479 – Be Like Water

Welcome to the British History Podcast.

My name is Jamie, and this is episode 479: Be Like Water.

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For years, Normandy had been racked with internal conflict, war, and political unrest.

The duchy had nearly been the end of Duke Robert countless numbers of times.

And if there was one defining characteristic of Normandy under Robert, it would be chaos.

And by now, we know why.

Rufus had been spending the wealth of England on an influence campaign to undermine his brother, Duke Robert.

And when that wasn't satisfying enough, the king outright launched military campaigns against his brother for good measure.

The chaos of Normandy under Robert was something that Rufus had paid handsomely for.

Well,

the kingdom of England had paid handsomely for.

But now that Robert was on crusade and Rufus was the one in charge of Normandy, The incentives had switched.

And now the king wanted stability, not chaos.

Now, thankfully, all those barons who had created such a ruckus were still on his payroll, which means that now, for the first time in over a decade, Normandy was downright placid.

And I'm sure that Rufus would say that this was because of his strong, decisive leadership and muscular domestic policy.

But it was clearly just the next part of his influence campaign.

But speaking of influence, his other brother, Henry, had quite a bit himself because he had spent the last decade ensuring that.

And while he sticks to the shadows in the official records during this period, you can see the impacts of his efforts and how good he was at playing the game.

Because Henry was back in the king's good graces.

He was also entrenched at Domfran

and he was now officially governing over the Cotentin.

That's huge.

And it was also a huge relief for Rufus because the news that was coming out of England these days had been not great.

His council was doing a terrible job, and they had lost multiple campaigns against the Welsh during the very short period of time that he'd been over in Normandy.

And now, rather than than lording over a conquered or at least subdued Wales, England was instead staring down the barrel of an incredibly angry and emboldened Wales, which meant that even though he would much rather be in Normandy, and an analysis of his movements showed that Rufus would continue to prioritize Normandy for the rest of his life, he couldn't completely ignore England, or else he'd lose it.

So, he needed to get back over there and handle things.

And thankfully, now that he had his loyalist barons installed throughout the duchy, and his brother Henry was governing over the Cotentin,

he was free to cross the channel.

After all, he could trust Henry, right?

So, with Normandy's security now entrusted to his very reliable and definitely trustworthy younger brother, Rufus made his preparations for 1097.

He would cross in early spring, he'd spend Easter in Winchester, and then, as a treat for enduring all of that God's stuff, he would go invade Wales.

But I'm not sure God was down with the plan, because the weather immediately went straight to hell.

It wasn't as bad as that time the Conqueror tried to cross, then crashed and got so desperate that he paraded a corpse around for good luck, but it was pretty close.

In fact, Rufus wasn't even able to successfully make the crossing until April 4th of 1097,

which was the day before his big Easter celebration in Winchester.

So, needless to say, the party was canceled.

No one wants to throw a massive party hours after taking the equivalent of a transcontinental flight.

And in fact, Rufus was so over it that he didn't even bother going to Winchester at all.

He landed at Arendelle and just went straight to Windsor instead.

And if this was anyone else, I would write this off as expediency.

But with Rufus, I kind of wonder if he canceled it because the weather made him feel spurned by God and he wanted to spurn him right back.

Either way though, 1097 was off to a great start.

But whatever, now that he was back in England, he could get straight to work.

Because Wales was rudely refusing to be conquered.

Even worse, the Welsh were winning these fights so decisively that they were actually regaining lands that the Normans had stolen from them fair and square.

The absolute nerve of these people.

So, Rufus mustered an army, which wasn't easy, since anyone who could swing a sword was being lured east by the crusade.

and those who stayed had already been slapped up and down the border of Wales or were exhausted from the recent war with Normandy or were recruited for Prince Edgar's war with his uncle, King Donald Bane of Scotland.

So the point I'm getting at here is that the pickings were pretty slim.

But Rufus wanted a war and he was king.

So, after a brief delay to gather his forces, the king's Anglo-Norman army, such as it was, marched upon Wales, because he was going to show his worthless council how you fight the Welsh.

A quick decisive strike was all that was needed, and those stupid Welshmen would be cowed.

Now, the records of this campaign are hot garbage.

When they're not vague, they're contradictory.

And when they're not contradictory, they're vague again.

As such, I can't give you a precise blow-by-blow and battle-by-battle account of what happened there.

But we do know that eventually Rufus limped back into England, and his campaign had not gone well.

In fact, it went downright miserably.

The king's shock and awe plan had accomplished nothing, and while they did move quickly, speed was pretty much all that they could be proud of.

Every attempt at provoking a battle had failed.

And the problem was, once again, Rufus was leading a chivalric army that was at home on open battlefields and on siege lines.

But they were trotting their swaggering, horse-hauled butts right into the hills and woods of Wales, where they were trying to wage a war against an enemy that used guerrilla tactics.

The Anglo-Normans simply could not lure the Welsh into an open battle.

And it seems like the only time they could even see any Welshmen was when they came screaming out of nowhere to launch an ambush before once again melting away into the countryside.

Which actually told Rufus two things.

One, that the Welsh were organized.

And two,

whoever was leading them was a gifted strategist.

Though in point of fact, the Welsh actually had multiple commanders.

For some time now, King Griffith Abkunen had been leading the Welsh resistance out of the kingdom of Gwynedd.

But Griffith knew that they would not be able to win this war alone, and so he'd been reaching out to other kingdoms, urging them to join the resistance.

But beyond the direct appeal for compatriots, which actually is what Cymru means, by the way, the Normans were actually running recruiting campaigns for them on the ground, ground because knights were invading Welsh communities and pillaging the countryside and when they can find civilians, killing them and committing atrocities.

And those behaviors are all famously effective at stoking a healthy resistance movement.

Adding to this is the fact that Griffith and his forces had been stacking bodies, including literally beheading Robert of Rithlin.

And so this was beginning to look like a fight that they could win.

And one of the new members of the resistance was King Cadugan at Blethen of Powys.

And it was actually likely his forces that had just blackened Rufus' eye.

And while the sources are vague about what happened during those multiple campaigns into Wales in the previous year, the ones that were led by Rufus' council, I'm guessing Kadugin was involved in at least a few of those fights as well, because he was emerging as a very significant military leader.

Now, I have seen some English historians refer to King Cadugan as a rebel leader, but Powys and Gwynedd weren't in rebellion.

They were fighting off an invasion force out of England.

And Cadugan and Gruffyth weren't rebels.

They were kings.

But, that distinctly English framing aside, our main takeaway here is that the Welsh were coalescing around two major border kings, Gruffyth of Gwynedd and Cadugan of Powys.

And so far, they had a nearly flawless success rate when it came to ruining Rufus' day.

But the Welsh weren't the only one giving him headaches.

Even the king's own Norman subjects were dragging Rufus down.

You see, according to Orderic, There was a Norman monk named Richard.

And it turned out that a while back, the king had promised Richard a cloak.

But he hadn't delivered on said promise, which was pretty much par for the course for the king.

And I'm guessing that Rufus figured he could get away with stiffing the monk and his monastery by just ignoring him, and then crossing the channel, then ignoring him some more, and then going on campaign.

But it wasn't working.

Richard the monk had apparently decided to make it his mission in life to get Rufus to uphold a promise.

And this guy had all the tenacity and follow-through of a student loan company.

So when Rufus traveled around Normandy, Richard was in his wake.

And when Rufus crossed the channel to go to England, oh look, there's Richard.

And now, as Rufus and his army were marching across the Welsh countryside, guess who was right behind him and complaining about how the king wasn't upholding his oath?

Yep, Richard.

No matter where Rufus went, this monk was doggedly chasing after him.

There was simply no escaping this guy.

And so eventually, somewhere amongst the hills and woods of Wales, Rufus finally broke and actually followed through on a promise.

Well,

kind of.

The king didn't give him a cloak.

Not sure if he had a cloak on hand.

Instead, he had one of his scribes draft up a writ.

Basically, an IOU for 10 marks.

And he told Richard to go to Battle Abbey and collect it.

Which the monk did.

And he apparently used those 10 marks to buy some cloth so he could make the cloak himself.

Because this guy really wanted those new duds.

And as fun as that little aside is, it really hammers home how bad this campaign has been.

Because rather than getting a heroic battle where he could say did you see that Flembard that is how you deal with the Welsh instead Rufus led an army deep into Wales couldn't find anyone to fight and eventually was hounded into submission by a lone monk And sure, his men probably were able to pillage whatever was left behind when the local population fled to

wherever they were fleeing to.

But considering that those same locals were launching ambushes, I'm guessing that a good chunk of whatever was stolen was taken right back.

Probably with a blood tax on top of it.

So this had not gone well.

And the king was livid.

And he knew exactly who was to blame for this.

That's right.

Archbishop Anselm.

Yeah, despite the fact that it was Rufus who was in command, and that it was Rufus who launched this war, and that it was Rufus who chose the strategy and deployment.

Oh yeah, and also it was Rufus who had a long history of getting kicked in the teeth by the Welsh.

Well, this failure was all the fault of an old monk who was back in Canterbury.

Why?

Well, obviously, because if Anselm had provided better troops, then the king would have won.

So, as soon as Rufus was back in court, he wrote the Archbishop a sternly worded letter.

Well, honestly, one of his nerds wrote the sternly worded letter because the king couldn't read.

And he basically said, you suck, your knights suck, and this whole debacle in Wales is your fault.

And when that message arrived in Canterbury, Anselm was hanging out with Edmer, his chaplain and biographer.

And that's really lucky, because it means we get a front-row seat to this one.

And apparently, after receiving the message, Anselm told Edmer that he wasn't concerned because, quote, this sort of thing could crop up all the time about nothing, so that he would always be thus occupied and unable to carry out his episcopal duties, end quote.

Translated, Anselm basically said, whatever.

If I went to court every time that jackass had big feelings over some failure of his, I'd never have time to do anything else.

And so Anselm just ignored the threatening message and went about his duties.

Though, this did renew his desire to talk to Pope Urban II about this king and his behavior.

And so it wasn't long after this that the Archbishop asked Rufus for permission to go to Rome, and trying to blame his failure on Anselm.

Only to have the Archbishop ignore it and instead decide he's going to go and complain about him to the freaking Pope, who, by the way, was in the middle of conducting a holy war and who currently has at least four armies answering to him.

Well, that's just the cherry on top of this absolutely insane series of events.

And obviously, Rufus was not eager to have his archbishop go and tabble on him to the freaking pope.

So the king refused to grant the old monk permission to travel.

And instead, he decided to double down on his desire for victory.

After all, he was king, and that means he doesn't lose.

He wins.

Period.

So Rufus began to muster another army.

A bigger army.

A better army.

An army that didn't have any of Anselm's stupid, sucky troops in it.

Because yeah, he was going back into Wales.

And this time, he'd have his revenge.

Because make no mistake about it, what Rufus wanted here was revenge.

The Welsh had wounded his pride repeatedly, and that was intolerable for a man like Rufus.

And so, according to Florence of Worcester, when Rufus raised his new army and marched upon Wales, they weren't just going there to raid.

They weren't even going there just for conquest.

Now Rufus had vowed, quote, that he would exterminate the whole male population, end quote, because he, like his father, had genocidal ambitions.

And to help him accomplish this, Rufus had decided to do some advanced planning.

No more getting lost.

No more getting caught in blind valleys.

No more trying and failing to find towns whose names seemed to go on for several paragraphs.

No, not this time, because this time he would hire some Welsh guides.

And get this,

despite his stated goal of total extermination of all Welsh men, somehow, Rufus found some dudes who were willing to take on the job.

Because it seems like in any conflict, no matter how unified a people might be, you'll always find a few suckers who think that if they are turncoats and the good ones, they might be able to profit from betraying their neighbors.

There might have also been some people in there who, due to old blood feuds and rivalries, didn't really see this as a betrayal at all, but rather a continuation of the broader conflict that they're involved in, and that somehow only their enemies will be exterminated.

In other words, maybe they were just idiots.

But whatever their motivations, as Rufus crossed the border and invaded Wales, his army was guided by local turncoats.

And as a result of their collaboration, the Anglo-Norman army managed to penetrate deep into the country, with some reports claiming that they reached as far as Anglesey.

But here's the thing about that.

Distance traveled is not synonymous with military success.

And the Welsh guides weren't the only reason why Rufus was able to travel so far and so quickly.

The Welsh, under the command of King Cadugan, and presumably Griffith, though he's not specifically mentioned in this particular campaign, were engaging in guerrilla tactics.

And so the Red King was being denied the direct battle that he was seeking.

And instead, the Welsh were allowing him to march as far and wide as he wished, while they put their efforts into making sure that wherever he went, the locals had been cleared out long before he got there.

So, while it's true that thanks to the Welsh guides, Rufus and his army were able to navigate the hills hills and woods of Wales without getting lost.

That was pretty much their only accomplishment.

And a major reason for this is the difference between Norman culture and Welsh culture.

The Normans of the 11th century liked to flaunt their power.

The construction of castles, the way they arrayed their forces in the field, their growing obsession with tourney culture.

We're looking at a culture that was constructed out of, hey, look at me.

And frankly, while Rufus and his court get accused of being a bunch of divas, that tendency for theatrics was part of Norman culture in general.

These people wanted to be big.

They wanted to be imposing.

They wanted to be seen.

And their way of war reflected that.

I think that's why we associate them so closely with their castles, because their castles weren't just military hardpoints.

In many ways, they were a physical reflection of the Norman style of feudal feudal culture.

But Rufus and his boys weren't in Norman-controlled lands anymore.

They were in Wales, and the Welsh didn't share that same culture.

And oddly, I feel like a Bruce Lee quote fits in really well right here.

At one point, he famously said, be like water making its way through cracks.

Do not be assertive, but adjust to the object, and you shall find a way around or through it.

If nothing within you stays rigid, outward things will disclose themselves.

And while Rufus and his boys marched around, seeking a castle to besiege or an army to fight in the field, the Welsh became water.

For a month or two, as Rufus attempted to assert Norman power, the Welsh just flowed around him.

They were anywhere that Rufus wasn't, and through that, he could not obtain any victory.

No major battles were won, no territories were gained, no nobles were captured, no castles were constructed, and no genocide was carried out, and not for lack of trying.

By refusing to fight the war that Rufus was seeking and instead fighting in their own way, King Cadugan and his men had cracked King Rufus's distinctly Norman campaign.

And the advantage of this tactic was that the further the Anglo-Norman traveled into Wales, the further they'd have to march to get out.

And remember, water doesn't just flow, it can also crash.

And as Rufus and his men moved through the countryside, the Welsh set up ambush after ambush, never launching a direct open battle, but instead picking off isolated portions of the invading army, or launching night night raids, or engaging in hid-and-run strikes.

King Cadugan was such a good guerrilla leader that even the scribes of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle call him out by name to mark his ascension as a major war leader.

And that's not the only thing they mention.

We're also told that the Anglo-Norman army was significantly damaged by these tactics, with the scribes reporting that Rufus, quote, suffered much loss there in men and in horses, and also in many other things.

End quote.

Now, the many other things were probably supplies.

As a capable guerrilla commander, King Cadugan would have likely prioritized hitting the invading forces' logistical support.

Though at the same time, I'm guessing Rufus also suffered much loss in his pride as well.

But eventually, it was clear that marching around Wales, only to watch his men get picked off one by one, wasn't turning out to be the glorious genocidal campaign that he had ordered.

And so the king withdrew to England and declared victory.

But he wasn't fooling anyone.

Even the scribes of the Chronicle acknowledge that this was a catastrophic loss.

And after cataloguing the casualties, they add, quote, and when the king saw that he could do nothing in furtherance of his will, he returned again to this land, end quote.

That is an unambiguous statement of failure right there.

And it's just the latest in a series of similar failures.

Even worse, once he got back to England, Anselm was waiting for him.

And he was all, hey buddy, I would really like to go to Rome, you know?

Just

to talk about stuff.

Nothing serious, you know.

Just two guys talking.

So, do you mind?

In response, Rufus was all, did I stutter?

No, you can't go.

So far, I have heard nothing from you that's so important that it needs to be brought before the Pope.

So, unless you're ready to tell me about whatever grave sin you're concerned about, then no, dude, no, you cannot go to fing Rome.

And so, Anselm returned to Canterbury, probably thinking to himself that now he had another thing that he wanted to talk to the Pope about.

But back at court, the king was still in motion, because while he had found nothing but disappointment and death in Wales, he did have other outlets for enhancing his power and prestige.

For example, there was Scotland.

Now, as you might remember, Scotland had been going through a series of succession crises, which is something of a tradition in Scottish history.

You might also recall that Rufus decided to provide military support to a rival claimant by the name of Edgar in hopes that he would unseat his uncle, King Donald III of Scotland, and take the throne for himself.

Now, considering that Edgar had already sworn fealty to Rufus, success in this plan would result in Scotland being ruled by a puppet king.

And this type of English interference, by the way, is also something of a tradition in Scottish history.

Anyway, so Rufus had agreed to provide Edgar with support for his claim on Scotland back in 1095.

And honestly, it's not entirely clear what Edgar had been doing or what sort of support was granted in the two years that followed.

But all that changed in mid to late 1097.

Edgar's uncle, who was Edgar the Atheling, actually, had been hanging around in Rufus' court.

And Rufus decided that the Atheling should muster an army in England and then wage a war in Scotland to install his nephew, Edgar the Claimant, on the throne.

Now, this was not a move that I would have made.

First of all, After the multiple military failures in Wales, I can't imagine that there was much of an appetite among the English for foreign wars.

But beyond that, you're putting Edgar the Atheling in charge of this campaign?

Really?

I mean, I get that aristocrats tend to fail up, but even so, the Atheling had a worse track record than Tostig.

So just an absolutely baffling decision.

Like putting a weathervane in charge of siege logistics.

But nobody asked me, and Rufus was king, so what are you going to do?

And so, after spending some time mustering an English army, the Atheling and his forces marched north into Scotland.

And, as with many things from this period, our record here is spotty.

But we do know that King Donald III differed from King Gadugan of Powys in one very important way.

King Donald Bane saw the approaching Anglo-Norman forces, and instead of flowing around them and using the terrain against his enemy, he decided to directly confront his kinsmen and his English army on the field of battle.

Now details of this battle are sparse, but we're told that the fighting was particularly fierce between the two armies, which suggests that they were probably evenly matched, which is always a dangerous prospect.

And in the end, Donald's forces were overwhelmed, and he was forced to flee into exile.

Edgar the Atheling then installed his nephew as the new King Edgar of Scotland, though with the caveat that he was an underking because he owed his real fealty, thanks to that oath, to King Rufus of England.

So yeah, Edgar the Athling strikes again.

If there's one thing the Athling was good at, it's helping the Normans colonize Britain.

And honestly, looking at his resume, I'd wager it was the only thing he was good at.

But back in England, Rufus could not be happier with how this had all gone.

And he really needed some good news right about now, because Anselm was back in court.

You see, by now, it was October.

And once again, the old monk was asking to go to Rome.

And Rufus was having none of it.

The king absolutely exploded in court, pointing out that this was the third time this year that Anselm had issued this request.

And sounding a bit like an exasperated parent, he basically told Anselm that he had already gotten his answer.

Anselm, in response, said that he had a higher calling and that because he's being called by God, he has to go.

And then he provided a brief sermon on the importance of obeying God, not men.

which went over about as well as you could imagine.

Rufus had had enough, and he demanded Anselm that he swear right here and now that he will never again ask to talk to the Pope or even visit Rome.

And if he wouldn't, he should get the hell out of this kingdom and make plans to live elsewhere because he wouldn't be coming back.

Clearly, things were getting out of hand fast, but now his blood was up, so the red king just kept going.

And he added, you know what?

An oath isn't enough for you.

You have asked me this three times.

You've wasted my time and you've been annoying the shit out of me.

So no, no, you can't just make an oath.

If you want to stay here, you need to not just swear to never talk about the Pope or Rome again, you also are going to need to pay me a big ass fine for getting on my last goddamn nerve.

And Anselm essentially responded,

yeah, bro, that's not going to happen.

I'm going to Rome.

It's up to you whether or not you want to be messy about it.

Now, to be fair, the way Edmer describes this response sounds a lot more churchy, but that was the basic gist.

And it had quite an effect on court.

Because now it wasn't just the king who was shouting.

The entire court exploded and everyone wanted this old man's blood.

And Anselm clearly loved it.

Edmer tells us that he was totally, quote, unruffled, end quote, by the outraged court.

And instead, he casually plopped down in the seat at the right hand of the king and said,

yeah, so do you want me to bless you before I head out for Rome or what?

And Rufus, bested by this absolute masterclass of trolling, said,

sure, whatever.

And he accepted the blessing.

And then Anselm departed and prepared to travel to Rome.

These two, man.

But before we move on, I want to circle back to something that's been gnawing at me a bit.

You see, on balance, this had been a no good, terrible, very bad year for the king.

Even the fealty of new King Edgar of Scotland wasn't actually as impressive as it sounds, since Rufus proceeded to treat as new vassal king with such a delicate touch that it's arguable that he wasn't even truly a vassal.

So, a reasonable reading of these events is that this year had just been a long string of humiliations for Rufus, with Wales sitting right at the center of it.

And again, this isn't just me talking.

Even the scribes point out that things had gone really badly for Rufus in Wales.

And yet, English historian Frank Barlow had a very different take on the at least four failed invasions of Wales that had taken place over the last 12 months.

And it is such a jaw-dropping take that I get angry every time I read it.

So I'm just going to read it to you verbatim, and then we're going to talk about it.

Not just because it got under my skin, but also because it's a good window into the importance of understanding historiography.

Because our sources for history are not unbiased oracles.

They have flaws and biases.

And that doesn't mean that they need to be thrown out, because all sources have flaws and biases.

But they should be understood.

And Frank Barlow is actually a major source for King Rufus.

He literally wrote the book on the guy.

So here's Frank's view on the repeated invasions of Wales.

Quote, In the kingdom at large, feudal troops of the earliest enoffments after the conquest were getting well past their prime, and under English conditions, their successors were often poorly trained without real fighting experience.

Hunting, drill, and mimic combat did not produce hardened soldiers.

Accordingly, Wales was a most useful training area.

The absence of a native prince who can impose respect for his rights and create the appearance of ruling over an organized territorial unit with boundaries which ought to be honored licensed the sort of military aggression that had almost disappeared from the rest of the kingdom since about 1070, and in so unprincipled a form, even from the Norman frontiers.

End quote.

Did you get all that?

He starts out with a refrain that's very popular among old men of every era.

The standard, this new generation is just too soft.

And he claims that this is because there just hasn't been much conflict in England since about 1070, which is just a hell of a thing to say.

I mean, we have spent the last several years cataloging the month-to-month conflict within England.

The Conqueror had been up to his neck in various rebellions and wars.

And the same was true of Rufus.

But, you know, whatever.

Frank says the kids are too damn soft, and so they need to be trained up.

And so he says that Wales, because it wasn't even a real organized place and even more savage than the Norman frontiers, and also because it lacked a native leader who could rule and because it didn't even merit any respect, was inviting all of this war and aggression and invasion.

Now, first of all, Wales had organized territories.

It also had borders.

And it had native leaders.

And the native leaders were more than capable of ruling over said territories and borders.

Again, we have been covering this in detail for ages, which is why you're familiar with native leaders like Griffith, Rogery, Adirod, and others.

Though, it probably won't surprise you to learn that Frank was one of those English historians who kept referring to 11th century Welsh kings as rebel leaders.

But...

Even if Wales didn't have a native leader, even if it had a more soupy approach to territory, That is hardly an invitation for conquest.

I mean, that framing is just some mind-blowing colonial bullshit right there.

And it brings us straight to his absurd conclusion that all of this is okay.

It's actually downright good.

Not just because the victims of this invasion were asking for it, but also because it was an ideal location for training up all of these soft Anglo-Norman boys that were apparently bothering Frank so much.

They needed to be hardened up and, as Frank said, quote, Wales was a most useful training area, end quote.

Really?

Because I read the same thing you did, Frank.

And if 11th century Wales was an effective training ground for Anglo-Norman soldiers, then I guess losing all your money at the track is effective training for Wall Street.

Because Wales kicked the shit out of the invading English armies unequivocally and repeatedly.

I mean, just take a look at what your scribes had to say.

The Normans, quote, suffered much loss there in men and in horses, end quote.

Though I suppose, to a culture of stone, water does look weak and easy to control.

But people drown in water every day.

If you have any questions, comments, or concerns, you can reach me at thebritishhistorypodcast at gmail.com.

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Thanks for listening.

Fuck you.

Fuck you very, very much.