John the Baptist

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Speaker 1 So I'm currently standing on top a little hillock at Bethany beyond the Jordan, where the phrase chariots of fire originates from.

Speaker 1 This is part of what we call the baptism site, the place where it is believed that Jesus of Nazareth was baptized and John the Baptist did his preaching, did his ministry.

Speaker 1 This was the place of his ministry. Looking around this area of the world, first off, there's no other tourists here, so it's very special access we've got.
It is a very barren, quite arid landscape.

Speaker 1 This is the wilderness and that corroborates with the literature, with the biblical sources, which mentions how John the Baptist, he was preaching by the River Jordan in the wilderness.

Speaker 1 And he lived, well, not in the loveliest of accommodations. He lived in a cave and he ate a diet of wild honey and locusts and also wore camel skin or camel hair.

Speaker 1 I believe that's in the Gospel of Mark. This is an extraordinary sight.

Speaker 1 I can see the remains of a few buildings, the foundation, stone foundation layers, and many of them are believed to have been churches.

Speaker 1 There's even a reconstructed arch symbolising the opening of one particular monastery.

Speaker 1 But there were also pools, there were also sources of water, and we also know that there was a complex water system underneath, highlighting how water was so critical for those groups of early Christians who came and congregated over here in the centuries following the time of John the Baptist and Jesus.

Speaker 1 This became an incredibly important area on the route of pilgrimage for people who, for instance, were going from Mount Nebo further to the east, the place where Moses looked and saw the Promised Land, so further west across across the Jordan to places such as Jerusalem.

Speaker 1 Going back quickly to what I mentioned about the origins of that phrase, chariots of fire, well, this hillock is sometimes known as the hill of Elijah, Elijah's hill.

Speaker 1 Elijah was one of the prophets of the Old Testament and at the end of his life, the story goes that he crossed the Jordan, he ascended a hill, and then he ascended up to heaven in a chariot of fire.

Speaker 1 And some believe in the Christian faith that it was this hillock from where Elijah ascended to heaven from.

Speaker 1 We're not really going to be focusing on Elijah today. I've come here to learn more about John the Baptist and what he was doing right here.

Speaker 1 It's the ancients on history hit. I'm Tristan Hughes, your host.

Speaker 1 There was a short on-location introduction from Bethany beyond the Jordan in present-day Jordan that I visited last year.

Speaker 1 It's a site associated with the famous biblical prophets Elijah and John the Baptist, both of which will feature in today's episode.

Speaker 1 But of the two, well, the clue's in the title, it's John the Baptist's story that will take the limelight. Who was John the Baptist? What is his role in the Bible?

Speaker 1 What message was he preaching alongside his baptisms? And why did he decide to live in a cave, wearing a camel hair garment and eating a diet of wild locusts and honey?

Speaker 1 Well, joining me for this episode exploring the life of John the Baptist, we have not one but two interviewees, both of whom are friends of the ancients. First off, Dr.

Speaker 1 Joan Taylor from King's College London and Professor Helen Bond from the University of Edinburgh.

Speaker 1 Now both Helen and Joan are experts in the story of ancient Judea, modern-day Israel and Palestine, at the time of Jesus of Nazareth.

Speaker 1 and the key figures that feature in his story including, of course, John the Baptist. Let's get into it.

Speaker 1 Helen, Joan, it is fantastic to have you both back on the podcast and at the same time. Welcome to you both.

Speaker 16 Thank you.

Speaker 10 Thank you. Lovely to be here.

Speaker 1 We've had you both on the podcast several times before when you've just been the only interviewee, but we've also had it once before where we've had you both on at the same time to talk about Mary Magdalene.

Speaker 1 John the Baptist, he's slightly different, but I guess similar at the same time, isn't he? He's around that same time in the biblical story.

Speaker 1 And it's if I had to say that he's often seen as a forerunner to Jesus in the Christian tradition?

Speaker 16 Yes, he is the forerunner in terms of the Christian tradition. After him comes Jesus.
Jesus comes to him at the Jordan River and gets baptized by him. He sees this.

Speaker 16 incredible thing, this visionary thing of the heavens opening and the Holy Spirit coming down upon him like a dove at the Jordan River.

Speaker 16 And so Jesus and John the Baptist are welded together because Jesus has this incredible experience. And at that point, he goes off and does his own missionary thing.
He starts his own teaching.

Speaker 16 And John the Baptist is kind of left behind as we follow Jesus. But because Jesus starts off with John at the Jordan River, John is something to be reckoned with in terms of Christian thought.

Speaker 1 Can we say for certain that... like Pontius Pilate, we've done in the past, and Jesus of Nazareth, that it's very likely John the Baptist was a real figure.

Speaker 15 Oh, yes, I think so. I think there's no doubt.

Speaker 15 I mean, there's no actual inscriptions or anything like that, anything tangible, but he's mentioned not only in the Christian Gospels, but also in the works of the Jewish historian Josephus.

Speaker 15 So he has a really nice paragraph about him.

Speaker 15 So I think there's no doubt that actually he was not only a real figure, but actually quite a big deal in his day, possibly more of a big deal than Jesus was.

Speaker 1 You're nodding there profusely, Joan. Seems like you agree to that.

Speaker 16 I agree to that. And Christians wouldn't have made him up.

Speaker 16 He's a problem in some ways for the church, because you can see in our text that whenever he appears, they have to try and apologise, you know, sort of say, well, you know,

Speaker 16 I must decrease and he must increase in the Gospel of John. John the Baptist is someone who does himself down in terms of how the Gospel of John presents him?

Speaker 16 In the Gospel of Matthew, it has to be explained why Jesus goes to John and why would Jesus, who is supposed to be Son of God, go and get baptized by John in the Jordan River when his baptism is for the remission of sins.

Speaker 16 You know, this is an issue for the Christians. So they had to explain why Jesus went to John at the Jordan.

Speaker 16 And in the Gospel of Matthew, it was John actually protests when Jesus comes to him at the Jordan and says I should be baptized by you and Jesus says let it be so for now you know it is important to fulfill all righteousness it somehow has to be explained and you can see this awkwardness go through in quite a number of Christian texts that if only John the Baptist wasn't part of the Christian story

Speaker 16 but he has to be because Jesus has gone to John so that that makes him historically credible.

Speaker 1 Does it also feel, because I remember when chatting with you both in the past, I mean, there's the mention of the so-called apocryphal Gospels and those other ones that don't make it into the final four.

Speaker 1 Do we think that there was more information about John, let's say from the first century, from when he's alive, that has been lost since and that we only have a little bit.

Speaker 1 only a little snapshot of actually all the information that was recorded about this figure near the time that he was alive.

Speaker 15 Oh, undoubtedly. I mean, you know, if we didn't have the Gospels and we just had the letters of Paul, we wouldn't actually know very much about the historical Jesus either.

Speaker 15 I mean, Jesus was really lucky that people started writing biographies about him. If they'd written biographies about John, we'd have had a lot more information.
Probably actually

Speaker 15 some of the things that John said have sort of somehow migrated over to Jesus because when we do have some information about John's actual message, particularly in Luke, it sounds suspiciously like the kind of thing that Jesus says later.

Speaker 15 So there probably has been a bit of sharing here, but we also know that followers of John carried on for a long time.

Speaker 15 We meet one of them in the book of Acts called Apollos, and he only knows about John the Baptist, so he has to have a bit of extra teaching.

Speaker 15 So clearly, you know, these traditions and stories about John are moving about. People are talking about him,

Speaker 15 but yeah, the precise teaching of the first century man nowadays is pretty scanty.

Speaker 1 And so, with John's life, if we don't have, I'm guessing biographies-wise, you don't get it from birth and his extended family, where he grew up, and all of that.

Speaker 1 I mean, how much of John's life do we actually hear about from the surviving sources? And when in his life do we start hearing about this person called John the Baptist?

Speaker 16 Well, there is a Nativity account of John the Baptist

Speaker 16 in the Gospel of Luke.

Speaker 16 Okay, and it is a real question about whether or not that comes first, and then Luke weaves in a nativity account of Jesus as a kind of way of trumping John the Baptist, because everything about Jesus' nativity in the Gospel of Luke is more fantastic than the nativity of John the Baptist.

Speaker 16 But it's quite a detailed nativity of John, and that is...

Speaker 16 trying to present him as the Elijah figure, the Elijah figure who is supposed to come ahead of the day of the Lord, as predicted by the prophet Malachi.

Speaker 16 And so there is a situating of John the Baptist in this great plan, the divine plan for humanity. And it's quite a personal story.
It's a curious one.

Speaker 16 We hear of John the Baptist's parents, Zacharias and Elizabeth.

Speaker 16 And Zacharias meets the angel Gabriel in the temple and John has this miraculous birth in that they are an old couple, an older couple, past childbearing

Speaker 16 age. And yes, so they have this miraculous conception really of John in their old age and he is born to Elizabeth when she thought she couldn't have any children.

Speaker 16 So then Mary comes along and wow, it's even more amazing what happens to Mary. So this shows this interaction between the Jesus tradition and the John tradition.

Speaker 16 As Helen says, there's probably quite a bit of sharing actually in terms of the tradition.

Speaker 16 If something looked good in terms of what John the Baptist said, it might very well have migrated to be recorded on the lips of Jesus.

Speaker 1 Helen, I remember when we did a chat about Jesus of Nazareth, where you were explaining how when you explore the context of the time, Judea, what is today Israel and Palestine, the lives of people who would have been living by the Sea of Galilee, fishermen, carpenters, and getting a sense of how they lived, the clothes they wore, whether they had lice, wasn't that another thing we were talking about?

Speaker 16 I love that that.

Speaker 16 But like,

Speaker 1 could we imagine something similar with John the Baptist? Are we able to kind of build up an idea of the world that he grew up in from the surviving archaeological information?

Speaker 15 Yeah, I mean, our knowledge of first century Galilee is getting better and better all the time. And archaeologists nowadays are doing a lot of work on villages in particular.

Speaker 15 You know, for a long time it was it was the big monuments and cities people were interested in. But now there's been a lot of work on villages and village culture.

Speaker 15 I mean, again, if Luke is right and John comes from a priestly family, then that brings its own sort of ethos.

Speaker 15 His father would have gone down to the Jerusalem temple every so often to sort of do his duty there.

Speaker 15 So, I mean, he would have been brought up in the home, in the synagogue, with a strong sense of the Jewish scriptures, of his heritage, the story of Israel.

Speaker 15 And I think that's quite important because when he does suddenly appear in the wilderness by the River Jordan, these are all sort of ideas that are so important in terms of the story of Israel.

Speaker 15 You know, the River Jordan is the place that they had to pass through to get to the promised land, and the wilderness is sort of full of sort of ideas about the Israelites in the wilderness.

Speaker 15 And he's very much kind of tapping into these stories.

Speaker 1 Is there any assumptions about whether he belonged to a particular sect, particular Jewish sect, maybe at all? I know, Joan, we've done the Dead Sea Scrolls chat about that in the past, haven't we?

Speaker 1 And there's always that name of the Essenes. Can that link into John the Baptist's story at all and his background?

Speaker 16 Some people think that John was an Essene and some scholars have written about that quite recently actually and thought he might have had some connection with this particular group.

Speaker 16 It's a tricky one for me because I often think scholars have the wrong idea about who the Essenes Essenes were and that there's been this tradition of seeing them as quite a mystical, otherworldly sect, completely out of step with all others within Judaism at the time and somehow precursors to Christians and being this different group.

Speaker 16 But I simply don't see that's evidenced in any of our literature about the Essenes.

Speaker 16 And it comes from a particular 19th century idea about the sort of possible precursors to Christianity and Judaism and wanting to configure the Essenes as being

Speaker 16 very different from the Pharisees who were in the eyes of the scholars of the 19th century very law-bound whereas the Essenes were kind of much more free and community driven and radical and so on.

Speaker 16 And that idea is still knocking around. In fact, quite recently I was looking at the Wikipedia article on the Essenes and it's described as a mystic sect or a mystic group or something.

Speaker 16 I thought, no, they weren't.

Speaker 16 And so the Essenes, in a nutshell, were one of three groups in Second Temple Judaism described by Josephus. The other two, the Sadducees and the Pharisees, are clearly...

Speaker 16 part of public life and very involved in temple administration and the law courts. And I think the Essenes were two, and Josephus describes them as being called

Speaker 16 by certain rulers of Judea at certain times. They play parts of predicting

Speaker 16 things that are going to happen because they have particular expertise and prediction. But they're respected.
Josephus says all the time how incredibly respected they are and how much

Speaker 16 they're esteemed. And so does Philo of Alexandria when he describes the Essenes.
So they're not out of step with anything. They're incredibly central and part of public life.

Speaker 16 So the question then is: how close was John the Baptist to any of those groups, really? Sadducees, Pharisees, or Essenes?

Speaker 16 Can we see something in his teaching that would align with anything we know of any of these three parties? We might call them parties of public life.

Speaker 16 And it's really hard to say because what he says really is so based on reading Isaiah or, you know, reading the prophets.

Speaker 16 And people can have quite individual inspiration without them being allied with any particular group.

Speaker 1 I mean, with John's background and this kind of, you know, this priestly background, so evidently, I'm guessing he must have been educated or to an extent. Should we imagine that he spoke Greek?

Speaker 1 Did he speak more than one language? Have we got any insight into that?

Speaker 15 It's very hard to know any of that. I mean, it depends a lot on where exactly he grew up, and we don't know that.
I mean, assuming it's a village, it's probably very unlikely that he spoke Greek.

Speaker 15 We do know that Hellenistic culture, Greek language, had penetrated Galilee actually to a considerable extent by this time, but it was largely in the cities, places like Sepphoris and Tiberias on the Lake of Galilee.

Speaker 15 So it was these sort of bigger settlements.

Speaker 15 I suppose a priest who was going down to the temple in Jerusalem, his father would have known a reasonable amount of Greek because Greek was spoken quite readily in Jerusalem.

Speaker 15 But I think it's unlikely that he had a great facility in Greek.

Speaker 15 He might have known a bit, but I think probably like everybody else in these sort of rural settlements, he would have been speaking Aramaic.

Speaker 1 It's Aramaic, is it? Okay, yeah, that's the dominant one.

Speaker 15 That's the language of the whole of the Eastern Roman Empire at this point, actually.

Speaker 15 It's only really the educated and traders and I guess the people who might have spoken French in sort of medieval times are now speaking Greek.

Speaker 15 Everybody else in the Eastern Empire are speaking Aramaic.

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Speaker 1 The key part of his story is him going to the River Jordan and the wilderness and of course we'll ultimately get to the baptism of Jesus.

Speaker 1 But I must ask, was there at that time, was there a precedent for individuals, maybe who had a priestly background or something similar to that, of venturing on their own to the River Jordan or this wilderness area around that?

Speaker 1 Was there a precedent for John the Baptist deciding to do that?

Speaker 16 I don't think so. Again, the Essenes are located by the Dead Sea in the wilderness of Judea, broadly speaking, that region.

Speaker 16 If you buy into the idea that the Dead Sea Scrolls were written by the Essenes, or some of the Dead Sea Scrolls were written by the Essenes, they're located at the site called Qumran by the Dead Sea.

Speaker 16 And the Roman historian Pliny also talks about the Essenes as located there. But that's not the Jordan River.

Speaker 16 Sometimes it's used as an example of, you know, or John the Baptist was in the wilderness, the Essenes were in the wilderness by the Dead Sea, John the Baptist wasn't Essene.

Speaker 16 You know, that's not the equation because the wilderness is quite a large area. That area going eastwards from Jerusalem, dropping down to the Dead Sea.
Wow.

Speaker 16 But the Jordan River is actually eastwards of Jericho, north of the Dead Sea. It's quite far from Qumran.

Speaker 16 So it wasn't sort of a place that people regularly went to.

Speaker 16 There were roads and fords over the Jordan River because people would go from Jericho to Philadelphia and the cities on the eastern side of the river.

Speaker 1 That's present-day Amman, isn't it?

Speaker 16 Present-day Amman and Jordan. So that was actually part of Judea at the time.
The Judeans had conquered it in the century before.

Speaker 16 So that was absorbed into wider Judea in the same way that Galilee was absorbed into wider Judea.

Speaker 16 As Helen says, it was a place of incredible memory in terms of things that happened by the Jordan, Joshua's armies crossing over, miraculously, Jordan parting them and them crossing over the river.

Speaker 16 And likewise, Elijah parting the river, Jordan crossing over to the other side, going up to the heavens in a chariot of fire,

Speaker 16 his mantle falling on Elisha, Alicia parting the Jordan river, going back. You know, it was this magical, amazing place.

Speaker 16 So it had huge resonance, but it wasn't a sort of place that people went to regularly.

Speaker 15 I think it's worth pointing out too, though, that John seems to sort of start something.

Speaker 15 You know, after him, there's a whole series of prophetic figures, and they nearly always start off in the wilderness. They're first of all in the wilderness, they gather people.

Speaker 15 And then there's a guy called Thudas in the 40s, and he similarly goes to the River Jordan, and he seems to be saying it's going to part until the Roman governor comes and kills them all.

Speaker 15 He gets beheaded, poor guy, so you never know what's going to happen.

Speaker 15 And another guy in the 50s called the Egyptian takes a group of followers from the wilderness again and he goes to the Mount of Olives and there he says the walls of Jerusalem are going to fall at my signal.

Speaker 15 Again, we don't get a chance to find out if it's actually going to happen or not because the governor sends in the troops and the Egyptian escapes actually, but everybody else gets killed.

Speaker 15 So this idea of kind of starting off in the wilderness and a sort of prophetic figure in the wilderness is actually a common one later on.

Speaker 15 And I think for all of these, this idea is about, you know, that the memories that it provokes.

Speaker 1 Being in the wilderness is a bit safer for him, but I guess when the stories of his spread, actually, it's just as easy to fetch him out there than it would be in a city, ultimately, at the end of the day.

Speaker 16 You're right. Because such a huge number of people went out to John in the wilderness by the Jordan River, according to the Gospel of Mark, all Jerusalem and all Judea went out to John.

Speaker 16 Slight overstatement, but that it just shows how many people he attracted by doing what he was doing there. But I think that it's an interesting idea that you are safer out there.

Speaker 16 Certainly, people do flee to the wilderness, to caves in the wilderness, to get away from the Romans.

Speaker 16 And archaeology has brought to light a number of refugee caves in the Judean wilderness. And some

Speaker 16 are very sad in terms of what they show. It shows that the Romans built their camps and

Speaker 16 starved the people to death in these caves rather than let them flee. So the Romans would be methodical about tracking you down if they wanted to get rid of you.

Speaker 1 Well, you mentioned caves right there, which leads me nicely onto the next question. How did John the Baptist live?

Speaker 1 What do we know about his lifestyle when he's living out by the River Jordan in the wilderness?

Speaker 15 Well, Mark's Gospel and Matthew and Luke, which are dependent on Mark, they all say that he's out there, he's in the wilderness and he's eating locusts and wild honey, which sounds absolutely horrible.

Speaker 15 I mean, the thing with locusts and wild honey, I mean, it could possibly be some sort of sap as well, but it may also be honey as we know it.

Speaker 15 The thing about locusts and wild honey is that this is kosher food. And so if you're there in the wilderness,

Speaker 15 this is stuff that he could find himself, that he could eat, and would also be kosher. So he's clearly very interested in purity aspects and keeping kosher food requirements.

Speaker 15 And, you know, we'll get onto this in a bit when we talk about the baptism. But he's clearly living off the land.
And also, Mark says that

Speaker 15 he's dressed like a prophet of old. He's got this sort of camel hair.
garment on and he's got a leather belt around his waist.

Speaker 15 Presumably, again, he's trying to say that he looks like a prophet of old. But also, very specifically, Mark wants to say that John the Baptist is Elijah, come back again.

Speaker 15 And this is precisely because of what Joan already mentioned, this prophecy in Malachi that Elijah will come back and restore all things before the great and glorious day of the Lord.

Speaker 15 So

Speaker 15 there's this sort of... apocalyptic excitement about John.
John is here. He's appeared in the wilderness.
He's saying, you know, God is going to come. Things are going to happen.

Speaker 15 And certainly, Mark wants to say, this is it. This was Elijah coming back.
And so, da-da-da, the next one is going to be Jesus. That's the way that Mark is linking these two men.

Speaker 15 As Joan already said, you know, there's that sort of slightly problematic angle about it. On one hand, John is massively famous.
So it's good for the Christians to kind of link in to John.

Speaker 15 But on the other hand, you don't want Jesus to sort of look like he's just a follower of Jesus. Another John, yes.
Yeah, exactly. You know, how does Jesus fit in?

Speaker 15 So you get this whole sort of story about John is Elijah and everything about Jesus is greater. And John is pointing to Jesus here.

Speaker 1 And in regards to that Elijah link, it's really interesting because you have in Jordan today, don't you, have the baptism site and you have the archaeological site.

Speaker 1 And there's that cave which they say was John the Baptist's cave, or it was believed to be John the Baptist's cave, was it, Joan?

Speaker 16 Well, that actually comes rather from a later story where one of the monks of the Judean desert area was on a trip and camped out in a cave by the River Jordan and then got a vision of John the Baptist saying, you know, this is a very important cave I used to live here.

Speaker 16 And so it's one of these holy sites that were developed in the Byzantine period as a result of a vision or dream from someone, which is a very common way in which holy places were established in the Byzantine period.

Speaker 16 So there was nothing before that in terms of Christian tradition that said John lived in this particular cave. It was all on the basis of this vision.
But yes, that's on Elijah's Hill, just

Speaker 16 at the bottom there else.

Speaker 16 So,

Speaker 16 and you've been there, Tristan, I believe.

Speaker 1 Yes, no, that's exactly what I was going to say was because you have Elijah's Hill, don't you?

Speaker 16 And then you have all of those later, as you say, Byzantine, late Roman churches and Baptist pools around that area so it becomes so important and you have that cave which is part of the it becomes the apse of a church i think or something like that it gets yes they do they build a church around it which is common again in the byzantine period you absorb a cave into a church and then you go into the church and then you go down the steps into the cave and and it was developed in in that way and part of a monastery which again is another way of looking after particular holy places.

Speaker 16 You'd have a group of monks around. And that was really important important tourism of the Byzantine period.
Huge numbers of people came to the baptism site from the fourth century onwards.

Speaker 16 There's all these pilgrim accounts of people that came there. And they'd start off usually on the west bank, on the west bank of the Jordan River.
And there was a monastery on that side.

Speaker 16 And they'd go in to the river.

Speaker 16 And there was even a poll in the in the river where they identified exactly where Jesus was baptized by john and they'd go there for cures they would hope to be purified by the water but but but actually it would have a physical effect on people people with skin diseases all kinds of other diseases would hope to be cleansed and healed in the river jordan actually go across the river and it was much wider river than it is now and at some points there was a rope strung across the river so they wouldn't get lost in the flow um but they would go across, they would sometimes swim, those that could swim, but otherwise they would just pull themselves across the river and then they would be on the other side, the eastern side, and again remember further things on the eastern side of the river.

Speaker 16 So these two sides of the river were both very important for centuries that people would go and remember John and Jesus there.

Speaker 1 I remember also before going there, we went to Madaba, the church in Madaba, and seen the Madaba mosaic, this extraordinary Byzantine map.

Speaker 1 And I think there's one past that map, it does show the baptism site.

Speaker 1 So it just shows how, you know, centuries after John the Baptist is living, Jesus of Nazareth was living, that they believed they'd found the site where all of this was happening and where John was living and he was doing his ministry.

Speaker 1 That is still a fascinating part of the story when talking about the location and why he chooses there and the legacy of it.

Speaker 16 Yes, people did

Speaker 16 remember roughly where it was, but then it becomes very fixed in the Byzantine period. And it was quite close to a ford, so quite close to a main road.

Speaker 16 So it was, you know, when we talk about John the Baptist being in the middle of nowhere, he wasn't.

Speaker 16 He was in a site of incredible significance in terms of memory, and he wasn't that far from a main road. crossing the the Jordan River.
So people could get to him.

Speaker 1 Helen, you mentioned the word apocalyptic when you were talking just about John's preaching and John's ministry, his teaching.

Speaker 1 Before we get to the word baptism, I mean, can you explain a bit more about this, his preaching and his idea?

Speaker 1 Was it this very much, you say, God is coming, get ready, that kind of apocalyptic narrative. You better be ready for his arrival.

Speaker 15 That's exactly it. Yes, it's very much the end of the world is nigh.
And he seems pretty uncompromising about it, at least as far as we know from the Gospels.

Speaker 15 Strangely, Josephus doesn't give any hint of this, but the Gospels are very much of the view that John's message is: you know, get yourself ready because one greater than me is coming.

Speaker 15 Now, whether originally he actually did think of Jesus or some kind of messianic figure, we don't know. I think more likely he was actually saying, God is going to come.

Speaker 15 You know, the one greater than me is God.

Speaker 15 And John is getting everybody ready. He's saying, repent, you know, say sorry for your sins,

Speaker 15 accept baptism, because God is about to come. And actually, many aspects of this are really quite a scary message.

Speaker 15 I mean, he says God is, or the coming one will come with his winnowing fork, and he's going to, you know, the fires are going to come, and you're going to be, the chaff is going to be extinguished in the fires.

Speaker 15 And it's all really quite gory stuff. So it's this sort of terrible vision of the end, and you've really got to get yourself ready for it.

Speaker 16 so how does baptism form into this i mean how does it become such a key part of his his ministry i mean does john invent baptism i mean forgive my ignorance but what's the story it's it's really quite complicated because to to understand john's baptism i think you have to understand quite a bit about second temple judaism the judaism of john and jesus time and as christianity has marched forth from judaism that that world of understanding in terms of what purity means what immersion means, has got lost.

Speaker 16 So it's been transformed in Christianity. And people know what Christian baptism is.
So that's not John's baptism. It's not a sacrament.

Speaker 16 It is actually doing something in terms of the preparation for the coming figure. And the idea was in Isaiah 35, there's this prediction of a highway will be in the wilderness and only the...

Speaker 16 the clean, only the pure will pass along this highway, looking forward to the day of the law, the change in terms of God's dealing with humanity.

Speaker 16 So actually being purified and ready for that change is part of John's message. You know, get ready now because something is going to completely shift.

Speaker 16 God is going to sweep away the present world order. And which side are you on? Are you going to be clean or unclean or are you going to be ready or not ready?

Speaker 16 And as Helen says, you know, know, really tough stuff. You know, already the axe is laid to the root of the trees.
Any tree that does not bear good fruit will be cut down.

Speaker 16 It's, you know, wake up now. It's going to happen.
And people were so clearly so fed up with the present world.

Speaker 16 that they really wanted to hear this message that something was going to be radically changed.

Speaker 16 They wanted that and they were ready to go and do whatever John wanted by the Jordan River and confess their sins, as it said,

Speaker 16 and be immersed in the river. What John said in terms of his particular immersion, even though immersions were happening in Second Temple Judaism all over the place, was

Speaker 16 you had to repent

Speaker 16 before it would actually work. So it wasn't okay to just go into a ritual immersion pool, a mikveh, or a sea or a river or a lake and immerse yourself and think, okay, I'm purified on my body.

Speaker 16 You know, this is all fine.

Speaker 16 I'm doing the right thing. What he looked at was the heart.
He wanted people to be doing the right thing. And so he has this moral teaching that goes.

Speaker 16 to people and in the Gospel of Luke he challenges people and tells them what to do, what soldiers should do,

Speaker 16 what others should do in terms of sharing clothing, for example. It's a moral thing.

Speaker 16 And he asks them, don't rely on Abraham, being of the heritage of Abraham, the children of Abraham, because God can raise up children of Abraham from these stones. He's looking at the

Speaker 16 again, quite a symbolic thing in the Jordan River, certain stones.

Speaker 16 It's all all down to you as an individual. You can't rely on your heritage to

Speaker 16 expect to be okay when the transformation of the world happens at this day of the Lord.

Speaker 16 It's actually you individually that has to, you have to take responsibility for your actions and your cleanness as you approach that day.

Speaker 1 Is it a very bad state of the world? Well, you mentioned it is there. So this is after big bad King Herod, but before Pontius Pilate, or maybe around that same time, isn't it?

Speaker 1 So you've got Roman military figures, you've got a Roman presence.

Speaker 1 So given that you've mentioned how Josephus highlights, so a non-biblical source highlights how popular John the Baptist's teachings were.

Speaker 1 And you say we know what John the Baptist's teachings were from the Gospels. So you kind of put it together.

Speaker 1 Like, do we know the catalyst for why the world was so bad at that time, the historical reasons why?

Speaker 1 all these people are being driven there is it because of rome or is it just because of other things do we know much about that?

Speaker 15 Probably a mixture of different things. I mean, it's very different to Jesus in terms of Jesus is healing people and working miracles.

Speaker 15 So, you know, you can understand why people go out to be healed and, you know, there's these amazing things happening. In the case of John, it really is that it's all about the message.

Speaker 15 These are difficult times. There's a big debate among scholars as to how difficult first century Galilee was.

Speaker 15 Some people paint a very bleak picture that the cities are sort of extorting money from everybody. People in the villages are sort of being driven into banditry.
I don't think it was that bad.

Speaker 15 But of course, you know, life is always tough in the ancient world. Rome is making inroads all the time.
People are wondering what's next. Only 100 years earlier, they had Jewish self-rule.

Speaker 15 And now look at them, you know, they've got Herodian kings, they've got Rome knocking at the door. So I think there's always a lot of things to be upset about.

Speaker 15 And here is just this radical message that, you know, things that have been prophesied, promises from the Hebrew scriptures, are about to be fulfilled.

Speaker 15 And this was obviously something that people really felt they wanted to get behind.

Speaker 1 And a message that spreads far and wide, I guess, as well, because that introduces another key figure in our story before we get to Jesus, which is...

Speaker 1 We'll come back to him as well, no doubt, at the end. But who is this Herodian king? Not big, bad King Herod that we've done in the past, Helen, but Herod Antipas.

Speaker 1 He's another big figure in John the Baptist's story, and I guess would have been seeing how popular he was at the time.

Speaker 15 Yeah, he's a son of Herod I or Herod the Great. When Herod died, his kingdom was actually divided among three of his sons.
So Herod Antipas is not king, but he's called a Tetrarch.

Speaker 15 And he rules over Galilee and Perea. I mean, he seems to have been reasonably okay as a ruler.
He tried to be a bit like his dad. He sort of founded cities and

Speaker 15 he likes to be a player on the world stage. But he's a much sort of lesser character than his father was.

Speaker 15 I mean, the real problem with Antipas is that, like every ruler of his day, he doesn't like to have people who are attracting crowds. anywhere in his kingdom.

Speaker 15 And according to Josephus, at any rate, this is what does for John, that the fact that he's attracting all of these people, the whole of Judea is going out to him. Herod takes fright at this.

Speaker 15 He thinks, you know, what's going on here? And he decides that it's better to sort of nip this in the bud and get rid of him quickly.

Speaker 1 No spoilers, no spoilers. We've got to get to that in a bit.
But it's almost kind of the epitome of his popularity.

Speaker 1 You've got Herod Antipas in the background, but of course, you then get Jesus of Nazareth's arrival on the stage. So, Joan, I mean, take it away.

Speaker 1 What is the story of John the Baptist and Jesus' baptism in the Gospels?

Speaker 16 John the Baptist baptizes Jesus in the Gospels when Jesus comes from Nazareth and Galilee with all of Jerusalem and Judea.

Speaker 16 He is clearly attracted by the message calling for people to have a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins. He goes.

Speaker 16 All of the package of John, in terms of calling for repentance ahead of the day of the Lord, all of the fiery things that John says is clearly something that Jesus responds to.

Speaker 16 He is with this huge crowd of other people. He goes to the Jordan.
There's no indication in the Gospel of Mark that John knew Jesus beforehand. It's there in the Gospel of Matthew.

Speaker 16 It's implied because of the nativity in the Gospel of Luke.

Speaker 16 It's just this thing that happens at the beginning of the Gospel of Mark, that everything begins with John baptizing jesus in the jordan jesus is baptized he goes down into the water and it's said that as he comes up out of the water he sees the heavens open and this the holy spirit descends upon him like a dove and it goes into him in the gospel of mark it goes into him and he hears a voice saying you are my beloved son in whom i am well pleased and that accounting of him as Son of God is clearly a profound experience.

Speaker 16 And actually, the only way anyone would have known about this, if we just go from the Gospel of Mark's telling, is that Jesus would have then told the story to his disciples, and that would then be very influential on them in terms of how they see Jesus and John.

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Speaker 1 in chats we've had in the past something that i'd never really realized was how with the gospels they have almost differing opinions about certain figures and their roles. Is John the Baptist similar?

Speaker 1 So if Mark's the earliest of the Gospels, but do the later ones decide to try and portray him slightly differently?

Speaker 1 Can you almost see an evolution of John the Baptist, his character, what he's meant to represent, even from the four canonical gospels?

Speaker 15 Yes, you can. Mark is very similar to Matthew and Luke because they are using Mark as a source.
And in all of those ones, the stress is on John as the forerunner, the Elijah figure.

Speaker 15 But you get a completely different picture in John's gospel. And in this gospel, in fact, you have people coming to John the Baptist and they say to him, are you the Christ? And he says, no.

Speaker 15 And they say, are you Elijah? And he says, no, I'm not. So clearly, you know, a very different picture.

Speaker 15 And what John is doing, it gets a bit complicated, what John's gospel is doing with John the Baptist. is for him, John the Baptist is a witness to Jesus.

Speaker 15 And so whereas the other gospels have John the Baptist being arrested and sort of off the scene before Jesus starts his own ministry, in John's Gospel, it's important that the two of them are actually active at the same time.

Speaker 15 So, Jesus is a disciple of John the Baptist, and John the Baptist has his own disciples. And when he sees Jesus, he says, Behold, the the lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world.

Speaker 15 And he says that twice. And so, the whole point of John the Baptist in John's Gospel is to be a witness to Jesus, to say, you know, I know who this man is.
This is the one who's coming after me.

Speaker 15 This is the mightier one. And so there's no sense that he's Elijah.
He's just the witness to who Jesus is.

Speaker 16 And he must decrease. Jesus must increase and he must decrease.
He knows that he's going to be eclipsed by Jesus and he's perfectly okay with it.

Speaker 1 And I've also got to ask quickly before we go on to what happens afterwards, the Old Testament, you know, with prophets prophets and Moses and Elijah, these names we've already mentioned.

Speaker 1 And then, of course, you get the New Testament and Jesus. Is there a view that John the Baptist is almost linking the old with the new? Is this kind of prophet or the last prophet before Jesus idea?

Speaker 1 So it's kind of that link between the Old Testament and the new?

Speaker 16 There is this statement by Jesus recorded in Matthew and Luke where the law and the prophets were until John.

Speaker 16 Since then, the good news has been preached and da da da da da. A number of the statements that Jesus makes about John in our tradition are very elusive statements.

Speaker 16 They're very difficult to understand.

Speaker 16 But because of that idea about John, because of that statement, people assume that he's sort of the last of the Old Testament prophets and then there's the new dispensation, the new testament of Jesus' proclamation.

Speaker 16 because the John the Baptist tradition was so shaped very early on in Christian tradition, you can see that these statements about John by Jesus have also been tinkered with and they're not quite the same in Matthew and Luke.

Speaker 16 And unlike when we've got Mark, and you can see when Matthew and Luke are using Mark and changing Mark as they rewrite Mark,

Speaker 16 we don't have their source material. We can only guess at their source material.
That source material is usually called Q.

Speaker 16 And it's this

Speaker 16 text that would have had quite a lot about John the Baptist. Studies of Q have shown how much there is about John the Baptist in this source text, but it's been lost.

Speaker 16 We only have the Matthew and Luke versions in which there's tinkering.

Speaker 1 The elusive cue that I know it seems so important and yet so frustrating that it's disappeared. But I guess from the information that you do have available, is it following Jesus's baptism?

Speaker 1 Is it following that that you don't really hear anything more about him until his execution? I mean, do we know what happens afterwards?

Speaker 16 There's a point where, again, Matthew and Luke have the story of John the Baptist's disciples going to Jesus and saying, are you, John wants to know, are you the coming one?

Speaker 16 Or are we to expect another? Which again indicates that John didn't know Jesus before.

Speaker 16 He sent this question via his disciples. And Jesus replies, well, look at all of the healing I've been doing.
Look, you know, the lame are walking and the blind are receiving their sight and

Speaker 16 the good news is preached to the poor. And he's conflating a passage in Isaiah and a Psalm to indicate that he is predicted this coming figure.

Speaker 16 But he's also indicating that he's doing what John proclaimed the coming figure would do, which is to cleanse in the Holy Spirit in some way. So his work is aligning what he interprets John to mean.

Speaker 16 Whether John actually meant that is another question.

Speaker 16 As Helen says, he might have meant much more the coming of God in a completely transformative way in this final eschatological change in terms of the world.

Speaker 16 But Jesus is interpreting, at least as we have that saying,

Speaker 16 himself to indicate he is the fulfillment, he is the coming figure.

Speaker 1 and the disciples of jesus and early christians would definitely say that that this is exactly what john the baptist is predicting he's predicting jesus and is the idea that they go away jesus's ministry begins there and then is that the idea and john the baptist he continues doing what he's doing until we hear the unfortunate fate that happens to him helen It depends where you're reading.

Speaker 15 I mean, because he's been arrested in the synoptic gospels, he's been arrested before Jesus's ministry.

Speaker 16 Oh, he's been arrested.

Speaker 15 Yeah, so this message that Joan mentioned, this is coming from prison.

Speaker 15 He's obviously having visitors in prison and people are, I mean, that's part of the thing in the Synoptics, that he can't see Jesus himself.

Speaker 15 He's already sort of curtailed, but he's sending his people to go and look. And he's wondering about this figure that he's hearing about.

Speaker 1 Ultimately, John the Baptist is arrested, as you say. Does Josephus come in handy here for what ultimately happens to John the Baptist with Herod Antipas?

Speaker 15 Yes, in fact, the whole story that Josephus gives us is in the context of a defeat, a military defeat of Herod Antipas.

Speaker 15 And Josephus says, well, everybody thought that he got defeated as divine judgment because he killed John the Baptist.

Speaker 15 And then he kind of has a flashback and telling you how he killed John the Baptist. And Josephus says, you know, he was a good man.
Loads of of people followed him. He talks about baptism.

Speaker 15 And then he says that he was attracting so many crowds that Herod Antipas started to get worried. He thought there could be some kind of insurrection.

Speaker 15 And he decided that it was better to nip things in the bud quickly rather than wait for it to get out of hand and then have to intervene.

Speaker 15 So that's a little bit different to the much more famous story that we had, the very sort of glamorous exotic story that we have in Matthew and Mark.

Speaker 15 In those stories, of course, John is in prison and Herod actually likes John. He likes to hear him.
He doesn't really want to do anything about him.

Speaker 15 But Herod's wife, Herodias, has a grudge against John the Baptist. And the reason is that John has been criticizing her marriage to Herod Antipas.

Speaker 15 And you just need a little bit of the background here because Herodias used to be married to Herod's half-brother, who's either called Herod or Philip, depending on the source.

Speaker 1 They're like the same names, don't they?

Speaker 15 Yeah, they're all called Herod. I mean, Herod is sort of a family name anyway.

Speaker 15 So Herod Antipas meets this woman, Herodias, who's married at the time to his half-brother, and they fall in love and they decide they're going to get married.

Speaker 15 Now, the problem is that their marriage is against the Jewish law, because it was illegal. to marry your brother's wife if your brother is still living.

Speaker 15 If your brother's dead, then actually you're supposed to marry his wife and bring up children.

Speaker 15 But they decide they're going to get married, they both get divorced and they get married. And it seems from Matthew and Mark that John has been criticizing this.

Speaker 15 Now, Josephus says nothing at all about John criticizing the marriage, but it does seem to me that the two things actually fit in quite well.

Speaker 15 I mean, if John is all about living a moral life, be righteous, repent of

Speaker 15 your crimes, your sins, then I think it's quite likely that he criticized Herod Antipas. This is very high profile.
This is the ruler, and he's probably going to have criticized him.

Speaker 15 That may not be the whole story about the dancing girl, and then Herod says to her, oh, you know, he's completely kind of swept away, this ridiculous middle-aged man.

Speaker 15 And he says, you know, you can have whatever you like, half of my kingdom. And the girl goes, I mean, she's a little girl.
She's not the sort of the dancing girl we sometimes imagine.

Speaker 15 But this little girl goes to her mum and says, what shall I ask for? And she says, the head of John the Baptist. And the little girl adds the detail on a platter.
And so that's what happens.

Speaker 15 And poor old Herod has to kill John the Baptist. He can't go back on his promise.
And then the disciples of John come and take the body away. All pretty grim.

Speaker 16 Very grim.

Speaker 1 A popular topic for Renaissance artists and so on, I can guess.

Speaker 15 Very much so.

Speaker 16 And as Helen says, a little girl, Carazion, but in terms of popular imagination, of course, she's become this sexy vixen, you know, this

Speaker 15 dance of the seven veils and Oscar Wilde and all of that stuff, the Salome play.

Speaker 16 Yes. It's a great chance for movie makers to have an erotic dance and a biblical story.

Speaker 1 Well, that brings me to the last thing, which is obviously the legacy of John the Baptist.

Speaker 1 We've touched already on how, with even the gospel writers, you start seeing the kind of change, the evolution of John's role in the tradition. Does that amplify as the centuries go on?

Speaker 1 I mean, does John the Baptist's legacy, are there big spikes in its evolutionary trail almost as time goes on?

Speaker 16 There are, in that he becomes almost the patron saint of Christian monasticism. So there's John in the wilderness being someone who seems to have rejected everything in terms of worldly life.

Speaker 16 He's not even wearing human-made clothing. He's wearing camel hair with a skin tie around his waist and this wild food.

Speaker 16 So that idea of leaving the city, leaving urban life, leaving normal life and going out to the wilderness and living on next to nothing or whatever. is provided by the wilderness.

Speaker 16 I think John quite lived quite well in the wilderness, locusts and honey and actually the vegetation around the Jordan River is reasonably lush for a little strip around the Jordan River.

Speaker 16 But Christian monastics from the fifth, sixth, seventh century really looked to John as their prototype of going out and living in the wilderness.

Speaker 16 So he does become very important and he's portrayed as rather a wild man as well, this natural wild man,

Speaker 16 which appealed to the Christian ascetics who went off and lived this very deprived life, but very spiritually rich life out in the wilderness.

Speaker 1 Joan, Helen, this has been such a fantastic chat. Last but certainly not least, you both have got stuff in the works, either relating to John the Baptist or this area of ancient history.

Speaker 16 Yes, we're both writing for a book on the reception of John the Baptist, which is coming out with TNT Clarke next year.

Speaker 1 And also, Helen, Helen, we should mention your podcast as well, Biblical Time Machine.

Speaker 15 Yes, thank you very much.

Speaker 15 Yes, Biblical Time Machine, a weekly podcast with me and journalists and the great journalist, the wonderful Dave Roos, and all things biblical, social history to do with Bible times. We love it all.

Speaker 15 And we've had Joan on there a few times too. So she's a friend of the podcast.

Speaker 1 Absolutely. And you're both very much friends of the ancients podcast.
And it just goes for me to say thank you so much for taking the time to come back on today.

Speaker 9 Thank you.

Speaker 3 Thank you.

Speaker 1 Well, there you go. There was Doctors Joan Taylor and Helen Bond talking through the story of John the Baptist.
I hope you enjoyed today's episode.

Speaker 1 Now, Joan has been on the podcast several times before.

Speaker 1 She's talked about Bethlehem, but also the copper scroll, this unique, very different scroll made completely out of copper, discovered amongst the Dead Sea scrolls.

Speaker 1 Helen has also been on several times. She's talked about Pontius Pilate, Jesus of Nazareth.

Speaker 1 and Joan and Helen have both also been on before at the same time, talking through the story of Mary Magdalene.

Speaker 1 So we have a number of episodes featuring Joan, featuring Helen, and one featuring both alongside this one in the Ancients archive. So do check those out if you want more.

Speaker 1 Thank you for listening to this episode of the Ancients. Please follow this show on Spotify or wherever you get your podcasts.
It really helps us and you'll be doing us a big favor.

Speaker 1 Don't forget, you can also listen to us and all of History Hit's podcasts ad-free and watch hundreds of TV documentaries when you subscribe at historyhit.com/slash subscribe.

Speaker 1 Lastly, if you want more ancient history videos and clips, then be sure to follow me on Instagram at ancientstristam. That's enough from me, and I'll see you in the next episode.

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Speaker 3 We're glad we could assist.

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