Origins of the Inuit

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It's the ancients on history hit.

I'm Tristan Hughes, your host.

And today we're exploring the story of the early Inuit, the Tule Inuit.

This is the incredible tale of how these people managed to survive and thrive in the Arctic more than a thousand years ago.

They expanded out from present-day Alaska east across North America all the way to Greenland.

They built very interesting and sophisticated subterranean houses that kept out the freezing cold, some with their own kitchen extensions.

They invented a huge range of gadgets that allowed them to hunt an extraordinary array of different animals on land and at sea depending on the season.

Whales, bears, caribou, seals, you name it.

The early Inuit have an amazing story and it's right that we now cover them on the ancients, the first time that we've explored archaeology and ancient history north of the Arctic Circle.

To explain all about this, our guest today is the archaeologist Raven Todd de Silva, who has just written a new book exploring many different ancient civilizations across the world that have been overlooked in the history books, including that of the early Inuit in North America and Greenland.

As soon as I saw that this was one of the ancient civilizations Raven covered in her book, well, I was determined to get her on the show to talk all about it.

We recorded this episode in person at the Spotify studio in London, and Raven was fantastic.

Enjoy!

Raven, Raven, it is a pleasure to have you on the podcast.

It's lovely to be here.

Thanks so much, Tristan.

And I think this is a first in the ancients after more than 500 episodes.

This is the first time that we're going north of the Arctic Circle.

Really?

But what a topic.

I mean, the early Inuit, of all people, civilizations who had to

survive and then thrive in these difficult climatic conditions, surely there are none more extraordinary stories than that of the early Inuit.

Oh, 100%.

They are pure examples of just the human spirit and wanting to survive in the most harsh conditions.

And they really don't get enough attention.

A lot of the other Arctic cultures as well, even those living up there today.

Let's focus in on it.

I mean, first of all, no such thing as a silly question.

Who were the early Inuit?

So the Tule Inuit is sort of like the main name that we have for them at the moment.

They were the predecessors to all of the current Inuit tribes or groups of people that we have that exist today up in the Arctic.

So that is northern Alaska, Canada, and then parts of Greenland.

And they're huge.

That's hundreds of, well, thousands and thousands of kilometers, isn't it?

Yeah.

It's just, I still can't fathom it.

I'm from Canada and I still can't fathom how big that country really is, especially when you're going up north.

And they really...

just spread throughout that entire area.

They came to light around 1000 CE, the year 1000.

They originally, they think right now they kind of originated from the Berner culture.

They were the descendants of the old Bering Sea culture people.

So that, think like Siberia, Alaska, so like way, way, way west in North America, Russia, like the very tip of Siberia and Alaska, we have this, these people kind of just coming back over into the North American continent and then evolving into what we have as the Tule coming as an identifiable culture around 1,900 to 1,000.

We'll delve into all of that, and it's interesting, you said that, that eastward movement almost the Bering Sea, the Bering Strait.

And you mentioned there, so Thule, is that the word that is associated?

What do we mean by the word Thule?

So the word Thule was first coined for the culture itself by a Danish archaeologist named Thurkel Matthiasen, if I'm saying that correctly.

Difficult name there.

And he just, well, we want to say discovered, but was able to sort of identify the Thule as a cohesive culture in the 1920s during the fifth Danish expedition into sort of Greenland.

And he named it after one of the sites there called Umanak.

But the word itself comes from ancient Greek.

And they use that term to refer to the most northern lands.

At the time we think it is the Shetland Islands in Scotland.

Other people think it's some northern bits of Scandinavia.

We'll never really know.

Just north of Greece, which, you know, very, very north.

Very, very north.

It could be anywhere, really.

So that's sort of where that name originates from.

Because I had heard that name before.

I think it's the voyage of Pythias, one of these Greek explorers who goes past the British Isles.

So it's interesting how that label from an ancient Greek becomes associated with the two legacy with the early Inuit.

So around roughly, say, 1000 AD or 1000 CE, for learning more about these people over a huge area too, I mean, what types of sources do we have?

Is it just archaeology?

I mean, what types of archaeology do we have?

Archaeology is one of the major things that we have because we have that amazing frozen tundra and it's amazing for that preservation.

Of course, not everything gets preserved, even within the ice, unfortunately.

And so we do rely a lot on Inuit elders and knowledge keepers.

And they really do help kind of bring those oral histories because that's so important for a lot of cultures.

And they kind of fill in the blanks with the archaeological evidence.

And these are all histories.

So this is kind of knowledge and information that's been passed down generation after generation.

Exactly, yeah.

Okay, a thousand CE or AD.

I mean, it's a bit later on than what we usually cover on the ancients, but given that it's such an amazing topic, when I saw it as one of your chapters of your your book, I thought we have to delve into it.

But if we go a bit further back in time, you mentioned it briefly there, but do we know much about the origins of the early Unuit of who they are descended from?

We just have these major things with, you know, the old Bering Sea people cultures, and then we also have the Bernark.

They were

largely sea mammal hunters.

That's kind of the main thing.

They had dog sledding.

They hunted whales.

They hunted seals, walruses, and they sort of all began to create their individual cultures and art forms within Alaska around that time.

So around 200 BC, we start seeing that evidence.

And then they sort of change in cultures throughout time.

Obviously, like everything gets evolving as technology involves and everything like that.

And then we get the Tule sort of in what that year, that 1000 year.

But it's still not as well understood as we would like because it is very difficult to excavate in these very northern places, not just for funding, because no one really wants to fund there.

They're not as well known, of course, so the money goes other places, but also just the difficulty of getting into the permafrost and finding what's left.

It's just very complicated.

Complicated.

We'll just say that.

I mean, no, because I have seen like doing a bit of research of this, and in the past, I've looked at some of these Arctic sites and archaeologies happening.

And for instance, in Alaska, it's not just in central Alaska or southern Alaska.

I've seen a couple of examples of archaeological work going on on the northern coast of Alaska, not far from the northernmost point of the United States.

So to do excavations up there, first you've got to be, well, you've got to be a hardy breed of person.

But also I can imagine you don't have much time during the year to do that as well.

No, you need to be in there in the warmer months before the permafrost sets in or just, you know, the sea ice as well.

But then that also makes it quite a volatile place to dig, right?

If you're digging somewhere that's on that edge there, that stuff will get really worn away quite easily over the years.

So you need to work very quickly.

We've already lost so much in comparison to that as well because of those volatile environments.

That freeze thaw is one of the major things.

If you're looking at art conservation and how the archaeological record is preserved, that is one of the major issues where we get when things are destroyed and lost forever.

Absolutely.

Well, let's focus in on that kind of migration and that kind of expanding of the Tule Inuit, because you mentioned right at the beginning how they go as east as Greenland.

Do we know much about the nature?

of those migrations of how the Tule Inuit end up settling in such a large area.

What's really interesting is that we've been studying this migration for over 100 years.

Wow.

And it's still a mystery.

It's still one of those things that we still don't quite completely understand.

And there's always been, you know, different sorts of theories as to why suddenly we have

this

very well developed culture in Alaska.

It's also very densely populated at this time with a bunch of other cultures.

So there's trade, there's exchange going on.

What is making them suddenly just up and leave to go completely across the country and in the northern bits there's lots of islands there's you know shore hopping everything like that plus getting over to greenland it's just unfathomable and they did it in such a short period of time so we first think they started at doing it the initial carbon dates said that they started doing it around 1000 ce

but later reinterpretations say that they did that they did it around the 13th century and that's actually when we start seeing them in Greenland.

So within the span of 100 years, give or take, they somehow ended up from Alaska to Greenland.

And that's so fast.

And we don't know why it could have been interpersonal.

We do see a little bit of an uptick in armor made out of animal bones being created more in the archaeological record around this time.

We see that there's some human remains that show up with trauma that have been from battle.

And so people, they might might have been subject to, you know, some sort of discrimination or they might have wanting to get out because of that, you know, interpersonal conflicts, as we like to call it in archaeology.

So that could have been one thing.

It could have been the hunting of the bowhead whale.

The bowhead whale.

The bowhead whale.

Okay, interesting.

Yes, they are huge.

I looked it up for this podcast specifically because I needed to know the exact stats of a bowhead whale for everyone listening.

They are between 16 and 18 meters long and they weigh around 80 tons.

Whoa.

So that is a huge whale.

It's terrifying.

They also have like the largest amount of baleen, so that is a huge resource for the Tule.

Where we've got the baleen, we have the blubber for fuel, we have the bones for making their houses.

So they're very resource-rich animals.

Blubber for fuel, so they can be used to create fires, kind of.

Yes.

Yeah.

Nice, good grease fire.

You know, it doesn't smell very good, but it really works.

So these things are huge, and they're great resources, and they are actually unique to the Tule in Uet.

For them, they're the ones that are hunting these.

No other hunter-gatherer in the time, at that time, around the entire world, is actually hunting these bowhead whales or doing this amount of like intense whaling.

So at first, they were thinking maybe they're following the sites to get the optimal hunting for these bowhead whales.

But then they hit those and they keep going.

They keep going.

They just keep going over all the way to Greenland.

And then other people were thinking maybe it's metals.

because

they loved metal, but they couldn't smelt it themselves.

So a lot of these Arctic cultures, they were using metal from the old Bering Sea again for them, Siberia, the Bering Strait.

So that's where they learn at least about metals because I think like Mesoamerica and they don't, obviously they don't really have metals, they have obsidian, but not copper or iron or anything like that.

But so it is from Asia that they learn about the use of metals in tools, maybe or something like that?

Initially, yeah.

So they started to use it for their own tools.

Right.

They were like, well, this is actually really great because everyone, when they rediscover metals, realize this is pretty great.

So they started to really covet that and use it for their own tools.

And it actually helped them.

They used it a lot to also make better wooden tools, better bone tools.

So again, it was like tools for making tools and just really utilitarian.

But then if you move further east, we do get these larger bits and sources of copper and iron.

So that's all the way in Greenland.

But we don't know how they knew.

about all of this iron, you know, the Cape York meteorite in Greenland.

There's a big meteorite, actually.

Huge meteorite.

And that's the best source of, you know, iron that you can get without smelting.

How did they know about that?

And they wouldn't have known about it until they were probably halfway through that migration to then discuss with the Dorset culture that was there before them.

And they sort of like replaced the Dorset in that eastern Arctic in Canada and then figured out that there's more iron over there.

So

there's it's probably it was probably, as a lot of things with archaeology, probably a lot of reasons.

And those reasons probably would have changed while the migration was going, but

we will still probably never know.

And that the amount of how quick it was was still shocking because they didn't settle down enough to really create like an actual society, to reproduce enough, to leave people behind.

They just kept going, snap, snap, snap, all the way down to Greenland.

And then eventually they introduced themselves to the Norse, and that's where they were getting iron from the east as well.

So getting more metal.

from interaction with the Norse, possibly.

It's so interesting that human desire.

Well, at least, you know, a few people have like that intrepid desire to go further.

I know in other chapters it's all about the Lapita people isn't it and like the Polynesians and you can kind of see that similar mindset with them wanting to go out in their little canoes to try and find the next island so it can be interesting to think if there maybe was a similar thing in the in the mindset of some of these tule adventurers those people going east but what i also found so interesting there raven is you mentioned that there's already this this other culture out there the dorset culture So it's a bit, you almost have to shift your view of the world of North America on its head to think, to remember of humans first coming to North America through the Bering Strait without being a land bridge, and Alaska at that time quite being heavily populated and people making that journey eastwards

and people before the Tulate Inuit.

And then you do get to the Tulate Inuit, like following in the footsteps of people who've gone before them, going eastwards across like the northern part of North America.

It's really interesting to think of it that way compared to when we think of like these big centers today being in, well, southern Canada, Toronto, or further south in the United States.

It's absolutely just wild to think that, you know, instead of going south where it was warmer, they just went, we're just going to keep going east.

And I just don't understand that myself personally.

I prefer the warmth.

I don't know why I moved to this country if I prefer the warmth, but here we are.

And it is just so admirable.

and a real testament to just how they chose to live and wanted to live and decided on that rather than just kind of figure out a better way.

But that's just, that's the the way the life that they knew.

They're moving on, they're interacting with other people.

And, you know, the Dorset had been there about maybe 500 years before they even showed up.

And the Dorset, I think they're more well known than the Tule.

But, and they had this, I think it's mostly because of their art.

They had this amazing soapstone

vessels.

Oh, yeah.

And what I find so interesting is that the Tule pretty much just like completely replaced the Dorset.

And they don't, but because they don't have this really, to our standards, beautiful art style that people are drawn to or want to study more, they're not as well known.

They're not as well studied.

They're not as well appreciated.

And, you know, even the Thule themselves, they weren't, they didn't seem to be a fan of the Dorset because they kept their ceramics and their cooking vessels from Alaska.

They actually were bringing their like, you know, their pottery and everything from there.

They weren't using the soapstone vessels until much later.

They were really keeping their roots from Alaska.

And then we thought one of those reasons again for migration, we were thinking they're bringing the metal back to Alaska.

We don't see that either.

So there's this really interesting kind of way that the Thule are choosing to live their life and migrate within this very short period of time and how they're choosing to interact with other people.

And it's just a really fun puzzle.

Forgive my ignorance, what is soapstone?

This is just another kind of stone material.

Yeah, it's just another kind of stone.

It's very easy to carve.

The kind of, I guess we get it from soap, like it's just that very nice, malleable stuff.

It is beautiful and it's just nice to make really nice pots.

And the Dorset and a lot of other Inuit cultures make these amazing sculptures out of it.

I highly recommend just looking up Dorset sculpture.

It's absolutely stunning.

Yep, that's my ignorance there talking.

But it's also interesting how, once again, you can use pottery and ceramics to track that migration eastwards that we've already talked about.

Well, let's explore more the lifestyle of the Tule Inuit.

I'd love to learn a bit more about this.

Particularly, let's focus first off, I mean, how they lived.

Do we know much about the houses of the Tule Inuits north of the Arctic Circle?

The houses are my favorite part of the Tule, and they are, luckily, the thing that we have the most archaeological evidence for, and it is what we can get the most information from.

And that I love because a lot of times with archaeology, you're more with the bigger things, right?

And this we're getting that very domestic, very human way of life.

So they lived in a few different types of houses.

Brilliant.

We've got their summer, quote-unquote, tents, and they're called the Tupeak.

And they are just normal tents, you know, a ring of stones, some animal skin.

And those were used to hunt a little bit further inland and get the caribou, get the char, the musk ox, and the smaller animals, the birds, and that's how they would hunt in the summer to get their stores up for winter.

But later periods, we get these sort of in-between houses, the autumnal early winter houses, and they are called carmacks.

And those were really fun because they're like a mix between the winter house and the summer house.

And they're a little bit dug into the ground and then have, again, those

dug into the ground a bit, are they?

Is it the foundations?

Yeah, so just a little bit, not too much, but like enough to just have a foundation there.

And then you have the stones around it again, and you're able to maybe put a little bit more of a fire in there and then have those animal skins.

But the really cool ones are the winter houses.

And they're made, again, they are subterranean or semi-subterranean.

And so they're deep set into the ground.

The floors are usually paved with either gravel or flagstones.

There's stones as well surrounding them, again, with a little bit of those built walls.

And then whalebones.

Whale bones on top.

Whale bones on top.

That's like the roofing structure.

And it's so fun.

And then those were then covered with animal skins and then sawed to just really insulate the whole thing.

The most ingenious part for me is the entrance, because the entrance was built about 40 centimeters below the actual floor level of the house.

And we all learned this in school, thermodynamics.

Cold air is heavier than hot air.

And so it settles.

And this was their way of trapping the cold air out.

Oh, clever.

Very clever.

Yeah.

And so they'd have this.

A few of them would also be sort of extended with snow as a wind trap.

And you could just crawl through this tunnel to get into your house, come up those 40 centimeters.

And then you're into this amazing, warm, toasty house.

There were sleeping platforms, so you're not sleeping on the ground.

They had some of them at the beginning, especially had these little other tunnels that led to kitchens.

So more than just one room, the how can you have little different rooms in your cozy little house?

Exactly, yeah.

And so you can go in and like have your cooking being separate.

Eventually, they became alcoves and then more like fires right in the middle.

And they had all of these tech.

I love the Tule.

They're, they've been called like the most gadget-oriented people of the prehistoric times.

And I think that's so true.

They had so many fun gadgets, and you can see that a lot in their household.

So, not just the technology of you know, having the house built the way it is, but in the little stoves that they had compiled with, you can see all that blubber we talked about earlier kind of flying down there with all these flagstones.

And then you have all the pots that are surrounding it.

They had dryers that sort of were circular and they hung above the fires as like drying racks for your clothes because you're going outside, you're getting quite covered in snow.

Absolutely.

They had kind of like cold boxes outside, which were again just bits dug into the ice where you could store all of your food.

So, if you get bored of whale and seal and walrus meat in the winter, you go out, get yourself a little musk ox, a little treat, and then you can go in and just do all of it.

Musk, they're smaller,

they're small, but they're you know, you can't get them in the wintertime.

So, for them, it's like a little treat, like a summertime treat, like how when we, you know, kind of get nowadays an avocado in the wintertime.

Oh, you know, it just tastes like summer.

And so, that was their way of sort of making sure that they could have that varied diet in the winter as well.

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They had really complex houses, didn't they?

They're really clever.

House designs and how they're able to survive, not just survive, but thrive in these environments.

Oh, for sure.

Like, if I had that, I definitely would understand now why you can survive in a negative 40 degree

negative 40.

That's what we think.

At least, like it gets negative 40 in Canada in the winter, so even colder up there, I'm imagining, and constant.

And so imagining how you can survive in those weathers and just not, not just survive, but also we said thrive and have this hunting that's going on.

And you're getting this the skins from the seals and the caribou to keep yourself really insulated in the winter.

You have these amazing snow goggles, which were

snow goggles.

Snow goggles.

Okay.

Yep.

I'm hooked.

We love snow snow goggles they're like one of my favorite artifacts i think that i wrote about in this book they are very thin so they're not like the ski goggles that you would yes think of today they're really cool fancy ones not like that but i think i would feel a lot cooler wearing the two-a- ones they are very thin like slits pieces of wood or antler or bone and then they just kind of fit over your eye but there's a thin slit that just kind of goes to where your eyesight would be and that sort of just blocks out all the snow and that allows them to see.

They're still used today by Arctic cultures as well.

They're efficient.

They're very well made.

And if it ain't broke, don't fix it.

And they're just absolutely beautiful as well.

You can see them.

Some of them have really nice designs on them.

Like they were made for purpose, but they really did take care of creating them and they're just ingenious.

Before we go into like the hunting and more of these gadgets, a bit more on the houses and the wider settlements.

Would there have been like hundreds of these houses together?

I mean, do we know the average settlement size of one of the early early Inuits?

So the ones that we're seeing that are, again, these more multi-generational permanent houses, the largest ones that we've found, there's about 60.

Okay.

So quite, not huge, but that is quite big.

Considerable, yeah.

Yeah.

But on average, it would be about like 15, 30.

We're thinking they were, you know, extended families or like a few families that were cooperating together because hunting a giant whale that's 18 meters long takes a few people.

You need that cooperation.

So they needed to stick together.

Domestic houses, were they the main types of buildings in these settlements or did they have the center of a community type building as well?

So most of the houses were these individual family houses but there is some evidence not at every site but of these other buildings called Kagasi.

I'm sorry if I pronounced that completely incorrect but they were these much larger houses.

And they were larger buildings that seemed to have been used for creating tools, preparing meat, preparing hides and skins.

They say it's more of a male-dominated space for the hunting and everything, but that would be much more of like a community, maybe a ritual building.

And later on, when we see the tule sort of changing and evolving, when we get into the little ice age and they're having to adapt their way of life, then we see a lot more of these people sort of moving into these much larger communal houses.

to again help with that food shortage because it's a little ice age.

It's a little more difficult to get food.

So they sort of start coming together a little bit more and losing that individual household type lifestyle

last thing on the houses i've got to ask about igloos were they such a thing with the tule

so there is evidence that they definitely could have built igloos and snow houses but they're not as efficient as the winter houses why have an igloo or a snow house when you can have this amazing

technological, a smart house, let's call it, right?

So they were, you know, a lot of them are used, again, it's not permanent settlements, snow houses even today, but they are, they do serve a purpose, but they weren't something that we would say that we have a lot of evidence for with the Tule.

But it's interesting how you highlighted at the beginning of this section how like there are different styles of houses almost for the different seasons.

Does that really reinforce a point that for the way of life of the Tule Inuit, that, I mean, it really does depend on the season and they almost have to adapt, almost change their lifestyle to suit the season in the Arctic?

100%.

So this is where a lot of that amazing oral history from the Inuit elders and the knowledge keepers comes from.

They've filled in these blanks for us with how they could possibly have moved around during the seasons.

So, that early spring, kind of early summer type vibe, you'd go in and you'd get the migratory birds.

They had these amazing bolas.

So, that's two rocks that are attached to like a string, essentially, or two heavy weights, two rope balls.

You kind of whip it in the air and it wraps around the bird.

It's a little bit graphic, but then the bird can't fly anymore.

So then down it comes.

That's got to be accurate for that throw, though.

I mean, that's a lot of skill behind that.

Yeah, it's, I, I don't think I could do it, to be honest.

They had bows and arrows as well, but that for them, I think, was a really good way of doing it.

And then they would get, again, those smaller animals, the musk ox, the rabbits, the hares, anything that would be sort of thriving in that area.

Then later on, so again, early,

let's say like late summer, early autumn, we get the caribou, we get the char that's kind of doing crossing.

So they're being very mindful of the movements of

their surroundings, the animals in their surroundings.

They had bear hunting in the summer as well.

And then when we get into those winter months where you're settling down a lot more, you have your stores, but you still need fresh meat and everything.

So then you start doing a lot more.

whale hunting you do a walrus you do ringed seal actually they they talk a lot about the whale, the bowhead whale, but they actually, their most popular diet, I guess, was the ringed seal.

They did so much ringed seal hunting, and then that was also a lot through breathing holes, through the boats that they had.

So they had the kayak, they had the umayak, which is a very large boat, and that was for the larger animals, probably also a testament to their ability to migrate because they could fit.

about 12 people or more with all of their tech, all their gadgets.

But it was helpful for hunting these whales and these walruses because it was a cooperative event.

You needed people to man the boat, keep it upright, and then you needed someone to harpoon the whale.

So that's sort of what they were doing throughout the year is just being very mindful of the resources that were available to them.

Okay, so we've got bows and arrows.

We've got that interesting contraption that you highlighted for migratory birds with the two stones and kind of wrapping around the wings so they can't fly.

You just mentioned harpoons.

for whales and also for seals waiting around like kind of creating a hole in the ice a breathing hole and waiting around and then striking the animal.

But it sounds like they had a variety of different weapons and hunting techniques so that they could hunt these many different types of animals that roamed the landscape that they lived in.

That's why they're called the most gadget-oriented people.

They had everything.

They had whatever you needed, essentially.

They had a toolbox of different types of harpoon heads.

They had the most...

diverse array of harpoon heads, which is crazy, just all different types that they wanted.

There were, again, yes, those bows and arrows, and they also had these amazing bits at the end of their harpoons, actually, if we come back to those.

And they were these little like ivory and antler and bone spikes, essentially, that they could jab into,

that they could jab into the ice to make sure that the giant animal that they just speared and killed wouldn't sink to the bottom.

They also had floats, which were really cool out of animal skins, and then they had little wooden stoppers that you could just blow them up like a a regular, you know, buoy today.

And then that would also aid in making sure that the animal that they just killed isn't going to just sink to the bottom of the sea.

It's so interesting, isn't it?

And so were they also people who, is the word hunter-gatherer relevant if we're talking about them, if they're moving?

I know, because they're not farming, but I feel hunter-gatherer is sometimes used.

almost to encapsulate all of these different peoples and it might be a bit more complicated than that.

It is a difficult term.

People have referred to them as hunter-gatherers because they aren't, you know, doing that agriculture.

But I would also call them very similar to i would say like the jomon of japan collectors right so it's like that mix of they're being very aware of what's sort of being grown and what animals are available so it is more of that hunter-gatherer style but because you're up north you're not really moving around you're just kind of making sure you're going further inland back to the sea and so on like that so it's not like these larger swaths that you would imagine that people always think about with hunter-gatherers where they move huge amounts and that's not even a reality for most hunter-gatherers anyway but everyone thinks that.

They weren't farming, but they weren't, I would say, completely just relying solely on animals.

I'm sure that they had a lot of, again, because of the archaeological record, you don't have much evidence, as always, for these organic materials, but they definitely would have been able to sort of cultivate some plants and learn how to really make the most out of what was growing out of the ground.

I mean, absolutely.

And it's just really interesting to imagine, let's say, if they have a bowhead whale and they've transported it back to the village or parts of it, or or or a seal, a ring seal as you highlight or another type of animal.

Does it feel like this was a community?

I mean these people would they make use of almost every available part of a carcass so nothing went to waste.

They could do a huge variety of things with the carcass.

Oh for sure.

You need to be able to make sure that you're using as much as possible because you don't know when your next whale is going to come, right?

It's thinking about Moby Dick.

He's been you chase those whales.

But whales themselves, you know, there's not as many as you really think there are.

They're not as populous in the waters and, again, very seasonal with their migrations.

So you need to make sure that you are storing for the winter, especially in those very dangerous environments, that you need to have that resource.

So every part, we have, again, the blubber for the fuel, the skins for your clothing, for your house.

And then you have the bones for, again, your house, but also to make...

other tools and weapons and armor, which is really cool.

We have armor surviving as well do we yes and especially in alaska we see that there's like walrus bone armor which is pretty cool if you're gonna make you don't have metal they need to make armor out of something i've never heard of because metals i'm guessing in short supply or so it's only that little bit that they've brought eastwards with them is it i mean yeah i've never heard of walrus bone armor before so that is definitely a first it is really cool i think the The Mycenaeans used a few like boar tusks with their helmets as well, but it's just fascinating to think of just like bone and ivory being used as armor because you don't think about that naturally.

So it's interesting to see how other people would have used the materials that they had available to them to defend themselves

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Away from tools that are used as weapons, do we have many other types of tools being discovered in the settlements of Tule Inuits?

Yeah, so we have flencing knives, like that's sort of for hunting as well, but you know, for creating the skins and getting the meat off of everything, my favorite thing are these baleen snow beaters.

It's again, one of those things you just don't normally think about until you need it.

And I think we need to bring these back in Canada or anywhere where it snows.

They were just made out of baleen and you come in from the tundra and the snow outside and you just beat your coat, get the snow all off of it, which is really useful because it does get stuck in clumps, especially if you're using skins and furs, you get these big clumps of snow.

If anyone has an animal or a dog that goes outside in the wintertime and comes back in, you understand it's just a nightmare when they're melting off everywhere.

So I love those.

We talked about the drying racks and we had a lot of toys.

Toys.

Yes.

They maybe not are the toys that you would expect or that you think of nowadays, but they're mini harpoon throwing boards, mini harpoon heads, mini arrows, bows and arrows for the children to sort of learn how to become a really like, you know, a valuable member of that society.

But we also have drums.

We found drum skins and like rings.

And do you know the ball and cup game?

No, I don't.

No, what is this?

So they have their own version.

It was called Ajagak.

I believe then it was not quite a ball, but it's sort of what you can think about nowadays is where there's like a stick with a a little cup on top and a ball attached to a string.

And it's all attached.

And you have to try and swing the ball up into the cup.

And they had that, but with a bone that had a few holes poked into it.

And this, just again, just the stick.

And you have to try and get that bone, swing it up that it's attached onto the string and get one of the holes.

to go through the stick and get it to balance on it.

It's very interesting game.

That is now recognizable to me.

This is amazing, isn't it?

They're so different to us nowadays, but also so similar in so many things.

And And I guess another thing where you can also look at that kind of similarity, dogs.

So dogs are an important part of their societies too?

They had dog sledding.

And that, you know, that's been around for thousands of years, but they had a lot of really great tech for that as well.

They had these amazing walrus like clasps, which was really cool to see from their sledding shoes.

So they did use dogs for hunting as well, yeah.

And so.

Overland hunting with the use of dogs.

You mentioned those two types of boats that they have for hunting in the sea and then creating those breathing holes.

Polar bears and narwhals, two other big beasts that we think of in the Arctic, were they also hunted by the Tule Inuit?

We do have some evidence for some narwhal tusk items.

Polar bears, I personally don't know, but they did hunt bears.

So I'm assuming some of them probably were polar.

Well, thank you for answering that very quickly.

Moving on, so they've done all of this migrating and expanding as far east as Greenland.

When do you start to see in the archaeological record evidence of contact, well, with Europe, in particular, with the Scandinavians, with the Vikings?

So, there is some evidence once they reach Greenland that there was some contact, at least, with the Norse.

We're not sure if that was full-on trade or if it was just sort of like they experienced each other.

We found some metal artifacts from this place called Ruin Island in Greenland.

It's a little bit like on the western side of Greenland.

And they think they either were from trade or they could have just been salvaged from a Norse shipwreck, these metal tools.

But there is, you know, that evidence of somehow them commingling at least interacting and being aware of each other and that's throughout you know essentially since they get there until the little ice age when the norse they disappear the norse disappear they leave greenland right especially these areas that the tule are but the tule themselves they move further south because again that permanent ice is just a lot and it gets a lot colder and i can understand that you just want to move a little bit further south then from around 1650 we start getting more european contact they're both making it to north america but also to greenland and they're interacting with russia the danish they're doing canada england the us as well in later states as well and that sort of really starts to affect how they live their lives and how they evolve now into these inuit cultures that we have today because they're using that impetus of having to move further south because it is getting colder.

They need to go into those warmer areas.

But again, they love trade they love materials they want gadgets we've seen that before in essentially how they're moving across all of canada as well as across the arctic so this promise of being able to interact with people in the hudson bay and southern greenland and getting all these new resources is another big impetus for them to move south and then that's how they end up sort of evolving into these newer more recent cultures Because it's interesting because I was going to ask a question like, you know, what happened to the Tule Inuit and is there such a a thing as a decline?

But it's, of course, because they are, you know, the ancestors of the modern Inuit, it feels difficult to ask that.

But I mean, can you look at something with that little ice age?

Because you mentioned that in the past, and I haven't asked to elaborate on that, but I think we probably should now.

I mean, do you see a change of lifestyle with this little ice age period that happens?

We do.

So the little ice age happened around 1400, 1500 that year.

And because it gets a lot colder, that sea ice becomes a lot harder and thicker and it doesn't defrost during those seasons,

they have to rely a lot more on that ice hole fishing, right?

With the walruses and everything like that.

The breathing hole isn't it?

The breathing hole, exactly.

So with the breathing hole hunting, that's a really big staple with Arctic cultures today.

So that's how that sort of evolves because of a necessity.

They rely less on these other sort of like much northern animals.

And then so with that moving south they move into larger community houses that we mentioned and then because of that they're also able then to interact with new people and so we're seeing that change sort of gradually I would say around the year 1900 is when officially they would say like the Tule are done it's really hard because they are still living ancestors and when you're talking about indigenous cultures it is one of this more like continuous tradition but we do see that evolving

transition happen around let's say, you know, starting in the 1600s and it goes right up until about 1900.

But we call classic Tule, you know, until about 1500.

I mean, it is extraordinary.

And I'm really happy that we've done this episode together because this is a civilization that I know next to nothing about until I learn all about it, particularly the houses.

I mean, just like you, I think the houses are

the most incredible thing, particularly those ones you went into a lot of detail on.

Was it the winter houses?

The winter houses, yeah.

If there was an Airbnb, I definitely would rent one.

Can you imagine Tule Inuit airbnb that leads me to one last question which is do we think there were two lay inuit people who would go from settlement to settlement was there trade between these because i'm guessing it's not just one nation it's their overall class as two lay inuit but perhaps these settlements that you know they were located over a large area was there a lot of movement between these various settlements from my experience in archaeology no one ever stays stagnant for very long no one is isolated they're always interacting with each other and that would make a lot of sense especially as they would have been moving eastward, right?

There would have been communication as to why, where, best routes and things like that.

So 100% there would have to be this discussion just for the overall survival of

all the different groups and families.

They'd have to have this sort of interconnection and networking.

Oh, you wish you can learn more about it.

I mean, the other thing I remember now that you mentioned earlier was with those toys that they found and hunters and those depictions makes you think mythological, like mythology-wise, whether they were brought up to think of mythological kind of heroic hunters, given it was such an important part of their lifestyle.

That are some of the toys that you look at, are they supposed to represent these kind of heroic figures in their folklore?

I mean, who knows?

But it's fascinating to think of, isn't it?

It really is.

Yeah, just, you know, especially we see that folklore always sort of reflects.

the best ways in order for a society to thrive.

And so that would definitely correlate with the stories that were probably told around the fire late late at night in those winter houses when you're trying to stave off the very dark, cold season.

Well, Raven, this has been brilliant.

How fascinating was it for you in your book?

Because you've got chapters covering all of these less known civilizations from across the world, but to sit down and go from, I don't know, from Mesoamerica or from the Mediterranean, to then start looking at the archaeology and the information to hand to learn about the early Inuit, a civilization I must admit, it feels like, correct me if I'm wrong, but is little focused on.

It really is much little focused on.

Even people I talk to that have done, especially Eastern Arctic archaeology, I told them I was writing about the Tule and they're like, oh my gosh, that's so great.

But they were like, I don't know much about them either.

And, you know, they're Dorset people, which is quite interesting.

For me.

It was really nice.

I think when I was writing the book, I wanted to make sure I covered as much geographically as possible.

So yes, I was going from, you know, the rainforest to the desert to Oceania Oceania to, you know, Central Europe.

And then kind of going north, I had never really looked north.

I think maybe because also growing up in Canada, you kind of learn, you do learn a lot of Indigenous history, but it's because it's always there.

You don't really normally go further into it.

And they don't, obviously they need to do a lot more with that education as well.

So for me, it was really nice to revisit that and sort of get further into

what the true history of this area of the world looked like.

And to be honest, it was actually quite nice to cool off a little bit after spending a lot of time in a lot of libraries researching about really hot things in the winter.

Because I was writing most of this book in the wintertime.

So it felt really nice to just be very cozy in my big jumpers and my blankets while I was writing and writing about a very northern place.

And I, you know, the The cold is something that we normally don't think of a lot with ancient history.

And I really wanted to do it justice in the book.

So I hope it really comes across that way.

I think you're very right.

And it says it's about time that we went north of the Arctic Circle on an Ancients podcast.

So this episode has satiated that need.

But one last thing also, of course, the early Unuit is just one chapter of your book.

Tell us a bit more about, I mean, what are some of the other civilizations, peoples that you cover in your book and what it's about?

So the book itself is trying to give the quote-unquote 15 minutes of fame to other ancient civilizations that we normally don't talk about much with popular media, especially if you look at the History Channel or Discovery.

It's very Egypt, Greece, Rome, Mesopotamia focused.

Sometimes you'll get the Maya, sometimes you'll get the Inca,

if you're lucky, right?

And

when you get books, especially about the ancient world, that's usually what it's all focused on.

But I really wanted to show that there's so much more history out there.

And so when I started to write this book, I focused, the initial impetus was, well, we talk a lot about the Egyptians, but no one talks about the kingdom of Cush and the Nubians.

And if we do, it's through the lens of the Egyptians.

Why do we do that?

Why don't we give them their time to shine?

And same with the Etruscans and the Romans.

I love the Etruscans.

I'm obsessed with the Etruscans.

Better than the Romans, in my opinion.

They had a lot more fun.

And I wanted, so that's sort of how I started with the book, going, well, what about the Etruscans instead of the Romans?

What about the Minoans instead of the Greeks?

And then...

I wanted to go further because again, everything's very Mediterranean-centric when we talk about the ancient world.

so I went into like the Amazon we know so much about other sites in South America like Machu Picchu but what about the moche and they're really cool sex pots

I love the sex pots of the moche the marajoara are people that I had never heard of before

doing this book and they're in Brazil no one thinks a lot about these like large these big Amazonian ones And I wanted to go and try and get as many continents.

We've got six continents in the book.

The Lapita, as we mentioned earlier, the Jomon of ancient Japan.

I wanted wanted to do more Africa as well.

So we have Great Zimbabwe.

We have the Nok of Nigeria.

Pretty much, you throw a dart at a map, and I've got something somewhere close by that we can do.

You just got to go and find that ancient civilization in Antarctica, and then you can do all seven, which is good.

Oh, I'll do it.

That'll be volume two.

Well, and I must also say quickly, I mean, you have also done the Shongnu, which is Maya over the world, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China.

So, yeah, predecessor, the Huns.

So, yes, lots in that book.

And it is called?

The Other Ancient Civilizations, Decoding Archaeology's Less Celebrated Cultures.

Fantastic.

And that is right up my street.

Raven, it just goes for me to say thank you so much for taking the time to come on the podcast today.

Thank you so much for having me.

It's been an absolute pleasure.

Well, there you go.

There was Raven Todds to Silva talking you through the story, the archaeology of the early Inuit, the Tule Inuit.

I hope you enjoyed today's episode.

The first time that the Ancients in more than 500 episodes has explored archaeology north of the Arctic Circle.

So So, this was really, really great fun to do.

Thank you for listening to this episode of the Ancients.

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