The Retrievals - Ep. 1

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Speaker 5 The women are seeking fertility treatment for a variety of reasons. They've had a couple miscarriages and they're pushing 40.
They don't have fallopian tubes or they need sperm.

Speaker 5 One woman has a diagnosis that's like a metaphor from feminist sci-fi, a uterus with a single horn like a unicorn. All of them wind up at the fertility clinic at Yale University.

Speaker 5 A couple of the women choose this clinic because they work at Yale, and that's what the Yale Health Plan covers. Others go to Yale on the recommendation of their doctors.

Speaker 5 But in Connecticut, you don't even really need the recommendation. Yale Medicine.
It's a blue chip medical brand.

Speaker 8 You know, Yale's just a huge name and you just think anything that has anything to do with Yale is going to be, you know, the best of the best.

Speaker 5 It's really not close to our house.

Speaker 9 It's not where I would have gone. But we figured, you know, another doctor from another hospital said this is the best you can get.

Speaker 9 And you want, of course you want that.

Speaker 5 To some of the women, the clinic seems to live up to its billing. They like their doctors, feel cared for by them.
That man is an angel, one of the women tells me.

Speaker 5 He is by far the best doctor I've ever had.

Speaker 5 Others are not happy at the clinic from the start. It's things like feeling like a number or issues with communication.
There's a lot to communicate.

Speaker 5 You don't know how hard fertility treatment is until you get into it. And once you start it in one place, it can be difficult to go somewhere else.
So they talk themselves into staying.

Speaker 5 That's the first thing they go against their instincts and and talk themselves into.

Speaker 5 The women drive to the clinic before work in the morning for blood draws and then wait for the afternoon email from their nurse team.

Speaker 5 You really have to trust your nurse team, one of the women tells me. At this point, she did.
The nurse team gives instructions. and the women give themselves shots.

Speaker 5 These shots contain hormones to stimulate the body to produce eggs. A side effect is emotional volatility.

Speaker 5 The wind is making me cry, one of the women says.

Speaker 5 But the thing is, you have to stay calm. Don't get stressed.
It's so stressful trying not to get stressed.

Speaker 5 One woman uses a fertility meditation app called Expectful.

Speaker 5 She does her guided meditation on the beach.

Speaker 5 The app plays the sound of waves while the real waves heave in the background. It's absurd, but so much of of this is absurd, including the money.

Speaker 5 There's all kinds of stuff that's not covered no matter what insurance you have.

Speaker 5 Meanwhile, your ovaries enlarge, and you get so bloated that your abdomen feels like bricks.

Speaker 5 And then finally, you get to the day you've been waiting for.

Speaker 5 The day of the first egg retrieval.

Speaker 5 Which is what it sounds like. The eggs are removed from the body and then fertilized or frozen, depending on what you're doing.

Speaker 5 How many eggs am I going to get? That is the big question.

Speaker 5 The more eggs you get, the better your chance of a healthy embryo, a viable pregnancy, a child.

Speaker 5 The day of the retrieval, the women arrive at the clinic. They check in on different mornings, in different months and calendar years.

Speaker 5 None of them are here on the same day, but they will come out of the day with the same story.

Speaker 5 Laura arrives for her retrieval on a weekday morning in January 2020. She checks in and changes into a gown.

Speaker 5 Two months ago, Laura was diagnosed with breast cancer. A double mastectomy followed, then an infection and additional surgeries.
As soon as she freezes her eggs, she's going to start treatment.

Speaker 5 It's a lot.

Speaker 5 Laura is trying to put all of that to the side and just focus on the procedure ahead.

Speaker 10 I was excited, like trying, you know, trying to stay positive.

Speaker 10 And just, and I was just like, having been through so much just the month prior, I was like, this is going to be easy because I had been through so many surgeries and procedures. I was just like,

Speaker 10 you know, I know what this is like. I know what it's like to be under anesthesia or something and be given medication so you don't feel things.

Speaker 5 The egg retrieval is a surgical procedure. A long needle is inserted into the vagina, then pierced through the vaginal wall and up into the ovary.

Speaker 5 Laura has been told in advance what drugs she will be getting during the procedure.

Speaker 10 Two drugs, fentanyl and another one, midalazam or zolam. And I believe that one's to induce sleepiness.

Speaker 5 Together, these two drugs offer what's often called moderate sedation. Basically, the fentanyl pain, and the midazolam relaxes you.
Some people get drowsy with this combination. Others remain alert.

Speaker 5 The use of fentanyl surprises some of the women. One of them, a public defender, has seen a lot of clients messed up by fentanyl, and for a second she's worried.

Speaker 5 Another woman, Katie, a neuroscientist at Yale, feels a spark of interest.

Speaker 11 And in fact, you know, just being someone who studies addiction and studies some opioid use disorder and as a curious person, I remember the morning of thinking, like, okay, this will be interesting.

Speaker 11 I've never tried fentanyl before.

Speaker 11 And so I expected to go in and have twilight anesthesia, you know, not full anesthesia, but not feel anything.

Speaker 5 The women complete the last steps before the procedure. get an IV, go over some papers.
If their partners came back with them, now their partners say goodbye.

Speaker 5 And then it is time.

Speaker 5 The women tell what happens next.

Speaker 10 I walked myself into the procedure room because you get rolled out afterwards, but you don't have any medication in you. You're just kind of hooked up to the IV pole.

Speaker 10 And I walked into there, and you, you know, you get into the on the chair or table, whatever they call it.

Speaker 10 And that's from there. They said, you're not going to feel anything.
And they kind of, you know, they explained everything that was going to happen.

Speaker 14 They started the procedure.

Speaker 14 And, you know, I was just sort of taken by surprise, not expecting the excruciating pain

Speaker 14 and just letting them know that I don't think the pain medication is doing anything.

Speaker 14 It really feels like you're stabbing the needle.

Speaker 14 I felt

Speaker 9 everything.

Speaker 16 It's literally your most intimate parts of your body. They're using these long needles.
And there's also a screen so I can watch what they're doing and I couldn't.

Speaker 16 I had to try and look away because literally each needle pierce you feel.

Speaker 14 As we were moving along, it was my blood pressure started going up. I was sweating profusely and telling them, you know, I was just in too much pain, that they had to stop.

Speaker 14 At that point, I remember them giving me more

Speaker 14 of the pain medication and me saying,

Speaker 14 you know, it's not making a difference i you know a nurse coming over and uh putting a wet towel on my head and another nurse holding my hand and them comforting me and and saying you know you're gonna be okay the nurse who i

Speaker 16 she

Speaker 16 was at my the top of my body kind of at my shoulders wiping the tears away and helping me kind of hold my breath to keep myself still so that the doctors didn't slip with the needle

Speaker 16 and just telling me that i was going to be okay that I was going to get through it

Speaker 16 and up until that moment I'm so excited like oh I have 24 follicles like this is great like I'm gonna have a great egg retrieval and then you're like oh my god I wish there was only one like

Speaker 16 everything was counting on that retrieval and that and that's how it feels like the whole the weight of, you know, your world.

Speaker 16 My partner and I, she's counting on me to be able to get through this and to have this successful retrieval. And all I'm feeling is, oh my God, I needed to stop.
Is this worth it?

Speaker 14 And, you know,

Speaker 14 your feet are in the stirrups and, you know, you're supposed to be laying on the table, but I remember tightening up and just trying to relax my body.

Speaker 14 so that they could do what they needed to do because I was so tense that like my bottom was almost off of the table.

Speaker 10 I remember like thrusting my hips up, actually thrusting my hips up saying I feel everything like

Speaker 10 and like nobody believed me and it's just like

Speaker 10 I don't know but what are you gonna do? I you know I wanted the procedure done I just let it happen and I was like

Speaker 20 I'm awake so

Speaker 11 knowing, you know, I was stone cold sober and awake. And I remember I

Speaker 11 the egg retrieval, you know, they kind of do them one by one or like a couple at a time, you know, my impression. And so you have moments in between pain to say, like, what the fuck is going on?

Speaker 10 I do remember, I think I swore I was using curse words because it was just so painful.

Speaker 14 You know, I don't, I, I... Don't know if I can do this any longer.

Speaker 10 You know, you just have to get through it. It's going to be over before you know it.

Speaker 3 Okay, this is going to be over eventually.

Speaker 14 You can do this.

Speaker 16 You can do this. I just want this moment to be be over.

Speaker 7 Get through it. Get through it.

Speaker 11 I remember yelling or kind of making like,

Speaker 11 and really like looking in confusion at my nurse, the attending nurse, and her saying, you know, I'm giving you the most I can legally give you.

Speaker 3 She said that that's the maximum that she's allowed to give me, so she couldn't give me anything else.

Speaker 14 I'm almost certain that at one point they said that they had given me all of the pain medication that they could give me.

Speaker 16 At one point they did say that I I had maxed out. I couldn't have any more fentanyl or versatile.

Speaker 5 And I was like,

Speaker 16 How is this possible? Why is that even like, how am I feeling this? How do people go through this?

Speaker 10 I can feel that. Like, I could feel the, I don't even know how to describe that.

Speaker 10 Like, you can just feel them inside of their, you know, as a woman, we've all been through things,

Speaker 10 you know, with those kind of doctors and stuff. But, like, this is just a pain.
It's like hard to even explain what it felt like.

Speaker 5 It's, this is hard to do, but could you describe the pain that you felt?

Speaker 17 Oh, gosh.

Speaker 5 Um

Speaker 11 I it felt like someone was like ripping something from the inside of your body.

Speaker 5 Yeah.

Speaker 5 Which is what they were doing.

Speaker 12 Yeah.

Speaker 11 That's what it felt like.

Speaker 18 Yeah. Yeah.

Speaker 21 Yeah.

Speaker 5 I'm sorry.

Speaker 11 But but I remember almost immediately thinking or almost daydreaming in that moment that like the attending nurse had one tube going from my IV into my arm and another tube going from my IV into her pocket.

Speaker 11 Like it occurred to me almost immediately that the nurse was stealing the fentanyl.

Speaker 11 And I remember telling my friends, you know, after the procedure, my friends who were aware of what I was going through, but who are also colleagues at Yale in addiction research, I remember telling them, like, the nurse is stealing the fentanyl.

Speaker 11 because it seems so obvious to me. I mean, fentanyl is the most diverted drug in medical settings.
It's like a now major driver of the opioid crisis.

Speaker 11 And it was just really easy to imagine that someone with access to, you know, poorly controlled fentanyl would be abusing it.

Speaker 5 That's so fascinating that that's the image that raised itself up for you because it is so evocative. Like, like, what do you think? Because it is so evocative.

Speaker 5 And also because it was true.

Speaker 5 A nurse at the clinic was stealing fentanyl. Not Katie's nurse.
Not the tube in the pocket. But a nurse at the clinic was stealing fentanyl and replacing it with saline.

Speaker 5 She did so undetected for months, which meant patients weren't getting fentanyl in their IVs.

Speaker 5 They were getting salt water instead.

Speaker 22 Drug-addicted former nurse is sentenced for a crime that caused unbearable pain to dozens of women. The nurse stole drugs and then replaced them with saline solutions.

Speaker 22 A Connecticut nurse admits that she swapped out anesthesia drugs for salt water, causing excruciating pain to women during infertility treatments.

Speaker 22 It happened at a top-rated center affiliated with the city.

Speaker 5 A federal investigation determined that as many as 200 patients may have been victims of this substitution over five months in 2020.

Speaker 5 Lawyers for some of the patients believe the real number is higher and this went on for longer.

Speaker 5 I've talked to a dozen patients who believe they were victims of this. Eleven of them are plaintiffs in a lawsuit against Yale and their lawyers were present when we spoke.

Speaker 5 When I started doing these interviews, I was struck by the echoes in these women's stories. To me it sounded like a chorus of women saying, something is wrong here, again and again.

Speaker 5 The patients wondered how the clinic could have failed to detect this, and the conversations I was having made me wonder that too.

Speaker 5 And then I began talking to other people, staffers who'd been there, and I learned about what went on behind the scenes.

Speaker 5 The staffers I spoke to were horrified by what the patients had experienced. They were grappling with their own questions about how this had happened, about what had gone amiss.

Speaker 5 The patients didn't know why they were in pain. Their doctors didn't know either.

Speaker 5 And in the absence of information about the true cause of the pain, people came up with stories to explain it.

Speaker 5 The patients constructed stories about why they felt pain. Staffers at the clinic came up with theories too.

Speaker 5 Eventually, the nurse would tell her own story about the pain, which would launch a whole new set of stories. The ones her friends and family would come up with.

Speaker 5 The one that would get argued in court.

Speaker 5 The one Yale would tell.

Speaker 5 And all of these stories revealed something about women's pain, how it's tolerated, interpreted, accounted for, or minimized.

Speaker 5 In fertility treatment, you evaluate the outcomes by whether you wind up with a baby.

Speaker 5 That's the metric by which success is measured. It all went well if you leave with a live birth.

Speaker 5 The outcomes here are a lot more complicated. For everyone.

Speaker 5 From Serial Productions and the New York Times, I'm Susan Burton, and this is the Retrievals.

Speaker 5 This is episode one: The Patience.

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Speaker 5 When the retrieval is over, the women are wheeled out to the recovery room. And one of the first things that happens is that they try to come up with an explanation for their pain.

Speaker 10 They put you into the recovery room, and that's where you meet with whoever you were with.

Speaker 10 And I just remember that's when I had my phone back, and I was texting my sister-in-law because she was my confidant for all of this, having been through that.

Speaker 17 And

Speaker 10 she was just replying, like, oh my God, how could you...

Speaker 10 What do you mean you felt everything? And I'm like, and I was just like, you know, just explaining to her. I'm like, I don't know what's wrong like

Speaker 14 so and I even one of the texts I said I said I think I'm immune to fentanyl because like I was like I don't think it works on me I'm not sensitive to fentanyl is a common theory and I remember when the procedure was done you know my family sort of you know we have a family text that's ongoing and and I just remember texting them that you know it's hard to believe that

Speaker 14 we have a

Speaker 14 fentanyl epidemic where people are addicted because it did nothing for me.

Speaker 5 Not all of the women were alert during their procedures. Some were more deeply sedated.
They were so out of it during the retrieval that they don't really remember it, or only kind of.

Speaker 5 The pain hits when they come to.

Speaker 2 It was bad instantly and it shouldn't really be bad instantly. Like you shouldn't wake up.
and be in like horrific, like nightmarish pain.

Speaker 2 But I woke up and I was, I mean, like, it felt like someone had been inside me and like gutted me.

Speaker 2 Yeah, if it was like a gutted feeling, it was like someone had been inside me, scraped me hollow, it was burning.

Speaker 5 In a way, it is more confusing for the wake-up later patients.

Speaker 5 They're not matching each stab of pain to the needle on the screen. It hurts a lot, but it's less explicable.

Speaker 5 And because of that, scarier.

Speaker 8 You know, your mind just goes to the worst possible places i you know i'm thinking and is

Speaker 5 am i bleeding you know and am i bleeding internally is this it like a pain is normally a pain is a sign is protective right it tells you something's wrong there's a lot of uncertainty in the recovery room an elevated blood pressure a nurse running around to get ginger ale a doctor coming by to say there are fewer eggs than we expected Are you sure you only want us to fertilize half of them?

Speaker 5 It's all just very overwhelming. And on top of it, some of the women feel like they're being rushed out of the clinic.
Julia is one of them.

Speaker 9 I remember vomiting. They were giving me some fluids.
I was

Speaker 9 very uncomfortable.

Speaker 9 There was no way I could walk.

Speaker 14 They

Speaker 9 put me in a wheelchair and wheeled me out. And

Speaker 9 I just had this feeling like this is not... this is not right.

Speaker 5 Julia is 31 years old and already a college professor. This morning when her husband drove to the clinic, she'd been frantic.
There was work on a bridge near their house and they got stuck.

Speaker 5 There's only a short window to retrieve the eggs before you ovulate them, and Julia was worried she would miss it.

Speaker 5 When she arrived at the clinic, she felt a huge relief, like, we made it, both we made it on time, and we made it to this day.

Speaker 5 Now she's feeling something she never expected.

Speaker 5 At home, she goes upstairs and gets into bed.

Speaker 9 I fell asleep for a little while and then I woke up and I was nervous.

Speaker 9 We had a babysitter here

Speaker 9 watching my daughter and I just, you know, you wake up, you're like, oh my God, who's with my kid? I need to.

Speaker 9 And I walked a few steps to try and go down the stairs and I realized I really had gone too far from the bed.

Speaker 9 By this point, the pain was excruciating, I would say.

Speaker 9 And I turned to go back to lay down in my bed again. And I pass, I mean, I don't remember this, but I blacked out or passed out.

Speaker 9 And I woke up on the floor

Speaker 9 and

Speaker 9 I kind of busted my lip open.

Speaker 5 Julia calls the clinic, and they tell her that she should go to the ER.

Speaker 5 She's in so much pain that she can't bend enough to get into a car. car.
An ambulance is called, and when Julia gets to the hospital, they check her out.

Speaker 5 The retrieval is a safe procedure, but things can go wrong. Your ovary can strangulate.
A major artery can get punctured. But none of the obvious things are wrong, and nobody can explain what is.

Speaker 5 Back home over the weekend, Julia calls the on-call doctor at the clinic multiple times.

Speaker 9 By Sunday, I sort of got the sense I was annoying him.

Speaker 5 Julia keeps waiting for a call from her official doctor. By Tuesday, she still hasn't heard from him.

Speaker 9 It was impossible for me to understand how he hadn't called me by this point.

Speaker 9 But I called his office on Tuesday, basically,

Speaker 9 you know, saying, I need to talk to you.

Speaker 9 I wrote down what he said, and I've kept this note. since that time.
He said he was not alarmed, but perplexed and surprised at my experience.

Speaker 9 Those words, I guess, ring pretty hollow

Speaker 9 now, right?

Speaker 9 Knowing that there was a pattern of many women who had extreme, inexplicable

Speaker 11 pain after the egg retrieval.

Speaker 5 What did you make of that language, like at the moment, perplexed and surprised?

Speaker 9 It was,

Speaker 27 I mean

Speaker 9 I guess uh

Speaker 9 I

Speaker 9 felt crazy. I mean I I I felt

Speaker 9 I mean you're by this point. I'm asking myself like

Speaker 9 am I being difficult? Am I I mean am I I mean you just you just question

Speaker 9 your sense of self like your your ability to uh assess your situation rationally which is very disconcerting when that happens because at least at the end of the day you have that right

Speaker 9 it's you go you you start thinking about your whole life right like i'm a pretty high energy person like i take care of a toddler i have a phd i have a job like i i run marathons in my free time like i'm i'm not you know like you have all these parts of your life that make you feel like that give you this sense of like who you are.

Speaker 20 And then

Speaker 9 I just felt like, like they were treating me like I was like

Speaker 9 nuts, you know, for for still, you know, being in pain and just

Speaker 9 having a, what I would call a difficult time. You know, I just left the office.

Speaker 9 I mean, crying, you know.

Speaker 9 I just felt like

Speaker 9 like nobody, nobody cares. That's the way I would describe how I felt in the days after.
Like nobody gives a crap that

Speaker 21 this

Speaker 9 was

Speaker 5 so hard for me.

Speaker 5 In the days after the retrieval, other patients live out versions of the same story.

Speaker 5 They also call the clinic. They ask, is this normal? They say, the Tylenol isn't helping.
At home, they're laid up on the couch. They can't pick up their toddler.

Speaker 5 They wonder if they really should have scheduled themselves for a shift the next day.

Speaker 5 Not all staffers at the clinic are dismissive. But even when they respond with concern, there aren't any real answers.
Some of these conversations take place days after the procedure.

Speaker 5 like at follow-ups to talk about next steps.

Speaker 14 You didn't really talk to the office until day five or day six,

Speaker 14 which is when I found out that none of the eggs had survived.

Speaker 14 None were healthy enough to go to testing.

Speaker 7 And we had to talk about moving forward.

Speaker 15 And

Speaker 14 that's when I really expressed my sort of shock that the procedure was as painful as it was, and talked about, you know, if there were other pain management protocols that could be considered at that point.

Speaker 15 And

Speaker 14 I was told

Speaker 14 that, you know, that was the best pain medication that was available. And my doctor prescribed me

Speaker 14 an anxiety medication to take before the next procedure. And I remember saying to my husband,

Speaker 14 you know,

Speaker 14 I think it's strange because I'm not anxious about a medical procedure.

Speaker 10 Yeah.

Speaker 14 You know, it was the pain. It was severe pain, not anxiety about going into it.

Speaker 3 The next time that I saw my doctor, he asked me how the procedure went and I said it was really, really painful.

Speaker 3 And he was kind of like a little bit, a little bit concerned, but then he just didn't say anything after that.

Speaker 3 So I was like, okay, I guess. And this was my first time doing it.
So I didn't know any better. So I was like, oh, okay, I guess it's supposed to be painful.

Speaker 5 other women are talking about what happened with family and friends so at that point I had talked to

Speaker 16 a couple of family members who had done retrievals

Speaker 16 and I felt even worse

Speaker 16 there's nothing like feeling shame from like another female and it unintentional too you know like

Speaker 16 that That just seems weird because, you know, I was wheeled back there and joked with the staff and then fell asleep and woke up and was fine.

Speaker 16 And that seemed to be the general consensus between procedures at different clinics that,

Speaker 16 oh yeah, I was kind of alert, but I didn't feel anything. It was really no big deal.
Like the shots ahead of time were way worse than the actual procedure.

Speaker 16 And I started shutting down after hearing those stories that this was on me. Like I, something wasn't right with my tolerance and my ability to handle this.

Speaker 5 The women are already settling on their stories about what happened to them. I'm immune to fentanyl.
It's my fault. It's supposed to be painful.

Speaker 5 The clinic tells patients that they may experience mild discomfort, but now some of them have recalibrated their expectations, including Lynn, who will have eight retrievals at the clinic.

Speaker 5 All of them will cause her excruciating pain.

Speaker 14 You know, again, you hear about IVF and how tough of a process it is, mentally and physically.

Speaker 13 And, you know,

Speaker 14 I just thought,

Speaker 14 this is what I have to do. This is what I have to do.

Speaker 14 And sort of just thought, this is what women go through.

Speaker 5 Yale declined to offer information about how reports of pain were addressed at the clinic or to answer any other questions.

Speaker 5 Episode one of the retrievals continues after the break.

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Speaker 5 Of the 12 patients I spoke to, most are white. The one black woman in the group was often the only black woman in the clinic waiting room.
Everyone in the group identified as a woman.

Speaker 5 While a couple of them were pursuing pregnancy for the first time as they neared 40, most did not fit that stereotype. Most were married to men, one to a woman.

Speaker 5 That patient would provide the eggs, and her wife would carry the pregnancy.

Speaker 5 Her wife presents as more stereotypically masculine, doesn't wear women's clothing, and at first family members were like, are you sure you want to do it this way? Yes, they were sure.

Speaker 5 One was doing this on her own at 41 after the end of a long relationship. Another left her boyfriend partway through the process and then fell in love with the new guy at the office.

Speaker 5 One was born in Iran and came to the U.S. as a refugee.
Another grew up in Jamaica. One had what she described as a horrible childhood.
She essentially had to raise herself.

Speaker 5 Another longed to have have a second baby because she was so close to all of her siblings.

Speaker 5 One had type 1 diabetes and was used to everyone always attributing all medical issues to, oh, it's your diabetes.

Speaker 18 All of them worked.

Speaker 5 A special ed teacher, an accountant at a maritime firm,

Speaker 5 and a lecturer at Yale in the Department of American Studies.

Speaker 5 Her name is Leia.

Speaker 5 Her scholarship encompasses a variety of subjects. Exile and migration.
She's the patient who came to the U.S. as a refugee from Iran.
And gender.

Speaker 5 From the beginning of her treatment, Leia located her experience within a context of assumptions about women patients, that they are unreliable narrators of their own symptoms, that they are anxious, exaggerating.

Speaker 2 But I remember the first time I went in there to get ready for the ultrasound, there was blood on the floor from a previous person's ultrasound.

Speaker 2 And I have to tell you, it was as ominous as signs fucking come.

Speaker 2 And I just remember me and Navid was with me, I think.

Speaker 13 Was Navid with me?

Speaker 2 Or I subsequently... Oh, no, he couldn't go inside.
He was waiting in the car. My husband was waiting in the car.

Speaker 2 I was just shaking. I was like, this isn't good.
I mean,

Speaker 2 it was like you walk in and I was like, there's blood? You guys left blood over?

Speaker 18 What is going on here?

Speaker 5 Did you say anything to like, did you say that?

Speaker 2 But here's the thing, and this is where it begins: is

Speaker 2 you are treated like a hysterical woman from the second you walk in there. So you already know, and like as a, you know, like a person who

Speaker 2 like I study this stuff, I teach this stuff,

Speaker 2 and

Speaker 2 you're there and you're like, oh, this is, this is, this is actually what's happening right now. Here comes like Freud's patient, the hysterical woman who's

Speaker 2 and angry and hormonal and terrified and bitchy and mean.

Speaker 2 And that's how we're going to treat her.

Speaker 5 Hysteria comes from the Greek word for uterus. Ancient explanations for it involve an empty uterus.
A woman was hysterical because her uterus was not full.

Speaker 5 Unanchored, the uterus roved through the body,

Speaker 5 which was what made women sick and crazy. To fix hysteria, you really needed to fill that uterus up.

Speaker 2 Like, so with the blood, I remember being like, there's blood on the floor, you know? I was really upset. And they're like, okay, okay.
I mean, it's, you know, I, I, it, it turned right back on me.

Speaker 2 And I remember one of the nurses was like, okay, well, you can calm down. You know, I was told to calm down.

Speaker 2 And, I mean, and then when they're doing the ultrasounds, of course, they, someone's doing a transvaginal ultrasound. So.

Speaker 2 there's literally like this stick that's inside of you and they're moving it around and if you cringe oh okay, it'll just be like another, it's just another second. It's just, okay, just be patient.

Speaker 2 So you're constantly over

Speaker 2 emphasizing or over-dramatizing what's happening. It's not that big of a deal.

Speaker 5 Leia felt like her doctor wasn't listening to her. She also didn't trust her assigned nurse.
Then came Leia's first retrieval. She felt her pain wasn't taken seriously by anyone.

Speaker 5 She says they all blew her off. Leia wasn't happy with her treatment, but she decided to continue.

Speaker 2 Here I was.

Speaker 17 I saw it.

Speaker 9 I felt it.

Speaker 2 I was alarmed by it.

Speaker 16 But I kept going because I wanted to have a baby.

Speaker 5 Leia asked for a new doctor. He oversaw her next cycle, and soon she went in for another retrieval.

Speaker 2 Right after you're in that room, the anesthesiologist came up to me. And she said, you know what? You, you are waking up.
You are waking up. We ought to give you some more meds.

Speaker 2 You know, you were waking up.

Speaker 2 So again, you, your body,

Speaker 2 you were nervous. You were agitated.
You burdened us. Your kind of uncontrollable body put us in a position where we actually had to give you more drugs.

Speaker 2 You were waking up, so we had to give you more fentanyl.

Speaker 11 And I was like, oh.

Speaker 2 But again,

Speaker 20 to them,

Speaker 2 to them, I'm this woman who's already like on edge. I already left a doctor because I didn't like the doctor.
So the other physicians and the other nurses all know this about me.

Speaker 2 I'm a kind of already unruly,

Speaker 2 perhaps entitled,

Speaker 2 overly kind of

Speaker 20 needy

Speaker 13 woman

Speaker 2 who's just really angry that she doesn't have a baby.

Speaker 5 There's a balance you have to strike as a a woman patient. You have to complain just the right amount to be taken seriously, but not so much that you seem shrill.

Speaker 5 Still, your pain is more likely to be underestimated than men's.

Speaker 5 Black women are more likely to have their pain ignored no matter what they do.

Speaker 5 All of this we know from the literature and also from life.

Speaker 5 In my life, I've been the kind of patient where if I've ever spoken up, I felt like I need to be obsequious later to protect myself. That is what I felt I needed to perform.

Speaker 5 Leia knew she'd need to perform a whole range of things in order to get help. Stern, docile, smart, stupid, agreeable.

Speaker 5 And now, on a gurney in the recovery room, Leia became an observer. She would remember what was happening.
She would write about this one day.

Speaker 5 She tuned into the language, into the emphasis that to her seemed so interesting and fucked up, into the syntax that seemed to place the blame on her body.

Speaker 5 But at the same time, Leia had also internalized the narrative that her body was to blame. Her body was inadequate, deficient.
That was why she was here. Her body had had miscarriages.

Speaker 5 Her body didn't make enough eggs. Her body couldn't cooperate long enough to get through a critical procedure.

Speaker 3 Oh, God, my body.

Speaker 2 Like, here it goes again.

Speaker 2 Not only can I not, like, have a baby, I also can't even, like, just lay still

Speaker 3 with

Speaker 2 the right amount of fentanyl.

Speaker 5 In this moment and throughout her treatment, Leia was simultaneously the writer saying, I can name what's happening here, and the patient saying, how could I have let this happen?

Speaker 5 Other women occupied their own versions of this position.

Speaker 5 Their professional identities offered them one kind of story about these events. Their identities as patients directed them to another.

Speaker 5 Several of them had an area of expertise that was directly applicable here, in a way that is kind of uncanny.

Speaker 5 For example, there are multiple patients who work in healthcare, including one who's designed systems for the safe storage of medications. There's a nurse anesthetist.

Speaker 5 She thought the anesthesia was the one part of fertility treatment she wouldn't have to worry about.

Speaker 5 And of course, there's the addiction researcher. Katie, who had the prophetic fantasy.

Speaker 5 What's unique about you is that not only did you know something was wrong, you knew exactly what was wrong.

Speaker 20 I did.

Speaker 5 Yet still, you constructed like this other narrative to explain it.

Speaker 11 Yes.

Speaker 5 Like other patients, Katie had expertise that gave her knowledge. But she and others pushed that knowledge aside.

Speaker 5 They decided not to know what they knew. in order to keep going.

Speaker 5 I wanted Katie to lay out the path to that cognitive dissonance. I wanted her to explain exactly how she got from one story to the other.

Speaker 11 I mean, you know, as I've told you, like, I came out of that procedure and I immediately, I remember immediately texting my friends who are also colleagues in addiction research at Yale, like the nurse is stealing the fentanyl.

Speaker 11 It seemed, it just seemed so obvious.

Speaker 11 But then, you know, then you, you sort of come out of the, I remember just coming out of the shock and recovering from the procedure and things just go on. You know, I, um,

Speaker 11 no one is addressing the fact that I was sober during the procedure. And I,

Speaker 11 I remember violently shaking in recovery from like the shock. I don't know that that's related to having the procedure with or without fentanyl, but, but that's how my body responded.

Speaker 11 Um, and my nurse was there, and I remember her saying, I think something like, I think it's, I think it was so painful because we got so many eggs.

Speaker 11 And so it was just sort of this like positive kind of false narrative about what had happened.

Speaker 11 And so then, you know, I think I coped by coming up with an alternate explanation, which was that I do remember waking up during my, having my wisdom teeth being pulled when I was a kid to the nurse saying, shit, shit, and then, you know, giving me more drugs, putting me back under.

Speaker 11 So, you know, the other explanation for me was that maybe I'm not sensitive to certain opiates.

Speaker 11 You know, and I remember also that kind of became my narrative with, you know, my friends and colleagues kind of remember me sort of switching to that narrative and saying, like, well, maybe you're not sensitive to fentanyl.

Speaker 11 So

Speaker 11 I started to kind of tell, just tell myself a story about my pain. Just try to understand, you know, it's a way of just understanding my experience

Speaker 11 and thinking, yeah, maybe this is what happened.

Speaker 5 The story becomes a way not only to explain pain, but to cope with it. A way to not only make sense of the pain, but to manage it, to tamp it down, get through it.

Speaker 5 In this way, the story becomes the medicine that the patients weren't given.

Speaker 5 The women gear up for second, third retrievals. They change their diets.
They cut chemicals out of their home. They read the books the nurses recommend.
Or they get ready for embryo transfers.

Speaker 5 They make reservations at a hotel in town so that they won't have to drive home over a bumpy road.

Speaker 5 Despite these efforts, some of the women miscarry.

Speaker 5 One woman wakes up about 10 days after her embryo transfer with some spotting.

Speaker 5 Don't think anything of that yet, a nurse reassures her.

Speaker 5 But the pregnancy test comes back negative.

Speaker 5 When do you think you might want to get started again? Her doctor asks her at a virtual follow-up appointment.

Speaker 5 I am not ready, the patient says.

Speaker 5 She closes the telehealth, and that's the last time she talks to the doctor. She never goes back to that clinic.
She stops fertility treatment and doesn't know when or if she will ever resume it.

Speaker 5 She never wants to go through an egg retrieval again.

Speaker 5 Fertility treatment doesn't always result in a baby. It's not just giving yourself shots that's hard.
It's the cycle of hope and loss. It just clobbers you.

Speaker 5 And the longer you stay in it, the more the drugs mess with your head.

Speaker 5 It's called the clomid crazies for a reason, one of the women tells me. And the money, always the money.
If your insurance covers this, it probably only covers a few cycles.

Speaker 5 There's so much pressure on each one. Once you have to pay out of pocket, you're talking maybe $15K for one cycle, and that's the low end.

Speaker 5 Some of the women are keeping their treatment secret. One of them can't even tell her own mother.

Speaker 5 It's hard. It's hard to begin with, even without this extra layer that's been added onto this now.

Speaker 5 The pain and the fear of more of it.

Speaker 10 The first time I went in clueless, thinking you're not going to feel a thing.

Speaker 10 So I think this the second time I had a lot more anxiety.

Speaker 5 Laura doesn't get as many eggs as she hoped for the first time around.

Speaker 5 It's urgent that she start cancer treatment, and the doctors accelerate her cycle. Her second retrieval is scheduled for barely more than two weeks after her first.

Speaker 5 That morning, Laura's mother drives her to the clinic and sits in the waiting room while Laura goes back for the procedure.

Speaker 10 And I was shocked. I was shocked again that it was the same situation.
I'm thrusting my hips and telling these people, like, wide awake speaking to them.

Speaker 10 And I was just like, I feel everything you're doing. And that was when I did, I remember actually saying to them, I could drive myself home right now.

Speaker 17 I'm that alert.

Speaker 5 In the recovery room, Laura gets her phone back and just like last time, texts her sister-in-law. Then she sees her mom.
She tells them both how much pain she's in.

Speaker 10 So my sister-in-law right away was like, oh my God, I cannot believe you felt that again.

Speaker 10 But my mom, you know, she just felt, she's, it was, it's hard because, you know, she had seen me go through so much as it was with the cancer.

Speaker 18 You know, any mother who has to live watching their daughter go through that.

Speaker 18 And then for me to tell her, you know, this was supposed to be a special moment because we're preserving my fertility. And I'm sorry.

Speaker 18 And for her to like see that, it hurts her

Speaker 18 to see me in pain, you know,

Speaker 10 you know, and I was just like, well, thank God, I think this was the last time I had to do that.

Speaker 10 You know,

Speaker 7 so

Speaker 5 what did the two of you do like the rest of that day? Did she drive you home?

Speaker 10 Yeah, she drove me home and she stayed with me

Speaker 10 because she had already been staying with me a lot, you know, during the day,

Speaker 10 you know, after my surgeries, because I couldn't even, at that point, I still wasn't allowed to lift more than five pounds. So, because I was still recovering

Speaker 10 from the other surgeries. So,

Speaker 10 yeah, she was with me and, you know, made me lunch and comforted me. And just, you know, we were like, okay, so now we just go back to waiting and, you know, hoping we get a good number.

Speaker 10 And, you know, I just moved on from it because

Speaker 10 I faced many more surgeries that year as well. So, you know, I kind of had to just switch back into, you know, survival mode, like, okay, now we just battle the next thing.
So

Speaker 5 in the other surgeries you had, like cancer-related surgeries, like what were your experiences of pain like?

Speaker 10 It's actually interesting that you bring that up because when I did have my double mastectomy, I was hospitalized.

Speaker 10 I think I was in for a day or two days and

Speaker 10 strangely enough, the nurse, the night nurse, forgot to give me morphine. So I actually was awake and in pain the entire night.

Speaker 10 And I have a gluten allergy, so they couldn't feed me anything because the kitchen was closed.

Speaker 10 So I spent the entire night like vomiting because they couldn't they were gift trying to give me like Percocets or something

Speaker 10 and so I know what pain feels like I've you know I've whatever and the next morning the doctor goes I don't understand why she didn't give it to you it was in the order and I had a really young nurse whatever this is completely unrelated to that but you know I know what pain feels like I've been through it

Speaker 10 and then when I was hospitalized at Christmas that's funny that like it that you bring that up because my sister-in-law actually had pointed out she goes do you remember when you kept telling telling me you were immune to fentanyl?

Speaker 10 She goes, when I did a search on my phone, I guess you can, she's really savvy. You can type in like fentanyl in text messages and it'll bring up every conversation.

Speaker 10 She goes, I actually found one from when you were hospitalized at Christmas saying that you were on fentanyl.

Speaker 10 And I guess she had sent me a picture of her Christmas tree and I had made a comment like, oh my God, did your house burn down? And she was just like, and she was like, what are you talking about?

Speaker 10 And I said, I don't know. The nurse just gave me fentanyl.
And so she goes, look, Laura, so it does work on you. Like, oh, wow.
You know, and this was a month prior.

Speaker 10 And I did, that didn't even dawn on me. Like, oh, my God.
So, yeah.

Speaker 10 But when it came time for the other thing, I was just like, oh, it must not work on me.

Speaker 10 Because,

Speaker 10 you know, I just felt like nobody had heard what I was saying. So it just didn't exist.
It was in my head, you know.

Speaker 10 So yeah, so I, I don't know. I, was I foolish? Because I didn't like dispute it more.
Maybe not. I don't, I don't know.
But like, I just, I believe them. You trust them.

Speaker 5 Months pass. Some of the women get pregnant.
Others are still trying.

Speaker 5 Some of them are still showing up at that clinic for blood draws when they open their mailboxes in December 2020.

Speaker 9 Christmas was on a Friday of 2020, and the mail arrived on Thursday. It was Christmas Eve

Speaker 9 and I was busy and I just thought I'm just not I'm not gonna go get the mail today

Speaker 9 and I waited until Monday the 28th

Speaker 9 and you know it was a nice day. I went outside I got the mail and

Speaker 11 you know I got this letter.

Speaker 16 So I got this letter in the mail. It's nothing fancy.
It's

Speaker 16 a Yale envelope. I'm assuming it's a bill.
Bills never stop coming with IVF.

Speaker 2 You get so much, when you work at Yale, also you just get like Yale emblazoned mail. And so you're like, oh, okay, whatever.

Speaker 2 It was like this thin thing. And I was like, oh, they, you know, changed locations or something.
It's like, this is not important.

Speaker 16 And instead of just setting it aside, I happened to open it. And I

Speaker 15 was furious.

Speaker 11 And it says, dear Kathleen Garrison,

Speaker 11 I'm writing to you in my role as director of Yale Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility to let you know that we have learned of an event that may have involved your care.

Speaker 9 You know,

Speaker 9 that they've become aware that the nurse was switching out the fentanyl with the saline.

Speaker 11 A few weeks ago, we learned that on multiple occasions, a Yale Fertility Center nurse replaced fentanyl, a routinely used narcotic medication, with a normal salt salt solution, saline, in some medication files.

Speaker 11 As a result, some patients may have received saline instead of the intended narcotic medication during their procedures.

Speaker 11 While there's no reason to believe that this event has had any negative effect on your health or the outcome of the care that you received, we believe that you should be informed.

Speaker 16 They make this stupid comment in the letter that there was no harm done

Speaker 11 from this happening.

Speaker 11 And

Speaker 11 I

Speaker 12 don't know if Hall was home or I called her and I was like, bullshit, no harm done.

Speaker 14 Don't send me a letter and tell me that we're confident no one's outcomes were affected by this. I know my outcomes were affected by this.
I know what I experienced and went through.

Speaker 16 But Yale wasn't going to help me. They didn't think there was harm.
They didn't think it was a problem.

Speaker 16 You know, that it was the most

Speaker 16 honestly i think it was one of the most disrespectful ways they probably could have notified any of us that it had happened that you know oh they we had this little breach and you're fine no biggie go about your day

Speaker 14 again no one reached out to talk with us or to see what we experienced as patients

Speaker 14 My only communication about it was through the letter.

Speaker 14 And that's still to this day.

Speaker 5 And yet in addition to fury, there's also vindication. When they learn the news, however they learn it, the women text their twin sister or run inside to their husband or weep in their kitchen.

Speaker 10 It was mind-blowing.

Speaker 20 I immediately called my mother.

Speaker 10 I immediately called my sister-in-law and I'm like, oh, like, I don't know, something had just hit, like, it all makes sense now.

Speaker 14 And it was like, okay, it all makes sense. It was almost a relief, a relief relief to know, like, you know, I'm not crazy.
There's nothing wrong with my body.

Speaker 14 I don't have something like blocking opioids or, you know, where, you know, my body's wrong and doesn't react to medicine.

Speaker 10 And, but it also shows how much they ignored my pleas for help and like saying like, you.

Speaker 20 Like no, nobody believed me.

Speaker 28 And

Speaker 10 so in a sense, it was like relief, you know, just

Speaker 10 knowing that what I felt was real.

Speaker 5 But there's more.

Speaker 5 The letter continues.

Speaker 11 The law enforcement investigation and our own review have found no reason to believe that you were exposed to an infection due to this event.

Speaker 11 Even so, we can appreciate that you may want further reassurance. And if you wish, we will arrange for you to be tested for a group of blood-porn infections at no charge.

Speaker 9 And I was like, What the fuck?

Speaker 12 You know, those words, not alarm but perplexed and surprised, came back to me, right?

Speaker 9 And you just feel like

Speaker 9 so completely let down

Speaker 9 by this institution that's supposed to make you feel safe and

Speaker 9 keep you safe, right? An institution that's supposed to keep you safe, right? That was

Speaker 17 gone.

Speaker 5 But maybe the most remarkable thing about the letter is the way it addresses pain.

Speaker 5 It seems to be saying,

Speaker 5 you did not feel what you felt.

Speaker 11 I also want to assure you that the Fertility Center routinely uses a combination of pain medications during procedures.

Speaker 11 We closely monitor patients for signs of discomfort during every procedure and adjust medications or add medications as needed.

Speaker 11 In this way, we can be confident that our patients stay comfortable even if one medication is not working. Well, I don't believe that accurately describes my experience.

Speaker 11 And then it goes on to say if you have any questions or want a blood test, you know, here's who you can call.

Speaker 5 The women put the letter on the counter in shock. For months, they've been constructing their own stories about what happened to them.

Speaker 5 Now they have Yale's story, which is that this is barely a story at all.

Speaker 5 The questions the patients have been asking all along have a new focus.

Speaker 14 You know, as soon as I received that letter, it's like, how does this happen? You know, and how does it happen at Yale? You know, a hospital system with such a great reputation.

Speaker 14 And how did it happen for so long?

Speaker 14 So many things had to go wrong, you know, for this to happen as long as it did.

Speaker 16 How does an entire facility let this happen?

Speaker 16 Who trained them? Who thought that this was okay?

Speaker 16 I get sent home with, you know, I get packages in the mail with sharp needle containers and strict instructions and alcohol swabs and this crazy protocol that I'm expected to do at home.

Speaker 16 They make you double check things, you know, are there puncture marks?

Speaker 16 And I'm like, did I really spend more time following directions at home for hormone shots?

Speaker 2 Like, where were they?

Speaker 11 I think my immediate reaction was, you know, how could this happen at Yale? Like, why wasn't there a better system in place to prevent it or detect it when it was happening and respond?

Speaker 11 You know, why wasn't our pain listened to?

Speaker 5 The women wonder about the system that failed them.

Speaker 5 But there's something very intimate and human that they are wondering about too.

Speaker 3 We were notified that it was a nurse.

Speaker 14 We didn't have the name of the nurse in that original letter. And so it's sort of, you know, racing through your mind, like, well, which nurse? Because

Speaker 14 you build such a strong relationship with these people and

Speaker 14 you see them so often and

Speaker 14 you trust them and, you know, build a relationship. And so you're thinking, like, well, which nurse could this have been? And then you're showing up, you know, and okay, who's not here anymore?

Speaker 14 Who's gone? And just trying to figure out who it was.

Speaker 5 The patients know what happened.

Speaker 5 They're about to find out who did it.

Speaker 5 That's next.

Speaker 5 The Retrievals is produced by me and Laura Starczewski. Laura edited the series with editing and producing help from Julie Snyder.
Additional editing by Miki Meek, Katie Mingle, and Ira Glass.

Speaker 5 Research and fact-checking by Ben Phelan and Caitlin Love.

Speaker 5 Music supervision, sound design, and mixing by Phoebe Wang, with production help from Michelle Navarro.

Speaker 5 Original music by Kala Pallone and Music Mixing by Toma Pouli.

Speaker 5 Inde Chubu is the supervising producer for serial productions. At the New York Times, our standards editor is Susan Wesling.
Legal Review by Dana Green. Art direction from Pablo Delcon.

Speaker 5 Producing help from Jeffrey Miranda, Kelly Doe, Bernan Barelli, Desiree Ebacois, and Anisha Money.

Speaker 5 Sam Dolnick is the Assistant Managing Editor. Special thanks to Dr.
Marcel Cedars, Calvin Hawker, Lisa Schuman, Kylie Silver, and Dr. Maggie Smith.

Speaker 5 The Retrievals is a production of Serial Productions and the New York Times.