisis for Ukraine, not because, in part because of this, because we enthusiastically recruit Ukrainians, of course. And so we've been brain draining Ukraine for a long time.

Speaker 2 But also, of course, war does tend to cause people to migrate out. And so, you know, when it comes time for Ukraine to rebuild as a peaceful country,

Speaker 2 is it going to have the talent base even that it had five years ago? It's like a very big and important question.

Speaker 2 By the way, Russia, like we have brain drained a lot of really smart people out of Russia. A lot of them are here, right? Over the last 30 years.

Speaker 2 And so there's this thing. It's actually really funny if you think about it.

Speaker 2 Like the one thing that we know to be the height of absolute evil that the West ever did was colonization and resource extraction, right?

Speaker 2 So we know the height of absolute evil was when the Portuguese and the English and everybody else went and had these colonies and then went in and we took all the oil or we took all the diamonds or we took all the whatever, lithium or whatever it is, right?

Speaker 2 Well, for some reason, we realize that that's a deeply evil thing to do when it's a physical resource, when it's a non-conscious physical matter.

Speaker 2 For some reason, we think it's completely morally acceptable to do it with human capital. In fact, we think it's glorious and beautiful and wonderful and the great flowering of

Speaker 2 peace and harmony and moral justice of our time to do it. And we don't think for one second what we're doing to the countries that we're pulling all these people out of.

Speaker 2 And this is one of these things, like, I don't know, like, maybe we're just going to live in this delusional state forever and we'll just keep doing it and it'll keep benefiting us and we just won't care what happens.

Speaker 2 But like, I think there may come, this is one of these, this is like one of these submarines under 10 feet under the water line.

Speaker 2 Like, I think it's just a matter of time until people suddenly realize, oh my God, what are we doing? Because

Speaker 2 we need the rest of the world to succeed, too, right? Like, we need these other countries to flourish.

Speaker 2 Like, we don't want to be the only successful country in the middle of just complete chaos and disaster. And we just extract and we extract and we extract and we don't think twice about it.

Speaker 1 This is so deeply profound, actually. So, what is the cost of winning?

Speaker 1 quote unquote, if these countries are drained in terms of human capital

Speaker 1 on the on the level of geopolitics, what does that lead to?

Speaker 1 Even if we talk about wars and conflict and all of this, we actually want them to be strong in the way we understand strong, not just in every way,

Speaker 1 so that cooperation and competition can build a better world for all of humanity.

Speaker 1 It's interesting.

Speaker 1 I've been. This is one of those truths where you just speak and it resonates.
And I didn't even think about it.

Speaker 2 Yeah, exactly.

Speaker 1 So this is what what you were sitting in during the holiday season,

Speaker 1 just boiling over.

Speaker 2 So, all that said,

Speaker 1 there's still, do you, some good to the H-1B?

Speaker 2 Okay, so then you get this other. Okay, so then there's

Speaker 1 come all the way around.

Speaker 2 There's another nuance. So, there's another nuance.
There's another nuance, which is mostly in the valley, we don't use H-1Bs anymore. Mostly we use O1s.

Speaker 2 So, there's a,

Speaker 2 you mean, there's a separate class of visa, and the O1 is like this. It turns out the O1 is the super genius visa.
So, the O1 is the basically our founder.

Speaker 2 Like, when we have like a when we have somebody from anywhere in the world and they've like invented a breakthrough new technology and they want to come to the U.S.

Speaker 2 to start a company, they come in through an O1 visa. And that actually is like a it's a fairly high bar.

Speaker 2 It's a high acceptance rate, but it's like a pretty high bar and they do a lot of work and they, there's like a, you have to put real work into it to really, really prove your case.

Speaker 2 Mostly what's happened with the H-1B visa program is that it has gone to basically two categories of employers.

Speaker 2 One is the basically a small set of big tech companies that hire in volume, which is exactly the companies that you would think.

Speaker 2 And then the other is it goes to these, what they call kind of the mills, the consulting mills, right? And so there's these set of companies with names.

Speaker 2 I don't want to pick on companies, but you know, names like Cognizant that, you know, hire, basically have their business model is primarily Indian, bring in primarily Indians in large numbers.

Speaker 2 And, you know, they often have offices next to company-owned housing.

Speaker 2 And they'll have, you know, organizations that are, you know, they'll have, you know, organizations that are literally thousands of Indians, you know, living and working in the U.S.

Speaker 2 And they do basically call it mid-tier like IT consulting. So these folks, they're making good

Speaker 2 wages, but they're making $60,000 or $80 a year or $100,000 a year, not the $300,000 that you'd make in the Valley.

Speaker 2 And so in practice, the startups basic, like Little Tech, as we call it, or the startup world, mainly doesn't use H1Bs at this point, and mainly can't, because the system is kind of rigged in a way that we really can't.

Speaker 2 And then, and then, and then again, you get to the sort of underlying morality here, which is it's like, well, you know, Amazon, like Amazon's a, and like, I love Amazon, but like they're a big powerful company.

Speaker 2 You know, they've got, you know, more money than God. They've got resources.
They've got a long-term planning horizon. They do big, you know, profound things over, you know, decades at a time.

Speaker 2 You know, they could, you know, or any of these other companies could launch massively effective programs to go recruit the best and brightest from all throughout the country.

Speaker 2 And, you know, you'll notice they don't do that. You know, they bring in, you know, 10,000, 20,000 H1Bs a year.

Speaker 2 And so you've got a question there.

Speaker 2 And then these mills, like, there's lots of questions around them and whether they should, you know, whether that's even a ethical way to, you know, I don't want to say they're unethical, but there's questions around like exactly what, what the trade-offs are there.

Speaker 2 And so, you know, this, this, yeah. And this is like a Pandora's box that really, you know, nobody really wanted to be opened.

Speaker 2 You know, to play devil's advocate on all this in terms of like national immigration issues, you know, none of this is like a top end issue just because the numbers are small.

Speaker 2 Right. And so, you know, I don't think, you know, the administration has said like this is not like a priority of theirs for right now.

Speaker 2 But I guess what I would say is like there is actually a lot of complexity and nuance here.

Speaker 2 I have a lot of friends, like I said, I have a lot of friends and colleagues who are, you know, came over on H-1Bs, 01s, green cards, many are now citizens.

Speaker 2 And, you know, every single one that, one of them was not every single one, a lot of them were enthusiastic to, you know, defend the honor of immigrants throughout this whole period.

Speaker 2 And they said to me, it's like, well, Mark, how can we, you know, how can we, how can we more clearly express, you know, the importance of high school immigration to the U.S.?

Speaker 2 And I was like, I think you can do it by advocating for also developing our native porn talent.

Speaker 2 Like, do you want to inflame the issue or do you want to diffuse the issue?

Speaker 2 Right. And I think the answer is to diffuse the issue.
Let me give you one more

Speaker 2 positive scenario, which and then I'll also beat up on the university some more.

Speaker 2 Do you know about the National Merit Scholarship System? Have you heard about this?

Speaker 2 Not really. Can you explain? So there's a system that was created during the Cold War called National Merit Scholars.

Speaker 2 And it is a basically, it was created, I forget, in the 1950s or 60s when it was when people in government actually wanted to identify the best and the brightest as heretical an idea as that sounds today um and so it's basically a national talent search for basically iq

Speaker 2 um its goal is to identify basically the top 0.5 percent of the iq um uh in the country by the way completely regardless of other characteristics so there's no race gender any other aspect to it it's just going for straight intelligence um it uses the first the psat um and which is the preparatory sat that you take um and then the sat

Speaker 2 uh so it uses those scores that that that is the scoring scoring. It's a straight PSAT-SAT scoring system.
So they use the SAT as a proxy for IQ, which it is.

Speaker 2 They run this every year. They identify,

Speaker 2 it's like they get down to like 1% of the population of the kids, 18-year-olds any given year, who score highest on the PSAT, and then they get down to, further qualify down to the 0.5% that also replicate on the SAT.

Speaker 2 And then it's like the scholarship amount is like $2,500, right? So it's like, it was a lot of money 50 years ago, not as much today.

Speaker 2 But it's a national system being run literally to find the best and the brightest.

Speaker 2 How many of our great and powerful universities use this as a scouting system? Like our universities all have sports teams, they all have national scouting,

Speaker 2 they have full-time scouts who go out and they go to every high school and they try to find all the great basketball players and bring them into the NCAA, into all these leagues.

Speaker 2 How many of our great and powerful and enlightened universities use the national merit system to go do a talent search for the smartest kids and just bring them in?

Speaker 1 Let me guess, very few. Zero.

Speaker 1 As you say it, that's brilliant. There should be that same level of scouting for talent internally.

Speaker 2 Go get the smartest ones. Let me give you one more kicker on this topic if you're not, if I haven't beaten it to death.

Speaker 2 You know, the SAT has changed.

Speaker 2 So the SAT used to be a highly accurate proxy for IQ.

Speaker 2 That caused a bunch of problems. People really don't like the whole idea of IQ.

Speaker 2 And so the SAT has been actively managed over the last 50 years by the college board that runs it. And it has been essentially like everything else, it's been dumbed down.

Speaker 2 And so

Speaker 2 in two ways, number one, it's been dumbed down where an 800 from 40 years ago does not mean what an 800 means today.

Speaker 2 And

Speaker 2 40 years ago, it was almost impossible to get an 800.

Speaker 2 Today, there are so many 800s that you could stock the entire Ivy League with 800s, right? And so

Speaker 2 it's been deliberately dumbed down.

Speaker 2 And then two is they have tried to pull out a lot of what's called the G-loading. And so they've tried to detach it from being an IQ proxy because IQ is such an inflammatory concept.

Speaker 2 And the consequence of that is, and this is sort of perverse, they've made it more coachable.

Speaker 2 Right. So the IT for the SAT 40 years ago, coaching didn't really work.
And more recently, it has really started to work.

Speaker 2 And one of the things you see is that the Asian spike, you see this like giant leap upward in Asian performance over the last decade.

Speaker 2 And I think looking at the data, I think a lot of that is because it's more coachable now and the Asians do the most coaching.

Speaker 2 So there's a bunch of issues with this. And so the coaching thing is really difficult because the coaching thing is a subsidy then to the kids whose parents can afford coaching.
Right.

Speaker 2 And I don't know about you, but where I grew up, there was no SAT coaching. So there's like an issue there.

Speaker 2 I didn't even know what the SAT was until the day I took it, much less that there was coaching, much less that it could work. So much less we could afford it.
So number one, there's issues there.

Speaker 2 But the other issue there is think about what's happened by the dumbing down.

Speaker 2 800 no longer captures all the smart.

Speaker 2 800 is too crude of a test. It's like the AI benchmarking problem.

Speaker 2 It's the same problem we have in AI benchmarking right now. 800 is too low of a threshold.

Speaker 2 There are too many kids scoring 800. Because what you want is you want whatever, if it's going to be 100,000 kids, I don't know what it is, but it's going to be 50,000 kids a year scoring 800.

Speaker 2 You also then want kids to be able to score 900 and 1,000 and 1,100 and 1,200.

Speaker 2 And you want to ultimately get to, you know, you'd like to ultimately identify the top 100 kids and make sure that you get them in MIT.

Speaker 2 And the resolution of the test has been reduced so that it actually is not useful for doing that.

Speaker 2 And again, I would say this is like part of the generalized corruption that's taken place throughout this entire system where we have been heading in the reverse direction from wanting to actually go get the best and brightest and actually put them in the places where they should be.

Speaker 2 And then just the final comment would be the great thing about standardized testing and the national merit system is it's completely, like I said, it's completely raceblind. It's gender blind.

Speaker 2 It's blind on every other characteristic. It's only done on test scores.
You know, and you can make an argument about whether that's good or bad, but it is, you know, for sure,

Speaker 2 you know, it's the closest thing that we had to get to merit.

Speaker 2 It was the thing that they did when they thought they needed merit to win the Cold War. And of course, we could choose to do that anytime we want.

Speaker 2 And I just say, I find it like incredibly striking and an enormous moral indictment of the current system that there are no universities that do this today.

Speaker 2 So, back to the immigration thing, just real quick. It's like, okay, we aren't even trying to go get the smart kids out of the center and south.

Speaker 2 And even if they think that they can get into these places, they get turned down.

Speaker 2 And the same thing for the smart Asians, and the same thing for the smart Jews, and the same thing for the smart black people. And like, it just like, it's just like, I don't know how,

Speaker 2 like, I don't know how that's moral.

Speaker 1 Like, I don't get it at all.

Speaker 1 As you said about the 800, so I took the SAT and the ACT many times and I've always gotten perfect on Math 800.

Speaker 1 It's just, and I'm not that, I'm not special. Like,

Speaker 1 it doesn't identify genius.

Speaker 1 I think you want to search for genius, and you want to create measures. that find genius of all different kinds, speaking of diversity.
And I guess we should reiterate and say over and over and over,

Speaker 1 defend immigrants, yes, but say we should hire more and more native-born.

Speaker 2 Well, you asked me in the beginning, like,

Speaker 2 what's the most optimistic forecast, right, that we could have? And the most optimistic forecast would be, my God, what if we did both?

Speaker 2 Like.

Speaker 1 So that's the reasonable, the rational, the smart thing to say here. In fact, we don't have to have a war.

Speaker 2 Well, it would diffuse. It would diffuse the entire issue.
Yeah.

Speaker 2 If everybody in the center and the south of the country and every Jewish family, Asian family, black family knew they were getting a fair shake, like it would diffuse the issue.

Speaker 2 Like, how about diffusing the issue? Like, what a crazy radical. Sorry, I don't mean to really get out of my skis here, but

Speaker 1 I think your profile on X states it's time to build. It feels like 25, 2025 is a good year to build.

Speaker 1 So

Speaker 1 I wanted to ask your advice

Speaker 1 and maybe

Speaker 1 for advice for anybody who's trying to build,

Speaker 1 who's trying to build something useful in the world,

Speaker 1 maybe launch a startup, or maybe just launch apps, services, whatever, ship software products. So maybe

Speaker 1 by way of advice,

Speaker 1 how do you actually get to shipping?

Speaker 2 So, I mean, a big part of the answer, I think, is we're in the middle of a legit revolution. And I know you've been talking about this on your show, but like AI coding,

Speaker 2 I mean, this is the biggest earthquake to hit software in certainly my life,

Speaker 2 maybe since the invention of software.

Speaker 2 And I'm sure, you know, we're involved in various of these companies, but these tools, you know, from a variety of companies are

Speaker 2 like absolutely revolutionary. And

Speaker 2 they're getting better at leaps and bounds every day. And

Speaker 2 you know all this, but like.

Speaker 2 The thing with coding, like there's like open questions of whether AI can get better at like, I don't know, understanding philosophy or whatever, creative writing or whatever, but like for sure we can make it much better at coding, right?

Speaker 2 Because you can validate validate the results of coding.

Speaker 2 And so, you know, there's all these methods of, you know, synthetic data and self-training and reinforcement learning that for sure you can do with coding.

Speaker 2 And so everybody I know who works in the field says AI coding is going to get to be phenomenally good. And it's already great.

Speaker 2 And you can, I mean, anybody wants to see this, just go on YouTube and look at AI coding demos, you know, little kids making apps in 10 minutes working with an AI coding system.

Speaker 2 And so I think it's the golden age. I mean, I think this is an area where it's clearly the golden age.
The tool set is extraordinary.

Speaker 2 You know, in a day, as a coder, for sure, in a day, you can retrain yourself,

Speaker 2 you know, start using these things, get a huge boost in productivity. As a non-coder, you can learn much more quickly than you could before.

Speaker 1 That's actually a tricky one in terms of learning as a non-coder to build stuff. It's still, I feel like you still need to learn how to code.

Speaker 1 It becomes a superpower. It helps you be much more productive.
Like you could legitimately be a one-person

Speaker 1 company. and get quite far.

Speaker 2 I agree with that up to a point. So

Speaker 2 I think for sure, for quite a long time, the people who are good at coding are going to be the best at actually having AIs code things because they're going to understand what, I mean, very basic.

Speaker 2 They're going to understand what's happening, right? And they're going to be able to evaluate the work and they're going to be able to, you know, literally manage AIs better.

Speaker 2 Even if they're not literally handwriting the code, they're just going to have a much better sense of what's going on.

Speaker 2 So, I definitely think, like, 100%, my nine-year-old is like doing all kinds of coding classes, and he'll keep doing that for

Speaker 2 certainly through 18. We'll see after that.

Speaker 2 And so, for sure, that's the case.

Speaker 2 But, but, look, having said that, that, one of the things you can do with an AI is say, teach me how to code.

Speaker 2 Right.

Speaker 2 And so, and you know, there's, there's a whole bunch of, you know,

Speaker 2 I'll name names, you know, Khan Academy, like, there's a whole bunch of work that they're doing at Khan Academy for free.

Speaker 2 And then, you know, we have this company Replit, which is originally specifically built for kids for coding that has AI built in. It's just absolutely extraordinary now.

Speaker 2 And then, you know, there's a variety of other systems like this.

Speaker 2 And yeah, I mean, the AI is going to be able to teach you to code. AI, by the way, is, as you know, spectacularly good at explaining code.

Speaker 2 Right. And so, you know, the tools have these features now where you can talk to the code base.
And so you can like literally like ask the code base questions about itself.

Speaker 2 And you can also just do the simple form, which is you can copy and paste code into ChatGPT and just ask it to explain it, what's going on, rewrite it, improve it, make recommendations.

Speaker 2 And so there's, yeah, there's dozens of ways to do this. By the way, you can also, I mean, even more broadly than code, like, okay, you want to make a video game.

Speaker 2 Okay, now you can do AI art generation, sound generation dialogue generation voice generation right and so all of a sudden like you don't need designers you know you don't need um you know voice uh actors

Speaker 2 you know so yeah so there's just like unlimited and then you know a big is you know a big part of coding is so-called glue you know it's it's interfacing into other systems so it's interfacing into you know stripe to take payments or something like that and you know ai is fantastic at writing glue code

Speaker 2 So, you know, really, really good at making sure that you can plug everything together, really good at helping you figure out how to deploy.

Speaker 2 You know, it'll even write a business plan for you.

Speaker 2 So it's just this, it's like everything happening with AI right now.

Speaker 2 It's just, it's like this latent superpower, and there's this incredible spectrum of people who have really figured out massive performance increases, productivity increases with it already.

Speaker 2 There's other people who aren't even aware it's happening. And there's some gearing to whether you're a coder or not, but I think there are lots of non-coders that are off to the races.

Speaker 2 And I think there are lots of professional coders who are still like, eh,

Speaker 2 you know, the blacksmiths were not necessarily in favor of, you know, the car business um

Speaker 2 so uh yeah there's the old william gibson quote the future is here it's just not evenly distributed yet and this is maybe the most potent version of that that i've ever seen

Speaker 1 yeah there's uh you know the old meme with the uh

Speaker 1 with the bell curve the the the people on both extremes say ai coding is the future um

Speaker 1 it's very common the programmers to say you know if you're any good of a programmer you're not going to be using it

Speaker 1 that's just not true no i consider myself a reasonably good programmer, and my productivity has been just skyrocketed. And the joy of programming, skyrocket, rocketed.

Speaker 1 Every aspect of programming is more efficient,

Speaker 1 more productive, more fun, all that kind of stuff.

Speaker 2 I would also say code is, you know, code has, code has, of anything in like industrial society, code has the highest elasticity, which is to say the easier it is to make it, the more it gets, the more of it gets made.

Speaker 2 Like, I think effectively there's unlimited demand for code.

Speaker 2 Like, in other words, like there's always some other idea for a thing that you can do, a feature that you can add or a thing that you can optimize.

Speaker 2 And so, and so, like, overwhelmingly, you know, the amount of code that exists in the world is a fraction of even the ideas we have today. And then we come up with new ideas all the time.

Speaker 2 And so I think that like,

Speaker 2 you know, I was, I was in the late 80s, early 90s when sort of automated coding systems started to come out, expert systems, a big deal in those days.

Speaker 2 And there were all these, there was a famous book called The Decline and Fall of the American Programmer, you know, that predicted that these new coding systems were going to mean we wouldn't have programmers in the future.

Speaker 2 And of course, the number of programming jobs exploded by like a factor of 100.

Speaker 2 Like my guess will be we'll have more, my guess is we'll have more coding jobs probably by like an order of magnitude 10 years from now.

Speaker 2 It will be different. There'll be different jobs.
They'll involve workers creating AI.

Speaker 2 But

Speaker 2 we will be creating so much more software that the whole industry will just explode in size.

Speaker 1 Are you seeing the size of companies decrease in terms of startups?

Speaker 1 What's the landscapes of little tech?

Speaker 2 All we're seeing right now is the AI hiring boom of all time.

Speaker 2 Oh, for the big tech. And little tech.

Speaker 2 Everybody's trying to hire as many engineers as they can to build AI systems. It's just, it's 100%.

Speaker 2 I mean, there's a handful of companies.

Speaker 2 There's a little bit. There's customer service.

Speaker 2 We have some companies and others. I think it's Klarna that's publicizing a lot of this in Europe.

Speaker 2 Where

Speaker 2 there are jobs that can be optimized and jobs that can be automated. But for engineering jobs, it's just an explosion of hiring

Speaker 2 um that at least so far there's no trace of any sort of diminishing effect um now having said that i am looking forward to the day i i am waiting for the first company to walk in saying yes um like the more radical form of it so basically the companies that we see are basically one of two kinds we we see the companies that are basically

Speaker 2 sometimes use weak form strong form so the the weak form companies i sometimes use the term it's the called the sixth bullet point um ai is the sixth bullet point of whatever they're doing

Speaker 2 sure right and it's on the slide, right? So they've got the, you know, whatever, dot, dot, dot, dot, and then AI is the sixth thing.

Speaker 2 And the reason AI is the sixth thing is because they had already previously written the slide before the AI revolution started.

Speaker 2 And so they just added the sixth bullet point on the slide, which is how you're getting all these products that have like the AI button up in the corner, right? The little sparkly button. Yep.
Right.

Speaker 2 And all of a sudden Gmail is offering to summarize your email, which I'm like, I don't need that. Like I need, I need you to answer my email, not summarize it.
Like, what the hell?

Speaker 2 Okay, so we see those, and that's fine. That's like, I don't know, putting sugar on the cake or something.

Speaker 2 But then we see the strong strong form, which is the companies that are building from scratch for AI, right? And they're, they're building it.

Speaker 2 And I actually just met with a company that is building literally an AI email system as an example. So just

Speaker 2 nice.

Speaker 1 I can't wait.

Speaker 2 Yeah, they're going to completely right. So the very obvious idea, very smart team.

Speaker 2 You know, it's going to be great. You know, and then, you know, Notion just, you know, another, not one of our companies, but just came out with a product.

Speaker 2 And so now companies are going to basically come through, sweep through, and they're going to do basically AI first versions of basically everything.

Speaker 2 And those are like companies built, you know, AI is the first bullet bullet point. It's the strong form of the argument.

Speaker 1 Yeah, Cursor is an example of that. They basically said, okay, we're going to rebuild the thing with AI as the first citizen.

Speaker 2 What if we knew from scratch that we could build on this?

Speaker 2 And again, this is like, this is part of the full employment act for startups and VCs is you just like, if, if a technology transformation is sufficiently powerful, then you actually need to start the product development process over from scratch because you need to reconceptualize the product.

Speaker 2 And then usually what that means is you need a new company because most incumbents just won't do that.

Speaker 2 And so, yeah, so that's underway across many categories. What I'm waiting for is the company where it's like, no, our org chart is redesigned as a result of AI, right?

Speaker 2 So, I'm looking, I'm waiting for the company where it's like, no, we're going to have like, you know,

Speaker 2 and the cliche, here's a thought experiment, right? The cliche would be we're going to have like the human executive team, and then we're going to have the AIs be the workers, right?

Speaker 2 So, we'll have a VP of engineering supervising 100 instances of

Speaker 2 coding agents, right? Okay, maybe,

Speaker 2 right, by the way, or maybe

Speaker 2 the VP of engineering should be the AI.

Speaker 2 Maybe supervising human coders who are supervising AIs, right? Because one of the things that AI should be pretty good at is managing because it's like not, you know, it's like a process driven.

Speaker 2 It's the kind of thing that AI is actually pretty good at, right? Performance evaluation coaching.

Speaker 2 And so should it be an AI executive team?

Speaker 2 And then, you know, and then, of course, the ultimate question, which is AI CEO.

Speaker 1 Right.

Speaker 2 And then, you know, and then there's, and then maybe the most futuristic version of it would be an actual AI agent that actually goes fully autonomous.

Speaker 2 Yeah, what if you really set one of these things loose and let it let it basically build itself a business?

Speaker 2 And so I will say, like, we're not yet seeing those. And I think there's a little bit of the systems aren't quite ready for that yet.

Speaker 2 And then I think it's a little bit of you really do need at that point, like a founder who's really willing to break all the rules and really willing to take the swing. And

Speaker 2 those people exist. And so I'm sure we'll see that.

Speaker 1 And some of it is, as you know, with all the startups, this is the execution.

Speaker 1 The idea that you have an AI first email client, this seems like an obvious idea, but actually creating one, executing it, and then taking on Gmail is really

Speaker 1 difficult. I mean, Gmail, it's fascinating to see Google can't do it

Speaker 1 because

Speaker 1 why? Because of momentum, because it's hard to re-engineer the entirety of the system. It feels like Google is perfectly positioned to do it.
Same with like, you have Perplexity,

Speaker 1 which I love. Like, Google could technically take on Perplexity and do it much better, but they haven't, not yet.
So it's fascinating why that is for large companies.

Speaker 1 I mean, that that is an advantage for little tech. They can be agile.

Speaker 2 Yeah, that's right.

Speaker 1 They can move fast. Yeah.

Speaker 2 Little companies can break glass in a way big companies can't. Right.

Speaker 2 This is sort of the big breakthrough that Clay Christensen had in the innovators dilemma, which is sometimes when big companies don't do things, it's because they're screwing up and that certainly happens.

Speaker 2 But a lot of times they don't do things because it would break too much glass. It would specifically,

Speaker 2 it would interfere with their existing customers and their existing businesses, and they just simply won't do that. And by the way, responsibly, they shouldn't do that.

Speaker 2 Right.

Speaker 2 And so they just get, but this is Clay Christians' big thing is they often don't adapt because they are well run, not because they're poorly run.

Speaker 2 But they're optimizing machines.

Speaker 2 They're optimizing against the existing business. And

Speaker 2 as you kind of just said, this is like a permanent state of affairs for large organizations. Like every once in a while, one breaks the pattern and actually does it.

Speaker 2 But for the most part, like this is a very predictable form of human behavior. And this fundamentally is why startups exist.

Speaker 1 It feels like 2025 is when the race for dominance in AI will see some winners. Like it's a big year.
So who do you think wins the race? Open AI, Meta, Google, XAI.

Speaker 1 Who do you think wins the AI race?

Speaker 2 I would say I'm not going to predict. I'm going to say there's questions all over the place.

Speaker 2 And we have this category of question we call the trillion-dollar question, which is like literally, depending on how it's answered, people make or lose a trillion dollars.

Speaker 2 And I think there's like, I don't know, five or six trillion-dollar questions right now that are hanging out there, which is an unusually large number. Yeah.

Speaker 2 And I just, you know, I'll just hit a few of them and we can talk about them. So one is big models versus small models.
Another is open models versus closed models.

Speaker 2 Another is whether you can use synthetic data or not. Another is chain of thought.
How far can you push that? And reinforcement learning. And then another one is political trillion dollar questions,

Speaker 2 policy questions, which the U.S. and the EU have both been flunking dramatically.
And the U.S. hopefully is about to really succeed at.

Speaker 2 Yeah, and then there's probably another half dozen big important questions after that. And so these are all just like,

Speaker 2 say, this is an industry that's in flux in a way that I even more dramatic, I think, than the ones I've seen before.

Speaker 2 And look, the most example, most obvious example of the flux is sitting here three, sitting here in the summer, sitting here less than three years ago, sitting here in December of 22, we would have said that OpenAI is just running away with everything.

Speaker 2 And sitting here today, it's like, you know, there's at least six world-class God model companies and teams that are, by the way, generating remarkably similar results.

Speaker 2 That's actually been one of the most shocking things to me is like, it turns out that once you know that it's possible to build one incredibly smart Turing test passing large language model, which was a complete shock and surprise to the world, it turns out within a year, you can have five more.

Speaker 2 There's also a money component thing to it, which is to get the money to scale one of these things into the billions of dollars.

Speaker 2 There's basically right now only two sources of money that will do that for you.

Speaker 2 One is the hyperscalers giving you the money, which you turn around and round trip back to them, or foreign sovereigns, other country

Speaker 2 sovereign wealth funds, which can be difficult in some cases for companies to access.

Speaker 2 So

Speaker 2 there's another, there's maybe another trillion dollar question is the financing question. Here's one.

Speaker 2 So Sam Altman has been public about the fact that he wants to transition Open AI from being a nonprofit to being a for-profit.

Speaker 2 The way that that is legally done is that,

Speaker 2 and there is a way to do it. There is a way in U.S.
law to do it. The IRS and other legal entities, government entities, scrutinize this very carefully because the U.S.

Speaker 2 takes foundation nonprofit law very seriously because of the tax exemption.

Speaker 2 And so the way that historically, the way that you do it is you start a for-profit and then you raise money with the for-profit to buy the assets of the nonprofit at fair market value.

Speaker 2 And, you know, the last financing round at OpenAI was, you know, $150 some billion dollars. And so logically,

Speaker 2 if the flip is going to happen, the for-profit has to go raise $150 billion out of the chute to buy the assets. You know, raising $150 billion is a challenge.

Speaker 2 So, you know, is that even possible? If that is possible, then OpenAI maybe is off to the races as a for-profit company. If not, you know,

Speaker 2 I don't know. And then, you know, obviously the Elon lawsuit.
So just because they're the market leader today, you know, there's big important questions there.

Speaker 2 You know, Microsoft has this kind of love-hate relationship with them. Where does that go? Apple's, you know, lagging badly behind, but, you know, they're very good at catching up.

Speaker 2 Amazon, you know, is primarily hyperscaler, but they now have their own models.

Speaker 1 And then there's the other questions like you laid out brilliantly, briefly and brilliantly, open versus closed, big versus little models, synthetic data, that's a huge, huge question.

Speaker 1 And then test time compute with a chain of thought,

Speaker 1 the role of that. And it's just fascinating.
And these are, I think it's fair to say, trillion-dollar questions.

Speaker 2 Yeah, these are big. Like, look, you know, it's like, okay, here's a trillion dollar question, which is kind of embedded in that, which is just hallucinations, right?

Speaker 2 Like, so if you are trying to use these tools creatively, you're thrilled because they can draw new images and they can make new music and they can do all this incredible stuff, right?

Speaker 2 They're creative. The flip side of that is if you need them to be correct, they can't be creative.
And that's the term hallucination.

Speaker 2 And these things do hallucinate. And,

Speaker 2 you know, there have been court cases already where lawyers have submitted legal briefs that contain made-up court citations, case citations. The judge is like, wait a minute, this doesn't exist.

Speaker 2 And the very next question is, did you write this yourself?

Speaker 1 And the lawyer goes,

Speaker 1 I mean, that's why Elon McGrock,

Speaker 1 looking for truth. I mean, that's an open technical question.
How close can you get to truth with LLMs?

Speaker 2 Yeah, that's right. And

Speaker 2 my sense,

Speaker 2 this is a very contentious topic at the industry. My sense is

Speaker 2 if to the extent that there is a domain in which there is a definitive and checkable and provable answer, and you might say math satisfies that, coding satisfies that, and maybe some other fields, then you should be able to generate synthetic data.

Speaker 2 You should be able to do chain of thought reasoning. You should be able to do reinforcement learning, and you should be able to ultimately, you know, eliminate hallucinations.

Speaker 2 But by the way, that's a trillion-dollar question right there as to whether that's true.

Speaker 2 But then, but then there's a question of like, okay, is that going to work in the more general domain?

Speaker 2 Like, so, for example, one possibility is these things are going to get to be truly superhuman at math and coding, but at like discussing philosophy, they're going to just, they're basically as smart as they're ever going to be.

Speaker 2 And they're going to be kind of, you know, say midwit, grad student level.

Speaker 2 And the theory there would just be they're already out of training data.

Speaker 2 Like they, they, they, they literally, if you know, you talk to these people, like, literally, literally, the big models, the big models are like within a factor of two x of consuming all the human generated training data to the point that some of these big companies are literally hiring people like doctors and lawyers to sit and write new training data by hand and so does this mean that like you have to if you want your model to get better at philosophy you have to go hire like a thousand philosophers and have them write new content and is anybody going to do that

Speaker 2 and so you know maybe maybe these things are topping out in certain ways and they're going to leap way ahead in other ways and so anyway so we just don't you know i guys this is this is very i'd say maybe my main conclusion is i i don't any of these anybody telling you anybody anybody telling you these big sweeping conclusions, you know, this whole super, you know, all of these abstract, generalized super intelligence AGI stuff, like it, you know, maybe it's the engineer in me, but like, no, like, that's not the, that's not the, that's too abstract.

Speaker 2 Like, it's got to actually work.

Speaker 2 Um, and then by the way, it has to actually have to be able to pay for it.

Speaker 2 Um, I mean, this is a problem right now with you know, the big models, the big models that are like really good at coding a map, they're like actually very expensive to run, you know, they're quite slow.

Speaker 2 Um,

Speaker 2 another trillion-dollar question, future chips, which I know you've talked a lot about.

Speaker 2 Another trillion-dollar question,

Speaker 2 yeah, I mean, all the global issues. Oh, another trillion-dollar question, censorship,

Speaker 2 right? Like, and

Speaker 2 all the, as they say, all the human feedback training process.

Speaker 2 Exactly, what are you training these things to do? What are they allowed to talk about?

Speaker 2 How long do they give you these, how often do they give you these incredibly preachy moral lectures?

Speaker 2 Here's a trillion-dollar question.

Speaker 2 How many other countries want their country to run its education system, healthcare system, news system, political system on the basis of an AI that's been trained according to the most extreme left-wing California politics?

Speaker 2 Right. Because that's kind of what they have on offer right now.
And I think the answer to that is not very many.

Speaker 2 So there's like massive open questions there about like what, you know, and by the way, like what morality are these things going to get trained on?

Speaker 1 And that one we're cracking wide open with what's been happening over the past few months.

Speaker 1 Censorship on every level of these companies and just the very idea what truth means and what it means to expand the overton window of LLMs or the Overton window of human discourse.

Speaker 2 So what I experienced, you know, going back to how we started, what I experienced was, all right, social media censorship regime from hell, debanking, right, at like a large scale, and then the war on the crypto industry trying to kill it.

Speaker 2 And then basically declared intent to do the same thing to AI and to put AI under the same kind of censorship and control regime as social media and the banks.

Speaker 2 And I think this election tipped in America, I think this election tipped us from a timeline in which things were going to get really bad on that front to a timeline in which I think things are going to be quite good.

Speaker 2 But look, those same questions also apply outside the U.S. And the EU is doing their thing.
They're being extremely draconian.

Speaker 2 And they're trying to lock in a political censorship regime on AI right now that's so harsh that even American AI companies are not even willing to launch new products in in the EU right now.

Speaker 2 Like, that's not going to last, but like, what happens there, right? And what are the trade-offs?

Speaker 2 You know, what levels of censorship are American companies going to have to sign up for if they want to operate in the EU?

Speaker 2 Or is the EU still capable of generating its own AI companies, or have we brain drained them

Speaker 2 so that they can't? So, big questions.

Speaker 1 Quick questions. So, you're very active on X, a very unique character,

Speaker 1 Flamboyant, exciting, bold.

Speaker 1 You post a lot. I think there's a meme.
I don't remember it exactly, but that Elon posted something like inside Elon there are two wolves. One is please be kind or more positive.

Speaker 1 And the other one is, I think, you know, doing the

Speaker 1 take a big step back and fuck yourself in the face guy.

Speaker 1 How many wolves are inside your mind when you're tweeting? To be clear, a reference from the comedy classic Tropic Thunder Tropic Thunder yeah legendary movie yes um

Speaker 2 any zoomers listening to this who haven't seen that movie go watch it immediately yeah there's nothing offensive about nothing offensive about it at all um

Speaker 2 so Tom Cruise's greatest performance

Speaker 2 um

Speaker 2 so um yeah

Speaker 2 no look uh to start by saying like I'm not supposed to be tweeting at all so yeah yes yes yes so but you know

Speaker 1 so how do you approach that? Like, how do you approach what to tweet?

Speaker 2 I mean, I don't. Look, so it's, it's a, it's a, um, it, it, I don't, I don't well enough.
Um, it's mostly an exercise in frustration. Um,

Speaker 2 look, there's a glory to it, and there's, there's, uh, there's an issue with it, and the glory of it is like, you know, instantaneous global communication.

Speaker 2 You know, and X in particular is like the, you know, the town square on all these, you know, social issues, political issues, everything else, current events.

Speaker 2 But I mean, look, there's no question the format. The format of at least the original tweet is, you know, prone to be inflammatory.
You know,

Speaker 2 I'm the guy who at one point the entire nation of India hated me because I once tweeted something it turned out that is still politically sensitive and the entire continent.

Speaker 2 I stayed up all night that night as I became front page headline and leading television news in each time zone in India for a single tweet.

Speaker 2 So like the single tweet out of context is a very dangerous thing.

Speaker 2 Obviously

Speaker 2 X now has the middle ground where they now have the longer form essays.

Speaker 2 And so

Speaker 2 probably the most productive thing I can do is

Speaker 2 longer form things.

Speaker 1 You're not going to do it, though. I do, I do from time to time.

Speaker 2 Sometimes I should do more of them. And then, yeah, I mean, look, and yeah, obviously X is doing great.

Speaker 2 And then like I said, like Substack, you know, has become the center for a lot, you know, a lot of the, I think the best kind of, you know, deeply thought through, you know, certainly intellectual content.

Speaker 2 You know, tons of current events, stuff there as well.

Speaker 2 And then, yeah, so, and then there's a bunch of other, you know, a bunch of new systems that are very exciting.

Speaker 2 So I think one of the things we can look forward to in the next four years is number one, just like a massive reinvigoration of social media as a consequence of the changes that are happening right now.

Speaker 2 I'm very excited to see what's going to happen with that. And then, and it's happened on X, but it's now going to happen on other platforms.

Speaker 2 And then the other is

Speaker 2 crypto is going to come, you know, crypto's going to come right back to life.

Speaker 2 And actually, that's very exciting. Actually, that's worth noting is that's another trillion-dollar question on AI, which is

Speaker 2 in a world of pervasive AI, and especially in a world of AI agents, and imagine a world of billions or trillions of AI agents running around, they need an economy.

Speaker 2 And crypto, in our view, happens to be the ideal economic system for that, right? Because it's a very programmable money, it's a very easy way to plug in and do that.

Speaker 2 And there's this transaction processing system that can do that. And so, I think the crypto-AI intersection, you know, is potentially very, a very, very big deal.

Speaker 2 And so,

Speaker 2 that was going to be impossible under the prior regime. And I think under the new regime, hopefully, it'll be something we can do.

Speaker 1 Almost for fun, let me ask a friend of yours, Jan Lacun, what are your top 10 10 favorite things about Jan Lacun?

Speaker 1 I think

Speaker 1 he's a brilliant guy. I think he's important to the world.
I think you guys disagree on a lot of things, but I personally like vigorous disagreement.

Speaker 1 I, as a person in the stands, like to watch the gladiators go at it.

Speaker 2 No, he's a super genius. I mean, look, I wouldn't say we're super close, but

Speaker 2 casual friends. I worked with him at Meta.
He's the chief scientist at Meta for a long time and still, you know, works with us. And, and, um,

Speaker 2 you know, and it's obviously a legendary figure in the field and one of the main people responsible for what's happening.

Speaker 2 Um, I, it's my serious observation would be that it's, it's, it's the thing I keep, I've talked to him about for a long time and I keep trying to read and follow everything he does is he's probably,

Speaker 2 he is the, I think, see if you agree with this, he is the smartest and most credible critic of LLMs is the Path Rayi.

Speaker 2 Um, and, um, he's not, you know, there's certain, I would say, troll-like characters who are just like crapping everything, but like, Ian has like very deeply thought through basically theories as to why LLMs are an evolutionary dead end.

Speaker 2 And

Speaker 2 I actually like, I try to do this thing where I try to model, you know, I try to have a mental model of like the two different sides of a serious argument.

Speaker 2 And so I've tried to like internalize that argument as much as I can, which is difficult because like we're investing it behind LLMs as aggressively as we can. And so if he's right, like.

Speaker 2 that can be a big problem, but like we should also know that.

Speaker 2 And then I sort of use his ideas to challenge all the bullish people, you know, to really kind of test their level of knowledge. So, I like to kind of grill people.

Speaker 2 Like, I'm not, like, I'm not, you know, I'm, I'm, I'm, I was not, you know, I was got my CS degree 35 years ago, so I'm not like deep in the technology, but like, if to the extent I can understand Jan's points, I can use them to, um, you know, to really surface a lot of the questions for the people who are more bullish.

Speaker 2 Um, and that's been, I think, very, very productive.

Speaker 2 Um, yeah, so I, yeah, just it's very striking that you have somebody who is like that central in the space who is actually like a full-on, a full-on skeptic. And, and, you know, and again,

Speaker 2 this could go different ways. He could end up being very wrong.

Speaker 2 He could end up being totally right, or it could be that he will provoke the evolution of these systems to be much better than they would have been.

Speaker 1 Yeah, he could be both right and wrong. First of all, I do agree with that.
He's one of the most legit and rigorous and deep critics of the LLM path to AGI. You know, his basic notion is that

Speaker 1 AI needs to have some physical

Speaker 1 understanding of the physical world, and that's very difficult to achieve with LLMs.

Speaker 1 And that is a really good way to challenge the limitations of LLMs and so on. He's also been a vocal and a huge proponent of open source, which is a whole nother, which you have been as well.

Speaker 1 Which is very useful. Yeah.
And that's been just fascinating to watch.

Speaker 2 And anti-doomer.

Speaker 1 Anti-doomer. Yeah.
Yeah. He's

Speaker 1 very anti-doomer. He embodies, he also has many wolves.

Speaker 1 Yes, he does. He does, he does.
Yes, he does. He does.
So it's been really, really fun to watch. The other two.

Speaker 2 Okay, here's my other wolf coming out. Yeah.
The The other two of the three godfathers of AI are like

Speaker 2 radicals, like

Speaker 2 full-on left, you know, far-left, you know, like they, I would say, like either Marxists or borderline Marxists. And they're like, I think, quite extreme in their social and political views.

Speaker 2 And I think that feeds into their doomerism.

Speaker 2 And I think, you know, they are lobbying for like draconian government. I think what would be ruinously destructive government legislation and regulation.

Speaker 2 And so it's actually super helpful, super, super helpful to have Jan as a counterpoint to those two.

Speaker 1 Another fun question uh our mutual friend andrew huberman so first maybe what do you love most about andrew and second what score on a scale of one to ten do you think he would give you on your approach to health oh three physical three you think you score that high huh okay exactly

Speaker 2 that's good exactly well so he can he did he convinced me to stop drinking alcohol um which was a big successfully well it was like my favorite other than my family it was my favorite thing in the world yeah and so it was a major major reduction like having like a glass of scotch at night was like a major, like, it was like the thing I would do to relax.

Speaker 2 And so he has profoundly negatively impacted my emotional health.

Speaker 1 I

Speaker 2 blame him for making me much less happy as a person, but much, much, much healthier. Yeah.

Speaker 2 Physically healthier. So that, that I, I credit, I credit him with that.
I'm glad I did that. But then his sleep stuff, like, yeah, I'm not doing any of that.
Yeah.

Speaker 2 I have no interest in his sleep shit.

Speaker 1 Like, no.

Speaker 2 This whole light, natural light.

Speaker 1 No, we're not doing that. They're too hardcore for me.

Speaker 2 I don't see any natural. I don't don't see any natural light in here.
It's all covered.

Speaker 2 It's all horrible. And I'm very happy.
I would be very happy living and working here because I'm totally happy without natural light.

Speaker 1 In darkness.

Speaker 1 That must be a metaphor for something. Yes.

Speaker 2 It's a test. Look, it's a test of manhood as to whether you can have a blue screen in your face for three hours and then go right to sleep.

Speaker 2 Like, I don't understand why you should want to take shortcuts.

Speaker 1 I now understand what they mean by toxic masculinity. All right.

Speaker 2 So

Speaker 1 let's see. You're exceptionally successful by most measures.
But what to you is the definition of success?

Speaker 2 I would probably say it is a combination of two things. I think it is

Speaker 2 contribution.

Speaker 2 So, you know, have you done something that mattered ultimately?

Speaker 2 And,

Speaker 2 you know, and specifically it mattered to people.

Speaker 2 And then the other thing is I think happiness is either overrated or almost almost a complete myth.

Speaker 2 And in fact, interesting, Thomas Jefferson did not mean happiness the way that we understand it when he said pursuit of happiness in the Declaration of Independence.

Speaker 2 He meant it more of the Greek meaning,

Speaker 2 which is closer to satisfaction or fulfillment.

Speaker 2 And so I think happiness is... So I think about happiness as the first

Speaker 2 ice cream cone makes you super happy. The first mile of the walk in the park during sunset makes you super happy.
The first kiss makes you super happy. The thousandth ice cream cone,

Speaker 2 not so much.

Speaker 2 The thousandth mile of the walk through the park.

Speaker 2 The thousandth kiss can still be good, but maybe just not right in a row.

Speaker 2 Right. And so happiness is this very fleeting concept.

Speaker 2 And the people who anchor on happiness seem to go off the rails pretty often. So did the deep sense of having been,

Speaker 2 I don't know how to put it, useful.

Speaker 1 So that's a good place to arrive at in life.

Speaker 2 Yes, I think so. Yeah.
I mean, can you sit? Can you, yeah, you know, who was it who said the

Speaker 2 source of all the ills in the world of man's inability to sit in a room by himself doing nothing?

Speaker 2 But like, if you're sitting in a room by yourself and you're like, all right, or, you know, four in the morning, it's like, all right, have I, like, you know, have I lived up to my expectation of myself?

Speaker 2 Like, if you have, you know, the people I know who feel that way are pretty centered and, you know, generally seem very,

Speaker 2 I don't know how to put it, pleased, but, you know, proud,

Speaker 2 calm, at peace.

Speaker 2 The people who are, you know, sensation seekers.

Speaker 2 You know, some of the sensations, by the way, some sense, you know, there's, there's certain entrepreneurs, for example, who are like into every form of extreme sport and they get, you know, huge satisfaction out of that.

Speaker 2 Or, you know, there's sensation seeking in sort of useful and productive ways. You know, Larry Ellison was always like that.
Zuckerberg's like that.

Speaker 2 And then, you know, there's a lot of entrepreneurs who end up, you know, drugs,

Speaker 1 you know, like

Speaker 2 sexual, you know, sexual escapades that seem like they'll be fun at first and then backfire.

Speaker 1 Yeah, but at the end of the day, if you're able to be at peace by yourself in a room at 4 a.m.,

Speaker 1 and I would even say happy, but I know I understand Thomas Jefferson didn't mean it the way the way maybe I mean it. But I can be happy by myself at 4 a.m.
with a blue screen.

Speaker 2 That's good. Exactly.

Speaker 1 Staring at a cursor. Exactly.

Speaker 1 As a small tangent, a quick shout out to an amazing interview you did with Barry Weiss and just to her in general, Barry Weiss of the Free Press. She has a podcast called Honestly with Barry Weiss.

Speaker 1 She's great. People should go listen.

Speaker 1 You were asked if you believe in God.

Speaker 1 One of the joys, see, we talked about happiness. One of the things that makes me happy is making you uncomfortable.
Thank you.

Speaker 1 So this question is designed for many of the questions today designed for that. You were asked if you believe in God and you said after a pause, you're not sure.
So it felt like the pause,

Speaker 1 the uncertainty there was

Speaker 1 some kind of ongoing search for wisdom and meaning.

Speaker 1 Are you in fact searching for wisdom and meaning?

Speaker 2 I guess I put it this way. There's a lot

Speaker 2 to just understand about

Speaker 2 people that I feel like I'm only starting to understand.

Speaker 2 And that's certainly a simpler concept than God.

Speaker 1 So

Speaker 2 um, that's what I've spent a lot of the last, you know, 15 years trying to figure out. I feel like I spent my first, like, whatever, 30 years figuring out machines.

Speaker 2 And then now I'm spending 30 years figuring out people, which turns out to be quite a bit more complicated.

Speaker 2 And then, I don't know, maybe God's the last 30 years or something.

Speaker 2 And then, you know, look, I mean, just, you know, like Elon, it's just like, okay, the known universe is like very, you know, complicated and, you know, mystifying.

Speaker 2 I mean, every time I, you know, pull up in astronomy, you know, I get super in astronomy and it's like, you know, you know, daddy, how many galaxies are there in the universe?

Speaker 2 And, you know, what's how many galaxies are there in the universe?

Speaker 1 A hundred billion.

Speaker 2 Okay, like, how?

Speaker 1 Yeah.

Speaker 2 Like, yeah, like, how is that freaking possible? Like, what,

Speaker 2 like,

Speaker 2 it's just, it's such a staggering concept that I.

Speaker 1 I actually wanted to show you a tweet that blew my mind from Elon from a while back.

Speaker 1 He said, Elon said, as a friend called it, this is the ultimate skill tree. This is a wall of galaxies a billion light years across.
Yeah. So these are all galaxies.
Yeah.

Speaker 2 Like, what the, like, how, how is it that big? Like,

Speaker 2 how the hell? And like, you know, I can read the textbook and the this and the that and the whatever, eight billion years and the big bang and the whole thing. And then it's just like, all right, wow.

Speaker 2 And then it's like, all right, the big bang. All right.
Like, what was what was before the big bang?

Speaker 1 Do you think we'll ever, we humans will ever colonize like a galaxy and maybe even go beyond? Sure.

Speaker 2 I mean, yeah, I mean, in the fullness of time. Yeah.

Speaker 1 So you have that kind of optimism. You have that kind of hope that extends across thousands of times.

Speaker 2 In the fullness of time. I mean, yeah.
I mean, yeah, you know, all the, all the problems, all the challenges with it that I do, but like, yeah, why not?

Speaker 2 I mean, again, in the fullness of time, it'll, it'll take a long time.

Speaker 1 You don't think we'll destroy ourselves?

Speaker 2 No, I doubt it. I doubt it.
And, you know, fortunately, we have Elon

Speaker 2 giving us, giving us the backup plan. So, so I don't know.
Like, I grew up, you know, rural Midwest, sort of just like conventionally kind of Protestant Christian.

Speaker 2 It never made that much sense to me. Got trained as an engineer and a scientist.
I'm like, oh, that definitely doesn't make sense. I'm like, I know.

Speaker 2 I'll spend my life as an empirical, you know, rationalist and I'll figure everything out.

Speaker 2 And then, you know, and then again, you walk up against these things, you know, you, you bump up against these things and you're just like, all right, I, I, like, okay, I guess there's a scientific explanation for this, but like, wow.

Speaker 2 Um, and then there's like, all right, where did that come from? Um, right. And then how, how far back can you go on the causality chain? Um,

Speaker 2 yeah. And then, yeah, I mean, then even, even just, you know, experiences that we all have on earth, it's, it's hard to, it's hard to rationally explain it all.

Speaker 2 And then, you know, so yeah, I guess I'd just say I'm kind of radically open-minded,

Speaker 2 at peace with the fact that I'll probably never know.

Speaker 2 The other thing, though, that's happened, and maybe the more practical answer to the question is, I think I have a much better understanding now of the role that religion plays in society than I didn't have when I was younger.

Speaker 2 And

Speaker 2 my partner Ben has a great, I think he quotes his father on this. He's like, if a man does not have a real religion, he makes up a fake one.

Speaker 2 And the fake ones go very, very badly.

Speaker 2 And so

Speaker 2 there's this class, it's actually really funny.

Speaker 2 There's this class of intellectual, there's this class of intellectual that has what appears to be a very patronizing point of view, which is, yes, I'm an atheist, but it's very important that the people believe in something.

Speaker 1 Right.

Speaker 2 Um, and Marx had like the negative view on that, which is religion is the opiate of the masses, but there's a lot of like right-wing intellectuals who are themselves, I think, pretty atheist or agnostic that are like, it's deeply important that the people be Christian or something like that.

Speaker 2 Um, and on the one hand, it's like, wow, that's arrogant and presumptive, but on the other hand, you know, maybe it's right

Speaker 2 because, you know, what have we learned in the last hundred years is is in the absence of a real religion people will make up fake ones

Speaker 2 um there's this uh writer there's this political philosopher who's super interesting on this named eric vogelin and he wrote this he wrote in the sort of mid mid part of the century mid late part of the 20th century he's like born in i think like 1900 and like died in like 85 so he saw the complete run of communism and and uh in nazism

Speaker 2 and himself you know fled the i think he fled europe and you know the whole thing um and um you know his his sort of big conclusion was basically that both communism and Nazism, fascism were, were basically religions, were, were, but like in the deep way of religions, like they were, you know, you call them political religions, but they were, they were like actual religions and, you know, they were the,

Speaker 2 they were what Nietzsche forecasted when he said, you know, God is dead, we've killed him, and we won't wash the blood off our hands for a thousand years, right?

Speaker 2 Um, is we will come up with new religions that will just cause just mass murder and death. Um, and like you read his stuff now, and you're like, yep, that happened, right?

Speaker 2 And then, of course, as fully, you know, elite modernists, of course, we couldn't possibly be doing that to ourselves right now, but of course, we are.

Speaker 2 And, you know, I would argue that Eric Vogeland for sure would argue that the last 10 years, you know, we have been in a religious frenzy.

Speaker 2 You know, that woke has been a full-scale religious frenzy and has had all of the characteristics of a religion, including everything from patron saints to holy texts to, you know, sin.

Speaker 2 It said,

Speaker 2 wokeness has said every aspect of a

Speaker 2 Wokeness has said every, I think it's that every single aspect of an actual religion other than redemption,

Speaker 2 right? Which is maybe like the most dangerous religion you could ever come up with, is the one where there's no forgiveness.

Speaker 2 Right. And so I think if Voglin were alive, I think he would have zeroed right in on that, would have said that.

Speaker 2 And, you know, we just like sailed right off. I mentioned earlier, like, we somehow rediscovered the religions of the Indo-Europeans.
We're all into identity politics and environmentalism.

Speaker 2 Like, I don't think that's an accident. So,

Speaker 2 anyway, like, there is something very deep going on in the human psyche on religion that is not dismissible

Speaker 2 and needs to be taken seriously, even if one struggles with the specifics of it.

Speaker 1 I think I speak for a lot of people. It's been a real joy and for me an honor to get to watch you

Speaker 1 seek to understand the human psyche as you described. You're in that 30-year part of your life.

Speaker 1 And it's been an honor to talk with you today. Thank you, Mark.
Thank you, Alex.

Speaker 2 Is that it?

Speaker 1 That's only

Speaker 2 how long is that?

Speaker 1 Four hours with Mark Andreessen is like 40 hours of actual content.

Speaker 2 I'll accept being one of the short ones.

Speaker 1 For the listener, Mark looks like he's ready to go for 20 more hours.

Speaker 1 And I need a nap. Thank you, Mark.

Speaker 2 Thank you, Lex.

Speaker 1 Thanks for listening to this conversation with Mark Andreessen. To support this podcast, please check out our sponsors in the description.
And now, let me leave you with some words from Thomas Soul.

Speaker 1 It takes considerable knowledge just to realize the extent of your own ignorance.

Speaker 1 Thank you for listening and hope to see you next time.