The tornado problem

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Speaker 2 Tornadoes, they're just like kind of metal.

Speaker 2 Like they just, they're loud, they're destructive. There's no moving a tornado.
It's it's the force that you have to deal with.

Speaker 2 You know, like when you're in a concert and it's just like way too loud.

Speaker 2 It's like that's the image I have of a tornado. They're like, they're there to punch you in the gut and then they run away.

Speaker 2 I guess we should intro ourselves real quick.

Speaker 11 I'm Noam Hasenfeld. You're Brian Resnick.
This is Unexplainable. Yeah.
And you've been reporting on tornadoes. What is the big unexplainable about tornadoes?

Speaker 2 We just don't know when they're going to show up. Like tornadoes, they are awesome if you get to watch them from afar.
When they come for you, it's horrifying and quite deadly.

Speaker 2 And they don't come with a lot of warning.

Speaker 2 So recently I talked to this guy. He lives in East Nashville, Tennessee.
His name's Mo O'Dwani. It was March 3rd.
It was actually my mom's birthday. I always remember it.

Speaker 2 It's midnight, and he wakes up. The night before we haven't really heard anything about like really strong, severe weather, just the normal typical Tennessee weather.
And his phone is going crazy.

Speaker 2 Well, I woke up. It freaked me out.
I was like, what is that? But it was loud enough that I woke up. He looks down at it and it says, oh, there's the tornado warning.
You should seek shelter.

Speaker 2 So I look out the window and I don't really see anything. Mo has gotten these before and they haven't always preceded a tornado.
Everybody thought, oh, it's probably going to be nothing.

Speaker 2 So then I was like, you know what? Let's just be safe. I'll just go down to the garage.

Speaker 2 There's a few other residents there and at first it seems quiet and they don't really think anything's going to happen. And then

Speaker 2 it comes.

Speaker 2 You can feel the wind kind of change. You know, they're inside this garage, so they don't see it, but they hear it.
The whole building started to shake. It sounded like a freight train.

Speaker 2 It's one of the loudest things he's ever heard in his life, and he's really scared. I was holding on to the bike rail in our garage, and we were just like praying and yelling and like fear of death.

Speaker 2 We were just like, this is it. You know, like, this is how I'm going out.

Speaker 2 The next day, he goes out into his community, and he sees how terrible it really was. There's so much damage and it was like a bomb went off in East Nashville.
Everything was destroyed.

Speaker 2 25 people died in those storms. And he remembers just thinking.

Speaker 2 Usually sirens go off, but we just never heard any sirens. He just wonders, like, wow, if I didn't get this alert on my phone, would I have been in greater danger?

Speaker 2 My Apple warning basically at that point could have saved my life. You know, if something worse could have happened.

Speaker 2 But even the phone alert, he says it only came between seven, maybe ten minutes before the tornado actually hit.

Speaker 2 He wonders, like, oh, wow, if my phone wasn't with me, you know, what if it was in the other room? Like, what would have happened?

Speaker 2 Is this just like how it goes?

Speaker 11 I mean, only getting seven minutes in the middle of the night to get down to safety, is that normal?

Speaker 2 Sadly, yes, this is not an exceptional or rare story. Forecasters are just really bad at this.
And when these warnings do come, they often don't precede a tornado.

Speaker 2 70, 80% of warnings don't actually come before a tornado. They're false alarms.
What?

Speaker 11 So you're saying people usually only have like seven minutes to get to safety. And then like three quarters of the time, there's no tornado, even when we do get the warning.

Speaker 2 Yeah, this is where we are.

Speaker 11 How is that possible? How do we not understand this better?

Speaker 2 The heart of it is is actually kind of simple. Okay.
Tornadoes come from thunderstorms, but meteorologists, they can look at two thunderstorms.

Speaker 2 These thunderstorms will look identical, but one will produce a tornado and the other one won't. And they really don't know what makes the difference.
Huh.

Speaker 11 So what do scientists know about how tornadoes form?

Speaker 2 Yeah, I was wondering that too. So I talked to Robin Tanamachi.
She's a meteorologist at Purdue University in Indiana, and she knows everything there is to know about tornadoes.

Speaker 12 I teach mainly atmospheric science, radar meteorology, and severe storms meteorology.

Speaker 2 She's been fascinated by them her whole life. She told me this story of when she was a little girl, there was this tornado captured on the news by a news helicopter.

Speaker 13 We're about three-quarters of a mile from the actual touchdown at this time.

Speaker 13 This is really spectacular.

Speaker 12 And what did I see on the screen? But it was this gorgeous helical tornado, and it was live.

Speaker 13 I'm I'm gonna have to leave this area here. The debris is drifting my way here.
I'm gonna lose too much.

Speaker 12 And I believe at this point the helicopter pilot is realizing, whoa, we've got a live tornado on our hands and so they're they're maneuvering around it trying to keep a safe distance from it.

Speaker 13 Right now the tornado is located over a wooded area and it is ripping entire pine trees into the air thousands of feet.

Speaker 2 She remembers just like thinking, I can't get enough of that. She couldn't look away.

Speaker 12 My thought was just what is it that's making this happen? You know, what is is it in the environment that's necessitating that this thing exists and what makes it so powerful?

Speaker 12 I really wanted answers to those questions.

Speaker 13 I know you would ask me some questions here. Unfortunately, I've been watching the tornado instead of where I'm going.

Speaker 11 Yeah, lots of questions.

Speaker 11 What's Robin learned so far?

Speaker 2 Well, obviously, she hasn't gotten to like that holy grail of being able to predict and know everything about the formation of a single tornado.

Speaker 2 But on the bigger picture, she does know where they come from.

Speaker 2 Mainly, they come from here. They come from the U.S.

Speaker 12 There are definitely hot spots all over the world, but the United States by far gets the most of them.

Speaker 11 Why are there so many tornadoes in the U.S.?

Speaker 2 So, like I said, tornadoes come from thunderstorms.

Speaker 12 A thunderstorm you can think of as an organism that ingests and eats warm, moist air.

Speaker 2 And warm, moist air, we got that in spades.

Speaker 2 That comes from the Gulf of Mexico. And that's moving north from the Gulf.

Speaker 12 This tide of moist air that just keeps sloshing northward from the Gulf of Mexico over the southern tier of states.

Speaker 2 And then it hits two dry streams. So one, we got dry air from the Rockies.

Speaker 12 And two, we've got dry air coming off the Mexican plateau.

Speaker 2 So that warm, moist air from the Gulf, it meets those other two streams and gets pulled up into them. But those two streams are moving in different directions.

Speaker 2 So all that air begins to twist and condense and form clouds.

Speaker 12 It will start to rotate just on its own spontaneously. That air will be torqued and twisted.

Speaker 11 In my head, I'm envisioning, you know, like Looney Tunes when the three cartoon characters all like run into a big brawl and it kind of like spirals into a cycling.

Speaker 2 Yeah, something like that. I'm imagining something more of like a wizard summoning these airstreams that converge into a cauldron and create these vortexes.
But we have different brains.

Speaker 2 How does Robin think about it?

Speaker 12 It's like a big barber pole in the middle where the air is rising, but it's also twisting as it goes up.

Speaker 2 This is the heart of a supercell. Supercell? Yeah, supercells are these mega thunderstorms that spawn tornadoes.
Okay. They rotate, so they're kind of like these mini hurricanes.

Speaker 2 And the big question is like, how do you take this big kind of lumbering rotation in the sky from these supercells?

Speaker 2 And how does that get concentrated down into this vortex that actually extends from the cloud all the way to the ground?

Speaker 2 Okay, so we know the U.S.

Speaker 11 has all these supercells, these big twisting thunderstorms, and those sort of give birth to tornadoes. So do scientists have any right ideas here? Like, what sets this process off?

Speaker 2 Well, before they even get to there, it's more like they don't see what sets it off.

Speaker 12 That process is probably happening on time scales of just a few seconds or less.

Speaker 2 All this happens so fast. Weather radar, like our number one tool for observing storms, it just can't see it.

Speaker 11 Why can't radar see tornadoes?

Speaker 2 Well, one part of the problem is like it basically picks up on moisture, rain, and you can infer things from rain, like wind speed, like you determine how fast that rain is moving, but it's like this incomplete picture of a storm.

Speaker 2 The other problem with radar is physically radar is this dish that spins. And so every time it spins, it like takes an observation of the thing that it's observing, like a storm.

Speaker 2 But that takes a few moments for it to spin.

Speaker 12 You can have, you know, a big lazy vortex in one scan, and by the time the radar swings around again, you've got a tornado.

Speaker 2 The effect is kind of like if you were watching a dancer under a strobe light. The dancer being the storm and the strobe light being like the radar that can only capture it in certain moments.

Speaker 2 So the dancer starts dancing, she's spinning, and you get a slice of it. And then the dish rotates a bit and it sees a bit and then it misses a bit and then it sees a bit and then it misses a bit.

Speaker 12 We're scanning it too slowly to see this very rapid process that's happening.

Speaker 2 Whatever causes a tornado to spawn, it often happens when that dancer is in the dark.

Speaker 11 You're saying that whatever happens to jumpstart this tornado, it can happen so fast that it could happen in the dark at a strobe light, like in that moment when the radar dish has its back turned.

Speaker 2 Yeah.

Speaker 2 Researchers are so in the dark, like they're not always sure if like the tornado forms from the storm cloud down or from the surface of the earth up, or if like kind of both things happen at the same time and then they connect in this explosive way.

Speaker 2 It's just the basic idea here is like what we can't see, we can't predict.

Speaker 12 A lot of times this process is either invisible or opaque.

Speaker 2 It's like a magician's sleight of hand trick. Like again, like imagine two thunderstorms that look identical and one produces a tornado.

Speaker 2 Well, the one that's producing a tornado is like performing a trick that we just can't see.

Speaker 2 And that's really why tornado warnings are only sent out when a tornado is seemingly detected.

Speaker 12 Our current paradigm for warning for tornadoes is something called warn-on detection, meaning either it's indicated by radar or somebody in the field has phoned in and reported it.

Speaker 12 So the tornado has been detected. You issue a warning.

Speaker 11 Wait, but I thought you said there were a lot of false alarms. Like the majority of the time it's sent out, it's a false alarm.

Speaker 11 So how could it be a false alarm if they detect the tornado and then alert people?

Speaker 2 Oh, it's because often when a tornado is indicated by radar, it's not a real tornado. It's just a, so it's a false detection.

Speaker 2 And it's a false detection for all the reasons why I said radar isn't that great. It just gets it wrong.
It just can't see everything that's happening.

Speaker 2 And these false alarms, like it's not just a meteorological problem. It's a psychological problem too.

Speaker 12 You know, like the boy who cried wolf syndrome. If you issue too many tornado warnings, people start to not trust them as much.

Speaker 12 We need to bring that false alarm rate down so that when we do issue a tornado warning, we're extremely confident people are actually going to take action.

Speaker 11 So if scientists are already struggling to predict tornadoes and then they're sort of training people to react to tornado alerts in exactly the wrong way with this boy who cried wolf syndrome, I mean, how do you solve the tornado problem?

Speaker 2 So for one, Robin's really pushing for just better, faster radar that can scan areas more quickly.

Speaker 2 And maybe then it can pick up on more clues to just better see what's happening in these storms and to see that moment of tornado formation.

Speaker 11 Like a faster strobe light.

Speaker 2 Yeah, yeah, faster strobe light.

Speaker 2 But really what meteorologists want is like better prediction, better like artificial intelligence that can just look at a storm and model it in a computer and then press fast forward and see what will happen.

Speaker 2 If they can do that, then they can warn on forecasts and say like 30 minutes from now, we've run the computer models, and this storm is going to create a tornado, and you should get out of the way.

Speaker 12 Yeah, we'd love it if people could have us up to 30 minutes to an hour. I mean, that's that's where you make a completely different set of decisions.

Speaker 11 And I assume to get a better AI system, you just got to input tons and tons of tornadoes all over the country, right?

Speaker 2 Yeah. And a big challenge here is that tornadoes are so varied.
They come in all these shapes and sizes.

Speaker 12 From very skinny funnels that are only, you know, a couple hundred feet wide all the way up to two and a half miles wide, I believe was the widest one on record.

Speaker 2 They seem to be very sensitive to local environmental conditions. So, what forms a tornado in one area might not form it in another.
Maybe just like the presence of trees changes the equation.

Speaker 2 And tornadoes behave differently in different parts of the country. That huge spectrum makes studying tornadoes really cool, but it also makes studying them like really hard.

Speaker 11 Yeah. And if you need to get a bunch more tornadoes to input into a new system to figure out how to predict tornadoes, how do you find those tornadoes if we don't know how to predict tornadoes?

Speaker 2 Yeah, yeah, that's a funny conundrum here. Like, we need more data from the tornadoes themselves, but we don't know when they're going to show up.

Speaker 2 We need to be prepared to show up when they do, because to get that data, we solve this in the most badass way possible. We have to go storm chasing, storm chasing, storm chasing after the break.

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Speaker 15 Toto,

Speaker 15 I have a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore.

Speaker 8 We must be in Unexplainable.

Speaker 11 Unexplainable, we're back. Hey, Brian.
Hey.

Speaker 11 So you've been talking about tornadoes, how scientists still can't really predict when they're going to happen. And before the break, you said that ultimately we just need a lot more data here, right?

Speaker 11 Like more scientists studying more tornadoes.

Speaker 2 Hell yeah.

Speaker 14 You know, it's always interesting when the sirens come out, the normal public goes down to the basement and the scientists go to the roofs.

Speaker 2 So this is Jeff Weber. He's an atmospheric scientist.

Speaker 2 He's stood on a few rooftops. He's chased a few storms.
He actually chased one recently with his 12-year-old son.

Speaker 14 Admittedly, I planted the seed, but he is really into it. And after seeing his first tornado last week, he can't get enough.
He wants to just keep doing it.

Speaker 2 Oh, my God. What happened on this day?

Speaker 14 Well, we're in the house. Tornadoes were not forecast to develop anywhere near us for this day.
But a tornado warning went off on my phone.

Speaker 14 As an atmospheric guy, I have about five weather apps and my phone started blowing up with this tornado warning i'm like a tornado warning that doesn't seem right so i tell my son to run out into the backyard and see if he can see it we did take some video and five seconds later i hear him shrieking at the top of his voice i see it i see it i do too

Speaker 14 So we all run out, take pictures from the backyard, and I'm like, hey, buddy, you know, this is pretty cool. And he goes, we got to go.
We got to chase it. Let's go.

Speaker 14 And so we ran to the truck, and as we were driving over the top of the hill, we could see the whole layout of the storm.

Speaker 14 We could see the tornado from the top of the cloud deck all the way to the surface of the ground. We could see the hail shaft.
We could see the heavy rain.

Speaker 14 We could see the shelf cloud rotating above the tornado. Oh my god.
By the time we got up close to it, it was spectacular. We could see the rotation.

Speaker 14 We could see the dirt being dug up from the ground. It was just an incredible event.

Speaker 2 My heart's pumping just listening.

Speaker 14 It is awe-inducing. It is truly awesome.
It is,

Speaker 14 my mouth is like open as I'm staring at this thing spinning. It's amazing.
It's unreal.

Speaker 2 What was it like to share that with your son?

Speaker 14 It was one of the highlights of my life

Speaker 14 to be chasing a tornado and to see my son so excited about it. I think I have a future atmospheric scientist on my hands.
I see it.

Speaker 14 I see it.

Speaker 2 So, to start simply here, why is chasing tornadoes so important?

Speaker 2 Why can't we study them more remotely?

Speaker 14 Well, the most important things for a tornado to form is temperature, humidity, wind direction, and speed.

Speaker 14 But we need them at the surface, we need them at the upper atmosphere, and we need them at levels throughout the entire atmosphere.

Speaker 14 And so, to get that complete data set all around the tornado at all the different levels is very difficult.

Speaker 2 Why don't we have this now?

Speaker 2 Is it just like our typical weather radar doesn't

Speaker 2 take on all this information?

Speaker 14 It's difficult to get this complete data set because tornadoes don't stay on the ground for a long period of time, and we don't know in advance where they're going to show up.

Speaker 14 So, if you want to do a contrast with hurricanes, for example, they take days, if not weeks, to cross the Atlantic.

Speaker 14 And we have the luxury of that time to fly planes through the eye wall of that hurricane and get those measurements. With a tornado, we don't have that luxury of time.

Speaker 14 They might be on the the ground for as little as a few minutes and so to be able to marshal all of those instrumentations and planes or sensors it's very difficult so if we did have all the right equipment in place and at the right time and we caught a perfect tornado would that be enough heavens no we we need we need dozens if not hundreds they're kind of like snowflakes you know no two tornadoes are exactly alike for example of 100 tornadoes you get 98 of them that spin clockwise but you're going to get a couple of them that even spin counterclockwise.

Speaker 14 What?

Speaker 14 And we have no idea why.

Speaker 14 I think as we get greater technology, in particular with drones, either on the ground or in the air, it will give us a greater capacity to collect these data sets without putting humans in harm's way.

Speaker 14 And so I'm hopeful that over the next decade or two that we'll have more complete data sets so that not only can we look at one data set of the tornado, why it formed, but we can look at nuances and subtleties and differences on why one tornado formed different than another one.

Speaker 14 And that's when we can unravel the mystery.

Speaker 2 Why are you confident that it's just a problem of more data?

Speaker 2 Could it also be the case that these storms are just so chaotic, so sensitive to very slight variations in geography or place or conditions where they're just very hard to predict and we might not ever get much better at this problem?

Speaker 14 Yeah, I appreciate that perspective. I'm a firm believer, though, that science can solve a lot of these problems if they have the proper data sets to analyze it.
We know what we're dealing with.

Speaker 14 And if we can close the box, so to speak, around the tornado, we should be able to explain what's going on.

Speaker 14 We have a very good understanding of thermodynamics and instability, but we just don't know quite how they're interacting with each other at these finite scales that a tornado is operating in.

Speaker 2 You're saying that like our atmosphere is knowable, like things that we can measure. We just need finer and finer-grained resolution.

Speaker 14 Exactly. There's no new new physics being brought about by a tornado.
The atmosphere is very well understood. The laws of physics are very well understood.

Speaker 14 We just need to see at these smaller scales how they interact to create the tornado.

Speaker 2 I love how, like, a lot of this boils down to, well,

Speaker 2 to better understand tornadoes, we need to keep chasing them, right?

Speaker 2 Is that what I'm hearing here?

Speaker 14 Most definitely. Just photographs from the public can be incredibly helpful because we're still at that point where photographs can gain insight into the structure of the tornado.

Speaker 2 Do you? I don't know if we should like be telling people on a podcast to like take photos of tornadoes.

Speaker 14 Only if they're trained and know what you're doing, they are very dangerous. But if you approach them from the backside, that's the smart approach.

Speaker 2 They should be going away from you, I imagine.

Speaker 14 You're right. You should be chasing the tornado, not having the tornado chase you.

Speaker 16 This episode was produced and edited by Brian Resnick, Noam Hassenfeld, and me, Meredith Hodena, with extra help from Bird Pinkerton.

Speaker 16 Mandy Nguyen checked the facts, Christian Nayala sound designed the tornadoes, and Noam scored the episode with some help from 3000 Rivers.

Speaker 16 Lauren Katz heads up our newsletter, and Liz Kelly Nelson is the VP of Vox Audio.

Speaker 16 You can sign up for our newsletter at box.com/slash unexplainable and email any thoughts you might have about the show to unexplainable at box.com.

Speaker 16 Unexplainable is part of the Vox Media Podcast Network, and we'll see you next Wednesday.

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