The Forbidden City

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It's January 1420, near a marble quarry around 40 miles southwest of Beijing, China.

On the side of a wide, ice-covered road, a young man in his early 20s huddles among hundreds of other laborers.

The bitter cold bites his cheeks and his breath billows out in a huff of steam.

He bounces on his heels to get the blood flowing, preparing himself for the monumental task ahead.

At his feet lie several thick ropes, heavy with ice.

They're all connected to an enormous wooden sled upon which sits a giant slab of rock.

Around 54 feet long, nearly 10 feet wide and just under six feet thick, this monolith weighs an astonishing 220 tons.

The young man rubs his calloused hands together.

His fingers roar from the cold and from gripping those coarse, freezing ropes.

He's been working like this every winter for three years now, transporting huge rocks from the quarry along these specially created ice roads all the way to Beijing and the construction site of Emperor Yongbla's palace complex.

This slab of stone, though, is the final piece.

By far the biggest and most significant, a block of solid marble.

It's roughly hewn, but the winter sun still glints off its surface in places.

Up on the road ahead, the foreman raises his arm with a shout.

It's time.

Moving as one, the laborers bend to pick up the thick ropes, hauling them over shoulders worn into ruts by previous drags.

Once everyone is in position and ready, the foreman calls out again.

A chorus of grunts erupts as the pulling team takes the strain.

Other laborers throw water in front of the wooden sled, creating a slick path for the load to travel on.

And with a low, grinding rumble, the great slab of marble begins to move.

The men advance as one, in slow, deliberate steps, their boots crunching in the snow, taking care not to slip on the road.

His muscles burning with the effort of getting the sled moving, the young man settles into his stride.

The hardest part is over.

Now they just have to keep this beast moving.

But the weight of expectation bears down on him, as heavy as the stone he's dragging.

Because this is more than just a slab of marble destined to become a grand staircase.

It is a final piece of the mighty construction in the capital, the symbol of Emperor Yongla's ambition and power.

It's up to this young man and his fellow laborers to deliver it safely to the Forbidden City.

Nestled deep in the heart of Beijing, the Forbidden City stands as one of the world's greatest architectural and cultural marvels.

It's the largest palace complex anywhere in the world and the biggest wooden structure on earth.

The seat of imperial rule for nearly 500 years, this sprawling city within a city was home to 24 emperors, their families, entourages, and governments.

Built in the early 15th century, its towering walls, red lacquered wooden buildings, and golden rooftops were once strictly off-limits to all but the inner circle of the Chinese Empire.

But how did an audacious coup lead to the construction of this vast, mysterious palace compound?

What was life like in this gated city where emperors ruled, concubines competed for power, and court dynamics were shaped by betrayal and intrigue?

And how did it survive revolution, civil war, invasion, and a series of natural disasters to remain a monument of Chinese heritage even today?

I'm John Hopkins from the Noisen Network.

This is a short history of the Forbidden City.

The story begins in the late 13th century.

Having just conquered China, the Mongol leader Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Yuan dynasty, establishes his capital on the site of present-day Beijing.

Called Dadu, or Great Great Capital, it's built on an impressive grid system and on a massive scale to demonstrate Mongol supremacy.

But when the Yuan dynasty falls in 1368 after widespread civil unrest, a new dynasty is founded, the Ming.

Having ousted the Mongols from Dadu, The new emperor renames the city Beijing, meaning pacified north, and sets about removing all traces of its former rulers.

Dr.

Stephen Whiteman is reader in the art and architecture of China at the Courtold Institute of Art.

Basically, the site of Beijing had been a capital of a state of various empires off and on since the Bronze Age.

And the city of Beijing itself was built on top of earlier Mongol and Jurchen capitals in a slightly different location, but basically the same spot.

The first Ming Emperor destroys or restructures most of the imperial buildings of the former Mongol city.

Then he promptly moves his court and the capital down south to Nanjing.

By the time the emperor dies, his first son has also passed away.

So the throne goes to his 15-year-old grandson.

But this hierarchical slight doesn't go down well with the first emperor's fourth son, Zhu Di.

He's been leading armies in the north, but now, less than a year into his young nephew's rule, Zhu Di launches a civil war under the pretense of rectifying the new government's wrongdoings.

In 1402, after three years of fighting, Zhu Di finally captures the Chinese capital, Nanjing.

His nephew, according to conflicting accounts, either flees in disguise or dies in the coup.

In any case, Zhu Di declares himself emperor, adopting the reign title of Yongle, and immediately sets about consolidating his power.

His biggest initiative is to relocate the capital from Nanjing in the south, back up north to Beiping, which he will later rename Beijing.

He was moving away from factional politics relating to brothers who were competing for the throne, and he moved north to sort of get closer to his own power base.

And also, Leming perceived military threats from Inner Asia, from Northeast Asia, and Mongolia, and so he moved the court north for defensive reasons as well.

To truly stamp his mark on his new capital, Yong Gle plans an immense, ambitious palace complex at the heart of the city.

It will be a grand display of his strength and of the might and ingenuity of the Chinese people.

It will be called the Purple Forbidden City.

Forbidden because it will be the private space of the Emperor and his court, and a city, of course.

But why purple?

The purple is associated with the North Star, or the Polar Star, which is the residence of the mythical Jade Emperor, who is a sort of paradigm for all imperial rule.

And so

the design of the Forbidden City positions the emperor in the north of the city, associated with the North Star, facing south, facing the population before him.

To implement this majestic vision, He employs the best architects, designers, artisans, and master craftsmen, and gathers the very finest resources from across China.

The striking white marble to be used for the palace's staircases, terraces, and foundation stones will be mined from quarries in the Dishiwo Hills, southwest of Beijing.

To ship these colossal slabs, a unique transportation method is devised.

In winter, the roads from the quarry to the construction site are deliberately frozen over.

to make the job of hauling the marble on enormous sleds that little bit easier.

Immense timber beams and columns, some of the largest in the world, are sourced from the dense forests of Sichuan and Yunnan provinces over a thousand miles south.

Moving these enormous logs, over 130 feet long, force Yongla's builders to come up with another marvel of engineering, the China Grand Canal.

Longer than the Suez or Panama Canals, the waterway stretches over 1,100 miles, from the commercial center of Hangzhou in the south all the way to Beijing, and links the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers on the way.

In total, over 100,000 of these huge logs are floated along the full length of the canal to reach the construction site.

Then there's the glazed golden roof tiles, which are crafted in the Emperor's kilns elsewhere and transported to Beijing with painstaking care.

And the attention to detail doesn't stop with the building materials.

The entire design combines cosmology and traditional harmonizing principles to create a masterpiece of sacred geometry.

The city's architects plan it on a north-south axis to represent the balance between yin and yang.

Every temple, building and path will be aligned perfectly with the cardinal directions.

Their placement and architecture, in which every tiny detail has significance, will serve to reflect the emperor's connection to heaven.

The new city will be a microcosm, not just of Yongla's empire, but of the universe itself.

It embodies the sort of sacred or ritual geometry that is intended to reflect outwards onto and sort of order the empire as a whole.

It's the site of many, many rituals that are key to the emperor's ritual authority over the state.

And it is in fact connected in a sort of network, almost a sort of nesting series of spaces that reach outwards.

And so it's connected to other ritual and state places within Beijing itself and then further out into the empire symbolically.

The adherence to these traditional principles is drilled down to the very smallest details.

The number nine, denoting eternity and imperial power, appears throughout the city's architecture.

From the nine rows of golden nails on each door to the nine mythical beasts perched atop the roof ridges of the most important buildings.

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With the design, materials, and experts in place, construction begins in 1406.

It will take 12 years to complete, but when it is done, it will be the defining symbol of Emperor Yongla's reign and a wonder to behold.

The entire city is surrounded by gigantic walls made of rammed earth, reinforced on the outsides with brick and stone.

Standing around 33 feet tall, they form a square to enclose the complex.

Each side of the square is around 2,500 feet long, around seven modern football pitches.

And the whole barricade is surrounded by a moat wider than an Olympic swimming pool is long.

Entry, though not completely forbidden, is certainly by invitation only.

We often think of the Forbidden City as a place of walls.

You know, it's sort of an infinite number of walls that divide space, that close things off, that do create this sort of forbidden environment.

But equally, we can also think of the forbidden city as a place of gates and portals, places that people come and go through for all sorts of different functions.

The main gate through those daunting walls is Meridian or Wu Men Gate.

This massive, five-arched gateway is a magnificent, imposing structure which faces south.

It's reserved for the Emperor, his close officials, and honored guests.

Other visitors must use either the East or West glorious gates, or the Gate of Divine Might to enter the city.

Those permitted to enter by the Wumen gates pass through the towering red walls into the outer court.

An expanse of golden tiled roofs stretches out, casting reflections on the marble courtyards like dragon scales in the sunlight.

A gently meandering man-made river, the Golden Stream, winds its way through the grounds.

Bordered by marble balustrades and spanned by five intricately carved marble bridges, it's designed to represent the passage from the mortal world into the Emperor's celestial domain.

On either side of the courtyard, colossal red columns support roofs adorned with dragons, phoenixes, or the fearsome fish-dragon hybrid, the Qiwen, all mythical guardians of the Emperor's realm.

The more important the building, the more figurines it boasts.

And the Hall of Supreme Harmony, rising on a three-tiered marble terrace, is the most decorated of all.

While the outer court is a vast stage for lavish ceremonies and state functions, the inner court is a secluded realm, inhabited only by the emperor and his family.

It combined aspects, I suppose, of Westminster Abbey and Buckingham Palace all into one.

It was where the emperor lived.

It was where his wives, the women of the court, lived.

It was where he saw officials.

It was where major rituals were performed.

But it had both this sort of essentially private function and also a very, very public and ritualized function.

Passing through through the gate of heavenly purity to enter the sacred inner court is not only a physical transition but a symbolic passage into the emperor's private world

here the scale becomes more intimate with tranquil pavilions and elegant intricately decorated halls there are areas for entertainment smaller temples for reflection and worship and lush manicured gardens.

Every corner whispers of lives lived in seclusion, bound by duty and the weight of imperial tradition.

These spaces are less open and more sort of maze-like.

They consist of lots of little courtyards that basically resemble elite houses, you know, the homes of rich officials or rich merchants, in the sense that they are a series of halls arranged around a small courtyard in which a small family unit lives, or a series of halls that contain libraries or other objects or other things associated with the emperor's private life.

From this inner court, the emperor's power will radiate outward through the more public areas of the forbidden city, over the massive walls, out across Beijing and into the country beyond.

By 1421, the construction is complete.

Finally, a procession from Nanjing carries Emperor Yongle and his family, court and government to the forbidden city.

Safely moved in, he gets started developing his influence beyond China.

Through his patronage of the famous eunuch Admiral Zheng He, he expands his country's maritime influence across the Indian Ocean.

With his treasure ships dwarfing anything Europe has to offer, they travel far and wide, asserting the potency of the Ming dynasty through trade and cultural exchange.

At home, Emperor Yongla has ordered repairs and reinforcements to the Great Wall of China that had been damaged or neglected under the Yuan dynasty.

But he's still locked in frequent battles with the Mongols in the northern steppes.

In August 1424, not three years after moving into the Forbidden City, Yongle dies during one of those military campaigns.

As the 15th century gives way to the 16th and then the 17th, China thrives.

The Great Wall, as we know it today, with its watchtowers and garrison stations, is completed.

A porcelain boom sees the height of the Chinese blue and white pattern production.

Literature, painting, calligraphy calligraphy all flourish.

And yet, life in the Forbidden City flows as a relatively unchanged blend of opulence, ritual, and isolation.

Each successive emperor lives in the inner court with his wives, concubines, his mother, the Empress Dowager, and a troop of very carefully selected servants.

Who the father of the emperor's children actually was was a very, very important issue.

It had to be the emperor.

And if it turned out that it actually wasn't, that it was the emperor's brother or uncle or nephew, that would in itself create a whole succession crisis.

And so this was one reason why the inner court was so heavily controlled.

As such, the only adult men allowed to stay inside the inner court are the thousands of eunuchs who attend to the emperor.

These men, often from poor families, are castrated before adolescence and are raised for court service.

Their roles variously include administrative record-keeping, archiving, managing the harems, guarding the treasure vaults, or performing ceremonial duties.

Some higher-ranking eunuchs are called on to lead military expeditions, like Admiral Zheng He.

Others advise the emperor politically or act as conduits between him and his scholars and bureaucrats.

At the height of the Ming dynasty there are between 70 and 100,000 eunuchs employed across the empire with a significant number of those living within the walls of the forbidden city.

Their proximity to the emperor makes them good gatekeepers, but their influence often leads to tensions with the Confucian scholar officials who make up the government.

Increasingly, eunuchs are sent out to liaise, negotiate, or present the emperor's directives, while the ruler himself remains ensconced in his inner sanctum.

Famously, after the turn of the 16th century, after 1600, in the sort of lead-up to the fall of the Ming, the emperor stayed extremely isolated for many, many years within the inner court, not even coming out to sort of greet his officials for a a number of years.

If there was something that contributed to the fall of the Ming, that isolation either was a cause or a reflection of the effect.

In 1627, following the death of his older brother, the Chong Zhen Emperor inherits a court divided by political infighting and a country in poor health.

And despite the name Chong Zhen, meaning honorable and auspicious, his reign is anything but

Heavy taxation, government corruption, and mismanagement have led to widespread poverty, which, coupled with a series of droughts and famines, have destabilized the economy.

There is also a threat that one of the more powerful eunuchs of the previous reign will challenge for the throne.

The new emperor, beset by paranoia and determined to stem the decline of the Ming dynasty, turns his attention to the top ranks of his civil and military institutions.

Rashly, he executes many of his top field commanders, including those with vital experience of defending against the troublesome Manchu forces who keep invading the northern frontier.

Formerly a coalition of tribes from the northeast, by the mid-1630s, the Manchu have coalesced into a formidable force under the leadership of Hong Taiji.

Once semi-nomadic horsemen and hunters, they have forged alliances with the formidable Mongol tribes and adopted advanced military tactics.

Taking advantage of the crumbling Ming dynasty, they launch repeated incursions along the Great Wall, testing China's defenses and sowing chaos.

As he notches up the victories, Hong Taiji's control grows.

By 1636, he proclaims a new dynasty, the Qing.

And though the Ming are still holding onto power by their fingernails, Hong Taiji declares himself emperor of this new house.

Meanwhile, the struggling Ming armies, Stripped of their skilled leaders, also find themselves faced with major popular uprisings.

A number of rebel forces, driven by relentless famine and deprivation, take arms against the old Ming emperor in the Forbidden City and begin a drive to overthrow him.

The rebellions spread from province to province, gathering momentum,

largely under the leadership of one man, Li Zicheng.

A former postal worker who lost his job due to imperial cost-cutting measures, measures, he manages to unify the rebels through his vision for economic and social reform.

With Hong Taiji tying up the beleaguered Ming armies in the north, Li Zi Cheng expands his own forces.

Soon, they are marching towards Beijing, meeting little resistance.

But though the Ming Emperor in the Forbidden City is already under pressure from the dual threat of the Manchu armies along the wall and the looming arrival of Li's rebels, a further peril now emerges.

Initially breaking out in the northwest of the country, a major bubonic plague epidemic makes devastating progress through the country.

By 1641, it's arrived in the capital.

At its peak, the plague claims the lives of at least 200,000 people in Beijing alone.

Even the impenetrable walls of the forbidden City can do nothing to stop its spread.

And with his critically weakened army, the Emperor is in no position to resist invasion.

It is the 25th of April, 1644.

Inside the sacred walls of the inner courts in the Forbidden City, a young concubine smooths her formal gown over her narrow hips.

The silk is soft against her skin, the deep red fabric a vibrant contrast to her pale face.

She is new to the court, a quiet shadow in this imposing palace, her name still unspoken on the Emperor's lips.

Hopefully though, she will meet him this morning.

Outside, footsteps approach.

The concubine shrinks back.

Rumors of a coup have been whispered for weeks, and so far everyone she's met has seemed unnerved and suspicious.

Even as she was brought into the Forbidden City some days ago, she'd caught glimpses of the rebel forces gathering around Beijing.

Armed peasants with fierce eyes.

But surely they're no match for the Emperor.

Without a word, a court eunuch steps into the room and with a somber nod summons her out into the corridor.

Dwarfed by her surroundings, she stares wide-eyed at the intricate carvings, the gleaming marble, the shining gold.

Finally, the eunuch opens a huge set of doors and leads her into a vast, spectacular hall.

Inside, she joins a group of other timid-looking concubines, all staring silently at their silk-slippered feet.

The tension is palpable.

Raising her eyes, the young woman recognizes Consort Yuan, the Emperor's favorite.

Beside her, two of the Emperor's daughters, Princesses Zhao Ren and Chang Ping.

Both have tears brimming in their eyes.

A pair of ornate doors swings open, and the silent room seems to hold its breath as the Emperor enters.

But this is not the man the young woman is expecting to see.

His shoulders are stooped, his eyes hollow, as though his whole being is haunted by the weight of his crumbling empire.

As the doors close behind him, the emperor draws his sword and points it at his consort and daughters.

The sword shakes in his hand as he tells them that rebels have seized the city.

He will die rather than surrender.

It is a matter of honor.

And where the emperor goes, his court must follow, even into death.

Suddenly, the concubine is pushed backwards as the group recoils from the emperor's swinging blade.

Consort Yuan tries to appeal to him.

but it's too late.

She is the first to fall to his sword.

Her daughter lunges to help her, but the Emperor strikes again and the princess too is killed.

His other daughter, Princess Chang Ping, raises her arm to protect herself.

He slices it clean off.

It will take her days to die from that wound, but she will inevitably join the rest of the fallen royal family.

With a clatter, a smaller set of doors opens on the far side of the hall.

Two eunuchs burst through.

Loyalty swept aside, in the face of certain death, they shout for the women to run for their lives.

The concubine is swept away with the fleeing group as Li Zi Cheng's rebels take the city.

Having murdered the heir to his throne and most of his immediate family, The emperor hangs himself from a tree in the gardens before the rebels reach him.

The Forbidden City, that symbol of Ming dominance, now begins a new chapter.

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Having slid his rebellious feet under the imperial table, Li Zicheng's capture of the capital is a pivotal moment in Chinese history.

marking the end of the Ming dynasty.

However, his hold on Beijing and the rule of his self-proclaimed Shun dynasty is particularly short-lived.

Taking advantage of the fall of the Ming, those Manchu forces who have been terrorizing the northern frontiers are about to make their own move on Beijing.

Before 1644 is out, a new dynasty occupies the Forbidden City, the recently established Qing.

We talk about the Qing dynasty starting in 1644.

The Qing dynasty was actually declared in 1636, And 1644 is the time when they cross the Great Wall and they take over Beijing.

What they do is they occupy the Forbidden City.

And that's because they aren't just to say that they're conquering the Ming, of course, that's what the Qing is doing.

It's conquering the Ming, but it's also succeeding the Ming.

And what they have to do to secure the mandate of heaven, to demonstrate that they have secured the mandate of heaven, the sort of divine right to rule, is they have to show themselves as successors to the Ming.

And part of that is occupying the site of the Ming.

Part of that is taking control of important ritual elements, things like the seals of state, but also taking control of the Imperial Art Collection and all sorts of other things.

Unfortunately for the Qing, their founder, Hong Taiji, died suddenly the year before this triumphant entrance into Beijing.

His successor is his five-year-old son, who will be guided by a regent in the shape of his uncle, Prince Dorgon.

In the short term at least, Dorgon will prove to be the steadying force the Qing need to consolidate its power grab.

To introduce stability from the start, he insists, against the wishes of other Manchu princes, that the forbidden city remain the dynastic capital and that most Ming officials are reappointed to their previous positions.

He also drastically reduces the reliance on eunuchs, who many see as a corrupting force.

The Qing at least initially shrunk the size of those eunuch populations because rightly or wrongly they believed that corruption in the eunuchs over-reliance on eunuchs who they viewed as emasculated and therefore weaker was one of the things that had weakened and ultimately led to the fall of the Ming.

Although he's seen as instrumental to the young emperor's rise, it is only after Dorgon's sudden death during a hunting trip in 1650 that the Shunzhi Emperor, still aged only 12, gradually begins his personal rule.

Stepping in to help with the big decisions now is his mother, the Empress Dowager.

The Empress Dowager plays a very important role in in the court.

She is the only person to whom the Emperor Kowtows.

Qing emperors were very, very connected to their mothers, and archives tell us that they literally went to see their mother sort of every day to greet them and ask them how they were.

They played a very, very important role in the court's life in that regard.

But the young emperor's reign is cut short when he dies of smallpox at the age of just 24.

He, in turn, is succeeded by his third son who will rule for over six decades as the Kang Shi Emperor.

In those 61 years, the longest of any emperor in Chinese history, the Kang Shi Emperor will help to stabilize Qing rule after its chaotic start.

Only seven when he takes the throne, He has four regents by his side.

With their help, and later through his own strong leadership, he manages to quell any lingering resistance from Ming loyalists and crush several major rebellions from regional leaders wanting independence.

He also expands his empire's borders by successfully annexing Taiwan and securing Qing control over Tibet, Mongolia, and parts of Central Asia.

Embracing Western technology and science, he welcomes Jesuit missionaries from Europe, from whom he learns about astronomy, mathematics, and cartography.

He's also a strong patron of arts and learning.

He commissions the Kang Shi Dictionary, which will become a cornerstone of Chinese lexicography, and creates libraries within the Forbidden City to promote learning.

His love of the arts changes the face of the previously restricted inner court of the Forbidden City.

And the rear court, the so-called inner court, we often think was completely inaccessible to anyone except the emperor, his wives and children, his mother, and eunuchs.

That's not entirely true.

Over time, other people were brought into the inner court for specific events, celebrations, festivals, theater performances, and banquets, especially.

The Ching practiced a form of emperorship that was

somewhat more convivial, that involved more hosting and banqueting and theater entertainment, things like this.

And so they tended to, at least on occasion, bring people for that type of event in the inner court.

His long reign ushers in a golden age for the Qing dynasty, with reduced taxes, support for agriculture, and a growth in population.

The Forbidden City continues as the seat of imperial government.

But thanks to the patronage of the Kang Shi Emperor, it also becomes a hub of Chinese and Manchu cultural heritage, helping to bridge the divide between the emperor and his people.

As the Qing dynasty reaches the height of its strength in the 18th century, its self-sufficient economy and vast resources make China a dominant force in Asia.

Trade with Europe is heavily controlled.

under the Canton system, which restricts foreign merchants to a single port in Guangzhou and allows the Qing to tightly regulate the lucrative export of tea, silk, and porcelain.

At this stage, China has little need for European imports.

Traders from the West are forced to buy goods with silver rather than exchanging their own wares, leading to an uncomfortable trade imbalance.

Seeking to reverse the deficit, Britain begins selling the opium being processed in India to the Chinese traders.

Soon, addiction in China becomes widespread.

The resulting surge in demand for the narcotic undermines the Qing economy, draining its silver reserves.

Seen as a luxury good, its prolific use among palace officials and the inner court has an almost immediate effect on the decision-making, corruption, and efficiency of the government.

The Emperor, himself no fan of the drug, needs to act.

Concerned about the outflow of silver to the British and desperate to halt the destruction being wrought on his people by drug dependency, the Emperor issues an edict he hopes will end the opium trade.

But when the British find their stock of opium confiscated without any compensation, they respond with military force.

The First Opium War erupts, seeing a Qing navy of mostly wooden sailing junks completely outclassed by the British Royal Navy.

Even in ground battles, the Qing forces are no match for Britain's muskets.

After just under three years of war, in 1842, the Qing surrender.

A significant blow for this proud emperor.

The resulting Treaty of Nanjing is the first in a series of unequal treaties to be imposed by foreign powers.

It demands war reparations and the opening up of at least five treaty ports to Western trade.

Most importantly, it forces the Qing government to cede Hong Kong Island to Britain.

ensuring that she can continue to trade opium freely without Qing interference.

This shaming loss loss of sovereignty marks the start of what the Chinese will come to refer to as the century of humiliation.

But the Qing are not ready to hand over the reins to these foreigners just yet.

The beginning of the 20th century is marked by a fiery uprising known as the Boxer Rebellion.

Fueled by anti-foreign sentiment and a desire to reclaim some sovereignty, the uprising is led by a secret group of martial arts practitioners by the name of the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, nicknamed the Boxers.

While the Qing government would prefer a more conciliatory approach, the Boxers want action.

They start targeting foreign missionaries, diplomats, and Chinese Christians, whom they blame for the country's decline.

Initially, the official response from inside the Forbidden City is to demonstrate loyalty to the foreign powers and crack down on the boxers.

The boxers represented a

scale of uprising that put real pressure on the Qing state, on Qing resources, on Qing sort of military capacity, but also that that happened in concert.

And indeed, that the boxers were in part a response to serious issues around famine.

And so that the second half of the 19th century, the Qing faced a series of famine crises and food crises.

The narrative long was that the Qing fell because of the impact of Western pressure and Western incursion and things like the opium wars, that those were certainly impactful, but relatively minor in comparison to the scale of the problems presented by famine and by not just the boxers, but a whole series of internal rebellions in the second half of the 19th century.

In 1900, the Boxer Rebellion engulfs Beijing, supported from inside the Forbidden City by the powerful Empress Dowager Sushi.

When Sushi pulls the government's stance into line with her own, the Qing officially side with the Boxers.

Once in Beijing, the Boxers lay siege to the Legation Quarter, a walled area just outside the Forbidden City which houses the embassies, banks, churches, and other institutions of a number of foreign nations.

For 55 days, this quarter becomes the focal point of the rebellion against the foreigners, with Boxer and Qing troops attacking a small defensive force of around 400 diplomats, soldiers, and civilians.

With water and supplies dwindling inside the legation quarter, an eight-nation alliance, including forces from Britain, Russia and Japan, finally send reinforcements to crush the rebellion.

Though the Forbidden City remains untouched, the damage to the Qing dynasty is irreparable.

The rebellion ends with the signing of the Punishing Boxer Protocol, which demands that China pays 450 million tails of silver, the equivalent to about 10 billion pounds today, to the foreign powers who suppressed the uprising.

Key officials who supported the rebellion are exiled, military defenses are destroyed, and arms imports are banned for two years.

The population, still struggling with famine and an economy now stretched even further, feels that the imperial court has failed them.

The Qing must have lost the mandate of heaven.

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In October 1911, After another decade of uprisings, an army garrison mutinies in Wuhan, some 650 miles from the Forbidden City, and demands the overthrow of the beleaguered Qing.

Immediately, other similar revolts break out around the country.

The Qing court tries to negotiate with the rebels, but to no avail.

The revolutionary forces create a provisional coalition government in Nanjing, and on the 1st of January 1912, they declare the establishment of the Republic of China.

Inside the Forbidden City, Pu Yi, the six-year-old child emperor, whose story will later be told in Bernardo Bertolucci's epic biopic, The Last Emperor, is forced to abdicate.

Two thousand years of imperial rule are finally at an end.

But where many would expect the palaces and temples of the old empire to be destroyed, in fact, the Forbidden City remains relatively untouched.

and the young emperor unharmed.

The overthrow of the Qing and its replacement by the Republican government involved a treaty, and Puyi was granted the right,

at least for a while, to remain with a sort of skeleton court in the Forbidden City and to retain a certain status as the former emperor of the former Qing dynasty and had certain benefits and rights granted to him by the Republican state.

Now the Forbidden city becomes a poignant embodiment of China's fractured identity.

A relic of a bygone era sitting in the midst of a city grappling with a volatile present and an uncertain future.

Puyi and his diminished royal household are allowed to remain in the inner court, still protected by a lingering respect for the sanctity of the palace.

but cut off from true power.

Meanwhile, the city around them is rocked by intense political instability as the Republic tries to establish a cohesive government.

The economic strain hasn't eased, and foreign governments continue to dominate.

The power vacuum left by the collapse of the Qing has opened the door to competing warlords vying for control.

In 1924, The latest of these to take control of Beijing finally brings an end to the peaceful agreement with Puyi.

It's a crisp morning in early November 1924.

Heavy boots echo across the marbled courtyard, breaking the sacred stillness of the forbidden city's inner court.

A eunuch stands shoulder to shoulder with a couple of colleagues, forming a feeble defensive line in front of the imperial residence.

Since the first emperor set foot inside this inner court, it has been a place of sanctuary with entry forbidden to all common men.

Not anymore.

Right now, troops of rough soldiers from the National People's Army are marching through this sacred space with grim purpose, disregarding centuries of tradition.

As they approach, the eunuchs are forced to step aside.

They no longer have any authority here.

They can only watch as the soldiers force open the doors to the palace.

Just moments later, the 18-year-old Emperor Pu Yi is led out.

His youthful face is stoic and composed, betraying just the briefest flicker of anxiety as he and his young wife are led down the steps.

The eunuch feels a lump rise in his throat as he watches Pu Yi leave the palace that has been his shelter since birth.

As a magpie shrieks from the golden rooftop, the last emperor is led from the city.

There are shouted orders from the soldiers and the eunuch stumbles forward as a rough hand pushes him on to join the sorry procession.

All around them are the cries of courtiers being cleared out of the sacred enclave.

Never again will the once glorious forbidden city be home to an emperor.

As he says his own silent farewell, the eunuch can only wonder what will happen to the palace city now.

Puye will face exile for a time in Japan, but his long and eventful life after abdicating is another story in itself.

Fortunately, the Forbidden City is once again spared from destruction or vandalism.

It remained relatively untouched, and the Republican government had established it as a museum and a sort of state collection.

And our earliest posting catalogs of the contents of the Forbidden City are this sort of fascinating set of catalogs made by the Republican government in the late teens and through the mid-20s that just seek to account for what's in the Forbidden City in terms of objects, furniture, paintings, whatever.

In 1925, the Forbidden City opens to the public as the Palace Museum, dedicated to preserving the artifacts and history of China's imperial past.

Finally, visitors from across the country can explore the rich history, architecture, and cultural treasures once preserved for the elite few.

For the next two decades, the fractured nation struggles to repair itself.

But amid the chaos of bickering warlords and foreign interventions, revolutionary ideals begin to take root.

In the countryside, whispers of land reform and worker solidarity gain momentum, while urban centers simmer with discontent against corruption.

It's in this volatile landscape that the Communist Party of China begins its ascent,

promising a new vision for a nation in turmoil.

So the communists came to power in 1949, and the Cultural Revolution began in 1966 and lasted for a decade until Mao's death in 1976.

And during that period, my sense is that the government followed a sort of interesting

dual strategy.

On the one hand, the policy very much was to attack and destroy the so-called four olds, of which things associated with what was called feudal China or dynastic China, including works of art and temples and architecture and all sorts of things, were to be smashed.

And I say smashed both figuratively and quite literally.

But the government also protected certain key cultural institutions and cultural environments, and the Forbidden City absolutely was one of them.

Zhou Enlai, particularly, who is the premier, recognized that destroying things like the Forbidden City and the art contained within it would not only be terrible for Chinese society and Chinese culture, but would make China look terrible internationally.

And so spaces like that were protected.

Unbelievable, unimaginable amounts of art, unimaginable lives were destroyed, but the Forbidden City itself was protected.

Instead of destroying the Forbidden City, the new Communist Party recognizes its significance as a powerful symbol of China's cultural heritage.

Better to preserve it as a source of national pride and a reminder of the nation's resilience.

The Communist Party centered their seat of government in Tiananmen Square, a new public space just outside the gates of of the Forbidden City, and on the former site of many of the Qing government offices.

China has a very, very long history of new governments occupying the seats of old governments, of capitals being built on capitals, of palaces being built on palaces.

In creating this public space, the communist government, on the one hand, cleared away the structures, the infrastructure, the site of the sort of heart of Qing bureaucracy, right?

But on the other hand, they directly occupied the government space that had been used by the Qing.

They just took over that.

People at the time, they associate that area with government, with authority, with power.

And so the idea that a new government would move into that same sort of powerful space, but create it anew at the same time, is a very effective strategy.

Even though the government's decisions are now made outside of its walls, the complex still endures as a monument to China's imperial past, the continuity of its civilization, and the authority of the state.

And it's not the last time the Forbidden City will evolve.

By the late 1980s, China is opening up to the world again.

As an irreplaceable cultural treasure, in 1987, the Forbidden City is designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

1987 is a period of reform in China.

Mao has passed away, and the leader of China, Deng Xiaoping, is seeking to create a series of economic reforms, but also to create a series of cultural reforms that will allow China to connect more effectively with the outside world.

And so, UNESCO, in that context, UNESCO World Heritage status should probably be understood as part of the process by which China integrates more broadly with the world community through the structures of the UN.

In recent decades, extensive restoration and conservation efforts have been undertaken to preserve the Forbidden City for future generations.

Built to signify the Emperor's divine right and absolute power, it now stands as one of the most iconic landmarks in the world, attracting millions of visitors annually.

And though it no longer forms the bridge between the imperial rulers and the heavens, the Forbidden City still offers a crucial key to understanding and appreciating China's rich history and culture.

It's a sort of magnificent place, and it's a relic or a survival of a extraordinary empire and or series of empires and culture that is very much in some in some respects a living culture in china and that many many chinese simply feel great pride about the forensic just as

the british might about bucking him palace or americans might about the white house we think of it according to its sort of name as it being forbidden and at one level it really was but at another level it was the sort of the beating heart at the center of this huge circulatory system of ritual, of objects, of people, of symbolism, because

it kept so much of that going in such important ways.

Next time on Short History of, we'll bring you a short history of Ludwig van Beethoven.

Go to a Mozart concert and at the end of it, sit back and the music has washed over you, everything is right with the world.

Go to a Beethoven concert, and your knuckles should be white, gripping your chair.

What has he done?

Where has he taken me?

I've never heard anything so exciting in my life.

That's the big difference, and that, I believe, is what set Beethoven apart.

Because he breaks the rules, his music is as fresh today as it was when he wrote it over 200 years ago.

And that is what I believe makes him the greatest of them all.com all.

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