The Franks

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Speaker 1 It's 486 AD.

Speaker 1 The Western Roman Empire has completely fragmented.

Speaker 1 In Gaul, present-day France, The territory is divided up between Visigoths, Burgundians, Bretons, and a Roman rump state known as the Kingdom of Soissons.

Speaker 1 Ruling this kingdom was a figure called Siagrius.

Speaker 1 But now Syagrius' rule is under threat. His powerful neighbor to the east has brought him to battle.
A new rising king on the European stage.

Speaker 1 His name was Clovis, King of the Franks, and a man who was about to transform Western Europe.

Speaker 1 It's the Ancients on History Hit.

Speaker 1 I'm Tristan Hughes, your host, and today we're covering the story of the Franks, a Germanic people who forged one of the most successful kingdoms in Western Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

Speaker 1 Now if someone mentions the Franks, you might immediately think of the Titanic name that is Charlemagne, and you'd be right. However, he's a bit too medieval for our liking on the ancients.

Speaker 1 Forget Charlemagne, think earlier Frankish rulers such as Childeric and Clovis. This episode will focus on the rise of the Franks Franks under these so-called Merovingian monarchs.

Speaker 1 We'll explore how they battled Romans, Burgundians, Visigoths and Alamans to wrestle control over large parts of modern-day France as Rome's grip over Western Europe faltered. It's quite the story.

Speaker 1 Now our guest today is the esteemed Dr.

Speaker 1 Ian Wood, professor emeritus of early medieval history at the University of Leeds and one of the leading experts on the early Franks and their rise to prominence.

Speaker 1 On my way up north for Christmas a few weeks back, I stopped at Ian's lovely house to record this interview with him in person.

Speaker 1 It was a brilliant chat and Ian's leading expertise on this field of ancient history really shines through. I hope you enjoy.

Speaker 7 Ian, it is wonderful to have you on the podcast today.

Speaker 2 Thank you for inviting me.

Speaker 7 Well, thank you for inviting me to your house just outside of Leeds. It's wonderful to be up here.
And of course, we're talking about the topic that you've spent so many years researching, the Franks.

Speaker 7 Now, big question first of all, of all the barbarian peoples to establish kingdoms following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, could we say that the Franks are the most successful of all of those groups?

Speaker 2 Yeah, but that is simply a matter of they're the most long-lasting. If you looked at the picture, shall we say, in 500, the real success story would have been the Ostrogoths or possibly the Vandals.

Speaker 7 They're in Italy and North Africa.

Speaker 2 They're in Italy and North Africa. The Ostrogoths get wiped out in the period between the 530s and 560s because the Byzantines come and reconquer.
Italy.

Speaker 2 The Vandals are wiped out in the 530s for exactly the same reason. So the Franks are lucky that they're not sort of

Speaker 2 in the direct line of Byzantine reconquest. The Visigoths in Spain suffer a little bit, but again, they're far enough away, not really to be badly hit by the Byzantines, but the coast of Spain is hit.

Speaker 2 The Franks, who are based way up in the sort of fringes of modern Belgium and northeastern France, that's the centre of their power, were just too far away for the Byzantines to really bother about.

Speaker 2 They're really not attacked by any barbarian group until the Arabs in the period after 7-11. Wow.

Speaker 7 And that's going a bit further than I think

Speaker 2 we're going to cover today. So, I mean, they're a lucky group.
They're the most successful because they are the best placed for not being hit by other people.

Speaker 7 Now, you've hinted at that geographical area, northwestern mainland Europe, but the first big question is also, I mean, who were the Franks? What do we know about where they came from?

Speaker 2 It's not easy because they sort of start to emerge in the sources in the late third century, early fourth century.

Speaker 2 They're not like the Ostrogoths, the Vandals, or any of the Goths, or even like the Anglo-Saxons. They do not move.
They just appear.

Speaker 2 The first references to the Franks, they appear as maritime people. They're known for water, for swimming and so forth, and they're causing trouble in the channel.

Speaker 2 After that you start to hear Franks and Saxons causing problems in the channel.

Speaker 2 You then hear about Saxons and Franks so the order is reversed and then the Franks tend to be linked to the south coast of the channel not the north coast. They cease to be active in the water

Speaker 2 after about 300.

Speaker 7 So the south coast of the channel so that's that's one day northern France we talk about Normandy that area

Speaker 2 or rather than Normandy really Picardy and Artois and I mean, we're really dealing much more with Belgium than we are with France initially.

Speaker 7 Interesting. So Belgium, do we think that's kind of the heart place, that's the central focus of the Russians?

Speaker 2 They're on either side of the channel,

Speaker 2 of the River Rhine. Some peoples who in

Speaker 2 Roman sources are outside the Roman Empire, like the Chatti, the Chattoari, the Sicambri, they're on the far side of the Rhine.

Speaker 2 They seem to become part of the Franks, though it's very rare that you get a clear statement.

Speaker 2 I mean, you do have a statement in the early sixth century that Clovis is a member of the Sicambri, so that we can say that the Franks incorporate the Sicambri.

Speaker 7 It's almost a confederation, is that one of the ideas? A Germanic confederation?

Speaker 2 They're a confederation. And the name, what does it mean? It might mean free people, it might mean fierce people, but it's a confederate name.

Speaker 2 And in this confederation, obviously there are tribal groups, but it's pretty clear that a whole lot of the Franks from those Franks who are inside the area of the Roman Empire are actually sort of people who would have been called Romans or Roman troops, particularly federate troops in the third and fourth centuries.

Speaker 2 So we can't actually distinguish between the Rhineland troops of Rome and the early Frankish.

Speaker 7 Before we delve into their relations with the Western Roman Empire as serving as troops and so on, I must ask, so that's the origins that we believe, you know, with these other Germanic peoples in the area of modern-day Belgium.

Speaker 7 As the Franks become very successful later on, do they also start to apply their own beliefs as to their origins, almost mythical origins too?

Speaker 2 There are mythical origins. They only appear in one or two sources.
So, I mean, the famous story basically comes in a source which we know as Fredegar. Fredegar

Speaker 2 is a name that was associated with a compilation of chronicles which is made around 660. Whether the person who made it was actually called Fredegar, we don't know.

Speaker 2 But in that you have a story about the origins of the Frankish ruling family.

Speaker 2 and a princess goes swimming and she has an encounter with a sea monster and when she comes back on land she has a baby who is called called Meravec.

Speaker 2 This

Speaker 2 seems to be a legend which is perhaps a joke about the name. The name Meravec might mean sea-born, it might mean sea cow,

Speaker 2 but the origin legend seems to be some sort of joke.

Speaker 2 Whether anybody believed it, we don't know. Fredegar, who tells that story, also tells another story about Childeric who marries a woman called Bessina.

Speaker 2 She had been the queen of the Thuringians, so further east, and she likes the look of Childeric, so she goes off and follows him. And well, they get together and he says, okay, dear, let's have sex.

Speaker 2 And she says, not now, dear. And this goes on for several days.
And then in the end, they do have sex, but she predicts that their offspring will be

Speaker 2 first of all lions and leopards and then goes on down to dogs.

Speaker 2 And when you calculate the generations it works out that the the generation of dogs is the generation of merovingian rulers who are alive at the time that the fredegar compilation is made so whether this was in any sense a broadly known story or whether it's just a scurrilous tale to say look the merovingian rulers at the moment are no better than dogs we don't know so yeah there are these legends.

Speaker 2 We have no idea whether they have any currency outside a handful of sources. You also get a legend that the Franks came from Pannonia.
That's the area more or less where the Hungarian-Austrian border

Speaker 2 almost certainly don't come from there, but their patron saint, St. Martin, came from there.
So they probably claim to be Pannonians because their patron saint came from there.

Speaker 2 So the origin legends are really just stories which are making very, very precise points, often political points, and we have no idea whether they're broadly known about, whether it's a very small clique of people who are telling them and laughing about them.

Speaker 2 We just don't know.

Speaker 7 It's interesting you mentioned, so you had that historian, is it Fredegar?

Speaker 7 Fredegar. And it was interesting having talked to Dr.
David Gwynne about the Goths earlier this year.

Speaker 7 He mentioned how the Goths, one of the key sources of information for learning about their early history, is their Gothic historian who wrote Jordanes, isn't it, who wrote a lot of that down.

Speaker 7 Is there any equivalent for the early Franks that we have surviving? I mean, what are our main, are they mainly Roman sources that we have for the early Franks?

Speaker 2 Almost all our sources are Gregory of Tours.

Speaker 2 Histories, it's sometimes called History of the Franks. And who is he? Who is he? Gregory is Bishop of Tours, 560s through to 594.

Speaker 2 He writes something that he calls either the histories or the ten books of histories. In modern tradition, it's called the History of the Franks.
That is not the name he gave it.

Speaker 2 He does have a lot to say about the Franks because as Bishop of Tour, he's a bishop within the Frankish kingdom.

Speaker 2 And so as he gets to sort of into the sixth century, he mainly concentrates on the Franks. But he is not telling a story about the Franks, particularly.

Speaker 2 He's telling a story about the working out of God's plan, which just happens to end up more or less in the city of Tor.

Speaker 2 Everything before Gregory is really only one-off references in Roman sources. I say that the Franks raided here for their interactions with the Franks.
That's right.

Speaker 2 So Gregory is the first person who gives us a Frankish story, and he doesn't really know very much about them.

Speaker 2 He has access to two historians, Renatus Profatorus Frigeridus and Sulpicius Alexander, neither of whose works had survived.

Speaker 2 They seem to have been writing in the mid-fifth century, so a century and a half, a century and a quarter before Gregory, and they clearly mentioned the Franks.

Speaker 2 So Gregory picks up, he extracts the passages from their histories on the Franks, but basically they just sort of say the Franks are where we know they are.

Speaker 2 And then there are one or two references in a writer called Sidonius Apollinaris, who is a senator and bishop of Clermont in the 460s.

Speaker 2 And he mentions the Franks a couple of times. But basically, for a story of the Franks, you have to wait until Gregory.

Speaker 2 Gregory tells us more or less everything we know about Childeric, who is the first ruler for whom we have anything certain.

Speaker 2 He's supposedly the son of Meravek, and we don't really know very much about Childrick except a few wars. And we have his tomb.

Speaker 7 We have some interesting archaeology as well.

Speaker 2 We have some very interesting archaeology. The tomb of Childrick, which was found in 1653.
Wow, that's early. It's a major discovery by Chako Schifle.
who did an amazing job and who published it.

Speaker 2 And that's a very interesting tomb. It has a vast horde of, well, it had, not very little of it survives.
A lot of it was plundered already at the time it was dug up.

Speaker 2 And then what wasn't originally was part of the Low Countries, so part of the Habsburg treasure, and then it gets to Louis XIV and it gets into the Cabinet des Médie.

Speaker 2 And then in the 1830s, somebody puts a brick through the glass of the Cabinet des Médie and steals a whole lot of it and melts it down. Though fortunately, a lot of it had actually been copied.

Speaker 2 In fact, we know that there was a copy in gold of the whole treasure made at the time, and we don't know where it is. So somebody may actually one day find this copy.

Speaker 2 But that was really interesting because it's got some very, very fine or had some very, very fine jewelry, very fine buckle, a load of Byzantine coins.

Speaker 2 and then a signet ring and it was the signet ring which allowed us to say that this was childred's tomb if you wikipedia just or just google in childrick that's one of the the first things that comes up, that image of the Ring of Children.

Speaker 7 And I think we'll get to there.

Speaker 7 I mean, to do it chronologically, shall we now go from the earlier stories of the Franks, so you're saying settled near the Rhine, this kind of confederation of Germanic peoples and names that I'd recognize from centuries earlier with Arminius at the Brukteri and so on.

Speaker 7 So what do we know about the Franks and their relations with the Roman Empire before the time of the Western Roman Empire's fall, before the time of Childrick?

Speaker 7 I mean, what do we know about the relationship between between the Franks and the Romans?

Speaker 2 Well the earliest references I've already mentioned are to them as people causing trouble in the Channel and presumably those Franks were Franks who were just to the east of the Rhine mouth.

Speaker 2 So although most of the Franks that we know about will be to the west of the Rhine mouth, the earliest ones are presumably just to the east of the Rhine mouth and they're indistinguishable from the Saxons.

Speaker 2 When you next sort of when they start to be firmly apparent in the sources,

Speaker 2 after

Speaker 2 that, you start to hear about them on the continent and particularly their fighting in one or two episodes in the 460s. Particularly, there's an attack on the Franks to place called the Vicus Helena.

Speaker 2 We don't know where it is, which is about 460.

Speaker 7 An attack on the Franks by the Romans?

Speaker 2 Yeah, and this Vicus Helena must be in Artois. This is a battle, but how big it is, we don't know.

Speaker 7 And this is because that's very late. That's post-Attila.
Oh, yeah, yeah. Aetius and all of that stuff.
So that's very late.

Speaker 2 Yes, I mean, the Franks are not big players at the Battle of the Catalonian Plains. That doesn't mean that they weren't.

Speaker 7 That's Attila's.

Speaker 2 Yeah,

Speaker 2 in the vast confederacy which is fighting against Attila. There may have been some Franks, but no, I mean, we really don't hear about them except for the Vicus Helena.

Speaker 2 and then there's one reference to a Frank at Anger.

Speaker 2 So there are two references, really, on the Franks being active

Speaker 2 before

Speaker 2 we get to Childretic.

Speaker 7 Well, let's go to Childry. Then this feels like the first major player in the story of the Franks, isn't it? So, what's the story with Childrek and how he really emerges onto the scene?

Speaker 2 Well, Childeric is supposedly the son of Meravek. He comes to the fore as a warlord.

Speaker 2 He

Speaker 2 falls foul of the aristocracy, apparently having sex with too many of the aristocrats' wives.

Speaker 7 Classic tale, yeah.

Speaker 2 It's standard almost sort of Roman luxuria, a luxurious story. And theoretically, he goes off into exile in...
Constantinople and then comes back.

Speaker 2 That story is told by Fredegar and Fredegar says that when he's exiled, he makes an arrangement with a chap called Weomad, who's a Frank, and they cut a coin in half.

Speaker 2 And Weomad says, when you get the other half of the coin and put them together, you can come back. So there seems to be some possibility that he really was driven out.

Speaker 2 And the fact of all the Byzantine coins in the tomb suggests that there is very strong Byzantine relations.

Speaker 2 Some of the objects in the tomb, some of the garnet work,

Speaker 2 look a little bit like East Germanic material. So that might go with the fact that he marries a Thuringian.

Speaker 2 But really, we know very, very little about him, apart from the fact that he supposedly sets himself up.

Speaker 2 He is a rival to a chap called Aegidius, who's a Roman general in the Noire Valley. And then when he dies he is buried in Tournai.

Speaker 7 That's interesting so like there are not many major events or battles that we know of during his reign but he's still an important figure but it's interesting that you highlight that Roman general there.

Speaker 7 So for the context as the Frankish kingdom is there and Childeric is there and it's a strong entity it feels like at this stage, you know, the Roman, what was Gaul, it is crumbling.

Speaker 7 It seems to be being divided up between these various, dare we say, warlords almost kind of creating their own little kingdoms in what was once Roman Gaul.

Speaker 2 There's an interesting issue here because at some point these people, most of whom would have seen themselves as very, very Roman, we would classify as warlords.

Speaker 2 But the Burgundians, well, the ruler of the Burgundians goes to go on calling himself Magus de Militum through until 522. They receive the office of Magus de Militum from the East Roman Empire.

Speaker 2 They are straightforward Roman agents.

Speaker 2 So if you read a modern history book, they will say the kings of the Burgundians. That's not what they saw.
They saw something much closer to what we would regard as the British Commonwealth now.

Speaker 2 You know, just as places in the Commonwealth are going their own way, but they liked Queen Elizabeth, even if they don't necessarily like King Charles.

Speaker 2 This is a world where people still thought they had Roman office.

Speaker 7 It was Oduaka as well when he topples the last emperor.

Speaker 2 Oduaka, and he is exactly the same. He sees himself as a patrician of the Roman Empire.

Speaker 2 He governs for the emperor. It's not until the empire attacks Oduaka that he actually starts to claim independence in coinage and stuff.
It's exactly the same with the Ostrogoths and with the Vandals.

Speaker 2 They see themselves as agents of the Roman state until Justinian messes it all up. I mean it's the Byzantines who destroy the sort of sub-Roman Commonwealth of the West.
It's not the barbarians.

Speaker 7 It is interesting, and it'll hear also Childrick, as you say, with that influence from his time in Byzantium, Constantinople, too.

Speaker 2 And he's presumably, in some sense, a Roman general. I mean, we just don't know enough

Speaker 2 about the transformation of the frontier troops.

Speaker 2 Because what you have to remember is that after Constantine, the Roman army is divided into the limitane, who are the frontier troops, the comitatenses, who are the crack troops who are moved back from the frontier but who are moved around.

Speaker 2 Now when the comitatenses get moved to deal with a crisis in Italy above all, the limitane stay where they are. The same is true as far as we can see of the Franks.

Speaker 2 Childeric is the chap who is a general whose main power bloc must have been people who had once been Roman troops.

Speaker 7 This is so interesting, and we actually mentioned this, the military question next before we go on to Clovis.

Speaker 7 Right at the start of our chat, now if anyone's played Rome Tale to Warwin growing up, you'll see the Franks, one of their special units is these axe throwers and this idea that the axe is this really big weapon for the Franks.

Speaker 7 But is that actually the case?

Speaker 2 Part of that is because

Speaker 2 the axe is called in Latin a Francisca and so everybody thought that that went with Franks, just just as there's a type of sword called a Saxe and so everybody thought it went with Saxons.

Speaker 2 Well actually if you look at the distribution of Franciscas and Saxis they don't simply map onto Franks and Saxons.

Speaker 2 There are weapon burials, you get Franks being buried with sometimes with Franciscas, certainly sometimes with Saxis with swords, but above all they're buried with spears. Your standard barbarian

Speaker 2 weapon in a grave, and of course that doesn't necessarily tell you how they were fighting, but in a grave will be a spear.

Speaker 7 Spear is a big weapon in Germania, isn't it? Well, let's move on then from Childeric. So Childeric dies.
When about we talking late fifth century at that time?

Speaker 2 He dies as far as we can see in 481.

Speaker 7 481. And so who is this big figure who succeeds Childeric?

Speaker 2 So Childeric's son is called Clovis. And for Clovis, we are almost entirely dependent on Gregory of Tours.
Interesting.

Speaker 2 There are one or two things in Fredegar which add to the picture and make it very much more complicated.

Speaker 2 And there are one or two things in contemporary writers. There's a bishop called Eveetus of Vienne who writes to Clovis.

Speaker 2 And there is a figure in Ostrogothic Italy, Cassiodorus, who writes to Clovis. But the sources for Clovis are primarily Gregory.

Speaker 2 Now that causes a huge problem because Gregory's Clovis is

Speaker 2 a construct. Because Gregory is a Catholic bishop and because according to Gregory the Franks do well basically because they're the first Catholic people

Speaker 2 and because Clovis is the first Catholic ruler. Gregory constructs a history of Clovis as a convert who wins all his battles after his conversion.

Speaker 7 This is almost like Eusebius with Constantine the Great and the idea of him seeing the son.

Speaker 2 Well, it's a lot more suspect than that. Oh, okay.
I mean, what Gregory does is he gives Clovis a 30-year reign

Speaker 2 and he divides that reign up into five-year blocks. So, Clovis supposedly comes to the throne in 481.

Speaker 2 He has his first major victory in 486 against Siagrius, the son of Aegidius, the Roman general. Then, supposedly in 501,

Speaker 2 Clovis defeats the Burgundians. 506,

Speaker 2 he defeats the Alemanni. 511 he dies.

Speaker 2 That's Gregory's scheme.

Speaker 2 And because he wants all the victories basically to

Speaker 2 come after Clovis' conversion. He puts the conversion in 496 when Clovis is fighting the Alemanni.

Speaker 2 Now, there's a big problem with that story about Clovis fighting the Alemanni because,

Speaker 2 according to Gregory, this is the great victory over the Alemanni. Unfortunately, Cassiodorus provides us with evidence to show that the Franks had a victory over the Alemanni in 506, not 496.

Speaker 2 So, what do you do? Do you say there are two victories? Do you say that the first one didn't exist?

Speaker 2 And what do you do also? Do you shift the baptism late or do you leave the baptism early? In my view, and I mean, there's big debate about this, the baptism can't be earlier than 508.

Speaker 2 That doesn't, however, mean that Clovis was converted in 508.

Speaker 2 Whereas most people who know about Constantine do know that he gets converted a long long time before his baptism, which is on his deathbed.

Speaker 2 Almost all Frankish historians assume that Clovis is converted immediately before the baptism. Well, it's probably not the case.

Speaker 2 And there's an annoying little passage in Fredegar, which causes complete havoc, which no historian is prepared to talk about. Because Fredegar says that the godfather

Speaker 2 of Clovis

Speaker 2 was Alaric II, who happens to be the Aryan king of the Visigoths.

Speaker 7 Right, yes, so that's not the Alaric I, the famous one who sacks Rome in 1477.

Speaker 2 No, this is his son who will be killed by Clovis in 507.

Speaker 2 So if you accept Fredegar, and there are hints in sources that actually Clovis did have an Aryan period before his Catholic baptism.

Speaker 7 So that's another form of Christianity.

Speaker 2 This is the form of Christianity that basically the Goths follow, and then later the Lombards will follow.

Speaker 2 And the only real distinction is that in the Trinity, where the Orthodox say that the Trinity, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost are all equal.

Speaker 2 The Arians say

Speaker 2 Father is superior to the Son,

Speaker 2 the Son is superior to the Holy Ghost. And the basic argument is Father is obviously older than the Son, so

Speaker 2 because we're told that the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Father and the son the holy ghost must come after the other two but anyway basically that's what the goths are following i mean my view is yes it's almost certain that clovis has an arian period

Speaker 2 but that gregory of tour writes it out of the history because he wants this ideal model

Speaker 2 that Clovis, and he actually describes Clovis as a new Constantine.

Speaker 2 Clovis has his experience in battle when he converts, like Constantine converts in the Melvian Bridge, and all the victories follow from that.

Speaker 2 So basically, Gregory's Clovis is a construct.

Speaker 2 We don't know how much of it's a construct. Is it only the baptism?

Speaker 2 The only

Speaker 2 three things in Clovis's reign that we can be sure about outside Gregory is the war against the Burgundians in 500 rather than 501.

Speaker 2 The victory against the Alamans in 506, sorry, four things, in 506, which is recorded in Cassiodorus.

Speaker 2 The victory against the Visigoths in 507 when Clovis defeats Alaric II.

Speaker 7 And they're based in

Speaker 2 France, they're southwestern. They're in Aquitaine.
Aquitaine, yeah. And then the summoning of the Council of Orléans in 511.
And so everything else we're dependent on Gregory.

Speaker 2 And then there's a nasty little, one other nasty little thing in the Libber Pontificalis, which says that

Speaker 2 this is the history of the popes. Right.

Speaker 2 Written

Speaker 2 at some point after the 530s. I would push it closer to the 560s, but most people would say 530s.

Speaker 2 There's a nasty little statement that Clovis sent a votive crown to a pope who wasn't pope at the time of Clovis's death. Cheeky, right.
So do we have to move Clovis' death date later?

Speaker 2 I think not, because that would cause so much internal problem for how you recalibrate the whole of the rest of Frankish history. But, I mean, basically,

Speaker 2 Clovis is a construct of Gregory of Tour,

Speaker 2 and historians have to work with her.

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Speaker 7 Now, I don't think we have time to go through absolutely every story, and there are quite a few, but let's do the first one because this is interesting.

Speaker 7 You mentioned Seagrius, and I got my nose, Soissons, and this is before we conversed as well. This is interesting.

Speaker 7 So, what is this early story pre-conversion, which really kind of sets Clovis on the map, expanding Frankish power right at the beginning?

Speaker 2 Okay, so Syagrius is the son of Aegidius. Aegidius has a very complicated history back in the 460s, 470s and when Aegidius dies his son Syagrius takes over.

Speaker 2 Historians attributed Syagrius what they called a kingdom of Soissons.

Speaker 2 Well he's defeated at Soissons by Clovis according to Gregory so we can probably link him with Soissons.

Speaker 2 Whether there's a real kingdom there or not we don't know. Ed James magnificently debunked the whole issue of the kingdom of Soisson.
I mean, we simply do not know how big Siagrius's area is.

Speaker 2 And that has an impact on the expansion of Clovis, because

Speaker 2 if Siagrius has somewhere which is sort of spreads from

Speaker 2 the Silver Carbonaria, the forest which runs basically down from Brussels down to Tournai and Childeric is buried in in Tournai, which is right on the edge of the Silver Carbonari.

Speaker 2 And most people would say that Silver Carbonari is an early frontier for the Franks. If Siagrius has the land from there all the way over to Brittany, he's got a big kingdom.

Speaker 2 If he's just a warlord in Soissons, he's got a small kingdom. And so

Speaker 2 Depending on how big you make Siagrius's power affects how big you make Clovis's early expansion.

Speaker 2 Because if Clovis beats up somebody who is just in Soissons and sort of the acreage outside, that's no big deal. If he gets everything right the way over to Rennes and Anger, then that is a big deal.

Speaker 2 And we don't know the answer to that.

Speaker 7 Should we be imagining a kind of a very Roman-styled army, although largely spears, fighting against other Roman-styled armies at that time?

Speaker 7 Or do we know what we should be envisaging with these types of clashes?

Speaker 2 That is the big question that military historians refuse to look at.

Speaker 2 There's a transition going on.

Speaker 2 There's a transition going on in the sense that, I mean, anybody who knows anything about the Roman army knows it's a standing army, that it's being paid, and that,

Speaker 2 what is it? John Leidas talks about something in the region of 400,000 Roman troops in the whole of the Roman world in the time of Diocletian Constantine.

Speaker 2 Obviously, that divides into East and West, and obviously it divides into comitatenses and the Mitane, but anyway, there's a standing army. By the 440s, 450s,

Speaker 2 Valentinian III is having problems paying that army.

Speaker 2 One of the problems with the barbarian settlement, and I mean I'm one of the people who doesn't think that the barbarians overthrow the Roman Empire, they settle, but one of the troubles with their settlement is they deprive the empire of tax revenue and once the empire loses tax revenue it loses the ability to pay troops

Speaker 2 so

Speaker 2 basically speaking troops are

Speaker 2 ceasing to be paid now

Speaker 2 at what moment these magistrumilitum figures are no longer paying their troops

Speaker 2 We don't know. Does Gundabad, the Magistr Militum among the Burgundians, who is there as Magistomilitum up to 516, is he paying his troops or not? Is Siagrius paying his troops or not?

Speaker 2 Is Childeric paying his troops? Because if he's got some sort of Roman command, he may well be.

Speaker 2 By the time we get to around 600, which is when we start to have statements about the army in Frankish law, legal material. Well, it's really 7th century rather than 600.

Speaker 2 The army is an army of obligation. Now, army of obligation means that any male can be called up.

Speaker 2 Now, that's led historians to assume that there were vast great barbarian armies rampaging all over the place. Well,

Speaker 2 that's problematic. By definition, I think in the Bavarian law code, I think an army is 32 men.
It's a a really small number. It's the same in Anglo-Saxon England.
An army is a very, very small group.

Speaker 2 Now, of course, some armies are bigger than that.

Speaker 7 Yes, I'm not imagining Clovis conquering France with 32 men.

Speaker 2 That's right. No, no, no.

Speaker 2 But I mean, we're dealing with a transition. I think Clovis probably still has quite big armies.

Speaker 2 After Clovis, well, one of the things about the period after Clovis' sons is that the Franks don't really have any major campaigns.

Speaker 2 There's one or two campaigns into Italy, one or two campaigns into Saxony, but they don't have really very much in the way of major campaigns. So they don't need to call an army.

Speaker 2 Now there are some Frankish civil wars in the 570s and 610s and Gregory of Tour thinks that these involve lots of people. I think he's telling a whopper

Speaker 2 because I think that he

Speaker 2 tour is one of the places that suffers.

Speaker 2 But even in Gregory of Tour, the armies are, and by this time, they're armies of obligation and they're armies that are summoned according to the city, according to the civitas.

Speaker 2 So the komes, the secular leader of the city, because basically all these areas are civitates, city units, which also become diocese. The komes will call an army when necessary.

Speaker 2 Now most Merovingian cities are reckoned nowadays

Speaker 2 to have populations, or at least the urban centres, to have populations between about 10,000 and 20,000. Now they've got the peripheral area as well.

Speaker 2 But if you are talking about 10,000, 20,000,

Speaker 2 how many troops can you actually summon from a city? And usually in the Merovingian period, when we're hearing about armies being mustered, we're dealing with three or four cities.

Speaker 2 So I think we're dealing with something which might just hit a thousand. But you've got to come right the way down from your Roman numbers.

Speaker 2 You can trace this back to the problems of the barbarian settlements. The barbarians are not huge numbers.

Speaker 7 I mean, by the time we get to the end of Clovis's reign, so defeating Syagrius, then beating the Alamans, the Visigoths, the Burgundians,

Speaker 7 how large a territory now is the Frankish kingdom?

Speaker 2 Well at the moment of Clovis's death it's basically the whole of

Speaker 2 modern northern France but not including Brittany. It's Belgium.
He doesn't rule over Burgundy, so the Burgundians are still independent, but they are paying some some sort of taxes.

Speaker 2 He controls the area of Aquitaine down as far as what is called Septimania. So he doesn't really control the area sort of south of Toulouse.

Speaker 2 But as soon as he dies,

Speaker 2 the whole of that block collapses.

Speaker 7 Oh, goodness, right.

Speaker 2 So when Clovis dies, he leaves four sons. One of them is adult and capable, but he was the son of a, Gregory says concubine but Gregory clearly doesn't like Feuderic's mother.

Speaker 2 Gregory likes the mother of the other three sons

Speaker 2 who Clovis had probably only married at some point after 500.

Speaker 2 So those kids, those three kids are less than 10 years old when Clovis dies.

Speaker 2 Now in any sensible

Speaker 2 kingdom, Feuderic would have taken over the whole of the power block.

Speaker 2 But Crotokildis, Clovis's widow, arranges for the kingdom to be divided into four. Now, if you look at any of the standard histories before 1977,

Speaker 2 they will say that the division of the kingdom was Frankish tradition. That's absolute rubbish.
There is no evidence for any Frank ever dividing his his kingdom before Clovis's death.

Speaker 2 The likelihood is that Grotokildis arranges the division to ensure the survival of her three children.

Speaker 2 And the likelihood is that she does it with the Roman aristocracy, because the kingdom is divided into what we call Teilreicher, divided kingdoms, four of them.

Speaker 2 and the division was made according to the city units.

Speaker 2 And Feuderic gets the biggest and the best and the ancestral one, that is the Eastern Kingdom.

Speaker 7 That would be the Belgium area.

Speaker 2 Belgium and looking east and it also means that he's got the area that can expand.

Speaker 2 The others get Orléans, Paris and Soissons. They're too weak to control Aquitaine.
So the Goths, though this moment after 508, the Visigoths are being protected by the Ostrogoths.

Speaker 2 So Theodoric the Great

Speaker 2 sends an army to protect his nephew, and the Ostrogoths recreate

Speaker 2 Visigothic Aquitaine. So, for the next 30 years, the Franks are actually on the back foot, and you have to wait until the 540s before the expansion starts.

Speaker 2 Well, except in Burgundy in the 530s, but elsewhere the expansion starts in the 540s.

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Speaker 7 Conin, there's still so much more we can talk about. I've only got a couple more questions, but I will ask, because you did mention there, Paris.

Speaker 7 But is it around this time with the Franks that Paris really starts becoming more significant? Is it already important or does it become more important later?

Speaker 2 I mean it's not a really major Roman centre. It's not a provincial capital.
Julian had been there. The Emperor Julian had been there.
So it was a place that had attracted an emperor.

Speaker 2 And clearly, you know, the Ile de la Cite, the little island in the middle of the Seine, was an attractive, defensible place and so forth. But basically speaking Paris isn't one of the great cities

Speaker 2 we wouldn't even think that it was great in Clovis's lifetime because it's not a place that he does anything in his lifetime but it's where he dies

Speaker 2 and it's where his widow Crotokildis has him buried

Speaker 2 and so Paris becomes one of the capitals of the Merovingians because it's where Clovis had been buried and it's then where

Speaker 2 two of the great saints of the Frankish world are associated.

Speaker 2 One the legendary martyr Saint Denis who is up at Saint-Denis and the other Saint Genevieve who is buried more or less next to Clovis, just next to the Sorbonne up at Pontillon.

Speaker 7 Have their tombs been found?

Speaker 2 We know what church it ought to be, but it was pulled pulled down in the revolution. There have been some attempts at the excavation.
There was nothing special in the crypt there.

Speaker 2 After, of course, everything was dispersed in the revolution, but people tried to collect Genevieve and reposition her, and she's up there.

Speaker 2 But it's that that makes Paris special. And from then on, Paris will either be a Merovingian

Speaker 2 royal capital, there'll be a king there, or sometimes it is a place that if there's, say, three Merovingian kings, they might agree

Speaker 2 for Paris to be a mutual centre for all three of them, so that it is actually sort of outside the standard division.

Speaker 7 You mentioned just a bit earlier how that expansion begins again. Well, there's a bit of difficulty when it's divided up, but then with the Visigoths and everything.

Speaker 7 But what is the spark that ultimately leads once again to the Franks rising to the fore?

Speaker 7 I know ultimately you get the likes of Charlemagne and it feels like a bit too much history for us to cover today.

Speaker 7 But what happens as the sixth century progresses and you really get the kind of the zenith of the Merrow engines?

Speaker 2 First of all, Feuderic, the eldest son of Clovis, he's very competent. He has an even more competent son, Feuderbert, and he has a competent son, Feuderborg.
And they they are very, very successful.

Speaker 7 What a trio, by the way. Feuderic, Feuderbert, Feudborg.

Speaker 2 They're very successful and they have some major entries actually even into Italy. They actually control

Speaker 2 Venice for a while. Oh, wow.
So they're successful in the east. Of the other three sons of Clovis, one of them, Clodomer, is killed in battle against the Burgundians.

Speaker 2 But the other two last long enough to start being highly competent. And they start the expansion again once you get into the 540s.
So in a sense,

Speaker 2 in terms of the uninterrupted expansion, it's Clovis's sons and particularly the younger sons, it's the ones you have to wait until they come of age, which means the 540s, not the 510s or 520s.

Speaker 7 I must admit, as a Joe Bloggs, looking at this from the outside, if someone had mentioned the Franks, my mind might immediately go to...

Speaker 7 that very much medieval period and that is probably correct but then names like charlemagne and the carolingians but we haven't even reached charlemagne at the moment and learning more about figures like Childeric and Clovis and that immediate aftermath of the Roman Empire in the West, but also their involvement with those other peoples, those successors of the Romans.

Speaker 7 It's really interesting. This is a fascinating period in the story of almost like the rise of the Franks, the early Franks, the figures like the Merovingians.

Speaker 7 It's a fascinating story, the literature, knowing the biases for the literary sources that we have surviving and this incredible archaeology that we have surviving too. What an area to study.

Speaker 2 Yeah, I mean, let me just sort of of throw a spanner in the works just to end, so to speak. I think even more important than that is what happens in the church.

Speaker 2 In my reading, the church is basically established, not in the fourth century, even in the early fifth. It's the late 6th and 7th.

Speaker 2 And in Western Europe, the church gets massive amounts of land.

Speaker 2 And

Speaker 2 that,

Speaker 2 by my estimate, is about a third of the land of Western Europe. And kings weren't bothered about it.

Speaker 2 And they weren't bothered about the church actually having to pay taxes, because they're not fighting and they're not having to pay troops. It changes when Islam comes in.

Speaker 2 They suddenly have to find ways of creating troops. But the church gets all this land.
And what you essentially get in the...

Speaker 2 late sixth, early seventh century is the mirror image of what happens in the Renaissance and Reformation.

Speaker 2 The disestablishment of the church of the 16th century is exactly the reverse of the landed establishment of the church of the sixth and seventh centuries.

Speaker 2 And so if you're thinking about what makes Europe Europe,

Speaker 2 it's actually the establishment of the church in the late 6th and 7th centuries rather than the barbarians.

Speaker 7 And are the Frankish monarchs, are they key in that creation?

Speaker 2 Yeah, they're allowing it. They're perfectly happy with it.
Because they're not fighting anybody.

Speaker 2 When they occasionally fight each other

Speaker 2 they're not having any problem about it and so when you get to the carolingians look back and say oh the the merovingians are all weedy and so forth well yeah they could afford to be weedy because until the forces of islam crossed the pyrenees there was nobody to fight and so they can afford to be a holy dynasty which backs holiness so much to talk about beef even it's a fascinating introduction overview of the Franks and how they emerge onto the stage with figures like Childeric, Clovis, and his many sons.

Speaker 7 This has been fantastic. You have in front of you a couple of your books that you've written on the topic.
I feel it would be amiss if we don't mention them. So, what are these two books we have here?

Speaker 2 Okay, I wrote The Merovingian Kingdoms back in the 1980s, I think 1984.

Speaker 2 Or no, 1994, sorry.

Speaker 2 It's sort of probably

Speaker 2 still the biggest of the books in English on the Merovingians. One One or two good books have come out since, but it was really the sort of first book in English that tried to offer

Speaker 2 a thorough narrative right the way through the Merovingian period. The other one I've got here is a much more recent, it's a teeny little book.

Speaker 2 It's called The Transformation of the Roman West, it's 2018.

Speaker 2 And it's really the book which sets out the whole issue of the endowment of the church and it goes through all the statistics and how we know that

Speaker 2 the scale of church nation, and also goes through the statistics for the Roman army and the barbarians and so forth.

Speaker 7 Well, there must have books for anyone wanting to learn more about post-Western Roman Empire, the Franks, the Merovingian kingdoms, and so on. Ian, this has been absolutely brilliant.
Chat.

Speaker 7 Once again, thank you so much for inviting me here to your living room, in your house. And it just goes to me to say thank you so much for taking the time to come on the podcast today.

Speaker 2 Thank you. Cheers.

Speaker 1 Well, there you go.

Speaker 1 There was the esteemed professor Ian Wood talking through the rise of the Franks under monarchs like Childeric and Clovis and how they forged that great kingdom in what is modern day France.

Speaker 1 I hope you enjoyed today's episode. Thank you for listening.
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Speaker 1 That's enough from me, and I'll see you in the next episode.

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