PRECEDENT: Kitty Genovese

Hi, everyone. Ashley Flowers here.
If you love the mystery, twists, and investigations you hear on this podcast, then you are going to absolutely love my new novel, The Missing Half.

Set where I grew up in northern Indiana, two young women go missing within weeks of one another.

The only trace of them left behind are their cars, left abandoned on the side of the road, door open, key in the ignition.

And police are convinced that their cases have to be connected, but they can't solve them and the cases go cold for years. That is until these girls' sisters team up and do what police never could.
But learning the truth sometimes has grave consequences. And this book will have you questioning how far you would go for someone you love.
The Missing Half hits shelves May 6th. Be the first to solve the mystery by pre-ordering your copy now at ashleyflowers.com or wherever books are sold.
Banking with Capital One helps you keep more money in your wallet with no fees or minimums on checking accounts and no overdraft fees. Just ask the Capital One bank guy.
It's pretty much all he talks about. In a good way.
He'd also tell you that this podcast is his favorite podcast too. Oh, really? Thanks, Capital One bank guy.
What's in your wallet? Terms apply. See CapitalOne.com slash bank.
Capital One N.A. Member FDIC.
You know what they say. The most important part of your spring cleaning routine is your sock drawer.
Yep, you heard that right. It's time to ditch any mismatched, tired pairs and refresh your collection with some fresh Bombas.
You probably saw my Bombas socks if you were at any of our live shows. I bought a whole new set to have some crisp socks when I kick off those shoes to tell you a story.
And I'll be rocking them on all of our upcoming tour stops too. And I'm starting to branch out of just white and get some really funky colors.
The good news for everyone listening is Bombas is going international. Enjoy worldwide shipping to over 200 countries.
Head over to bombas.com slash Crime Junkie and use code Crime Junkie for 20% off your first purchase. Bombas.com slash Crime Junkie and use code Crime Junkie.
Today's episode of Crime Junkie is brought to you by State Farm. Life can throw curveballs when you least expect it.
A surprise home repair or a life change that leaves you wondering, what now? That's when you need someone you can count on. With a State Farm agent, you know someone is there to help you choose the coverage you need.
With so many coverage options, it feels good to know that you can find what fits for you. Whether it's on the phone, online, or on the award-winning State Farm mobile app.

Like a good neighbor, State Farm is there.

Hi, crime junkies.

I'm your host, Ashley Flowers.

And as promised, I'm here to bring you the 10th and final episode of our Precedent series.

And this is one of two episodes that I dropped today. So if you haven't already, you got to go back and listen to the story of Henry Alford and a little something we know now as the Alford plea.
But for this last episode, I want to tell you a story that may sound familiar to some of you. Now, this case is actually the one that sparked the idea for this entire series.
And it has to do with the three-digit, now infamous number you can call when you're in need of help, 911. As a self-proclaimed crime junkie, the concept of an emergency helpline seemed synonymous with all true crime stories, so much so that I can vividly remember the first time I read an article that talked about a time before 911.

And it stopped me in my tracks.

What do you mean before?

I mean, I couldn't fathom it.

I always assumed that for as long as there were phones in people's homes,

there was a way to call for help.

But I was so wrong.

There was a time before.

And before there was a 911 number. There was Kitty Genovese, who everyone called Kitty, left the bar that she managed in Hollis, Queens and headed for home.
It was around 3 in the morning, but she's in New York, the city that never sleeps, so hers was not the only car on the road. Kitty was eager to get home, not just because it was 3 a.m., but also because it was her one-year anniversary with her partner, Marianne.
Kitty and Marianne lived together in a second-floor apartment in a neighborhood in Queens called Kew Gardens. It was a pretty small building, just two stories with retail on the ground level and 14 apartments upstairs.
The early morning hours were just like any other for Kitty.

It wasn't until she parked her car just a block from her apartment

that she noticed she was being followed.

Kitty heard footsteps behind her as she walked to her apartment.

She started to run, but the person chasing her was faster. Kitty was just 100 yards from her apartment building when the man caught up to her.
And right there on the sidewalk in front of her building, he attacked, stabbing her twice in the back with a hunting knife. Kitty cried out, hoping someone would hear her and help her.
And someone did hear her. According to an article from NPR.org, that scream was loud enough to wake neighbors on both sides of the street.
One of them, a guy named Robert Moser, saw a man and a woman struggling, and he opened his window to yell, hey, leave that girl alone. It was enough to spook Kitty's attacker, and so he took off.

But Kitty was seriously injured and rapidly losing blood. Somehow, she managed to stagger to her building, but she never made it to her apartment.
She was just inside the vestibule at the bottom of the stairs when she collapsed. But this story didn't end here.
because just 10 minutes later,

while Kitty was still lying injured and bleeding

at the bottom of the stairs,

her attacker returned to finish what he had started.

He stabbed Kitty again and then sexually assaulted her there at the bottom of the stairs.

According to Biography.com, when he was done, he dusted himself off before stealing $49 from her wallet. Then he left, climbed into his car, and drove away.
One of the other tenants in the building, a woman named Sophia, heard strange noises coming from the vestibule. By the time she got there to see what was going on, the attacker was long gone.
What she found there was Kitty, alive and breathing, yes, but barely. Sophia screamed for someone to call the police, and finally, at 4 a.m., someone did.
Several minutes later, police and paramedics arrived at the scene. Kitty was en route to Queens General Hospital in the back of an ambulance when she died.
She had been stabbed 13 times. The question was, by whom? The police investigation focused first on Kitty's neighbors and the other tenants of Kew Gardens.
Police had had a few conversations already by the time they arrived at Kitty's own apartment, the one she shared with her partner, Marianne. And they arrived just a few hours after Kitty's death.
Kevin Cook wrote in his book, Kitty Genovese, The Murder, The Bystanders, The Crime That Changed America, that two investigators questioned Marianne for six hours on that first day, asking, you know, where she'd been that night, how long she and Kitty knew one another, the last time they argued, the kind of stuff you'd expect in the early stages of a murder investigation. But what police wanted to talk about the most was Marianne and Kitty's sex life.
What was it like? Were there problems? Even which positions they used. Wildly inappropriate questions, even in the 1960s.
In fact, many of the interviews police did with the building's tenants were like that. They had what History.com's article calls a, quote, preoccupation with the gay lifestyle, end quote.
As far as I can tell from the research material on this case, Marianne was the first and only suspect in Kitty's murder investigation, and police assumed the motive was jealousy. One of the investigators on the case was quoted in Kevin Cook's book saying, quote, one of the most common motives for murder is jealousy.
It's also our experience that homosexual romances produce more jealousy by far than straight romances. More jealousy means more chance for violence.
Women, in fact, can be more possessive toward their lovers than men, end quote. That is some pretty backwards, misogynistic thinking, if you ask me, even for the time.
It's this kind of thinking that helps literally no one and instead slows down an investigation, which is exactly what happened here. But it turned out Kitty's death was not the result of a lover's quarrel and had absolutely nothing to do with her sex life or her sexuality.
Those were distractions. But the cops got lucky with this one.
Because less than a week later, Kitty's killer legit fell into their laps when someone called police and said, Hey, I'm pretty sure I'm watching a guy steal a TV from a house. And when cops responded, they found a man named Winston Mosley with a stolen television in the back of his car.
And that car happened to be the same make, model, and color as the one witnesses said they saw at the scene of Kitty's murder. So these cops brought Winston down to the station to book him on burglary charges.
And the detectives working the Kitty Genovese murder happened to see him and were like, hey, hold up. This might be our guy.
Not only did he drive the right car, but he also had scabs all over his hands as though he'd been in a fight. And there was something about him that just didn't sit right.
He was just creepy. So they straight up confronted him about Kitty's murder.
And when they did, Winston folded like a house of cards. Not only did he take responsibility for Kitty's death, but he also confessed to two more murders, only one of which he actually committed, along with several rapes and a string of burglaries, all of which were unsolved up until this point.
Winston Mosley was the kind of killer that'll haunt you. In a 2014 New Yorker article, Nicholas Lemon wrote that what made Winston so chilling was his double life.
By day, he was a 28-year-old man with a steady job and a house in the suburbs that he shared with his wife, two kids, and five dogs. But he had a habit of stealing things, big things like TVs, which is how he ended up getting caught in the first place.
But he didn't have a criminal record. He was on no one's radar, which is how he was able

to continue with his other criminal habit, stalking, raping, and killing women. He picked his targets completely at random, which is exactly what happened the night Kitty was murdered.
Winston told police he left his home at about 1 a.m., wife and kids sleeping soundly, fully intending to find and kill someone. He was actually out driving around with a serrated hunting knife in his pocket, literally prowling for his next victim.
And that's when he spotted Kitty Genovese alone in her red Fiat. So he followed her home.
And when Kitty parked by the rail station near her apartment, he did too. When she started walking toward the door, he did too.
When Kitty screamed and woke neighbors up after that first attack, he ran to his car where he stayed, quiet in the dark, for 10 minutes. But when he realized the police weren't coming, that's when he went back to find Kitty, to rape her, to rob her, and to make sure she was dead.
Kitty's murder, Winston's arrest, all of it happened with very little fanfare until 10 days after Kitty's death,

when the police commissioner made a seemingly offhanded comment to an editor for The New York Times.

The commissioner said that the thing that struck him most about the crime wasn't the murder itself, horrific though it was.

What struck him was the fact that there were 38 eyewitnesses and not a single one had called police. In 1932, one man opened a two-room business school above a nondescript storefront in downtown Manchester, New Hampshire.
How did it become one of the largest universities in the country. Okay, this case isn't exactly a mystery.
Southern New Hampshire University offers over 200 degrees you can earn from your couch. And with low online tuition, Southern New Hampshire University makes earning your degree affordable too.
Find your degree at snhu.edu slash crimejunkie. That's snhu.edu slash crimejunkie.
Stop allergy season in its tracks with big savings from GoodRx. Seasonal allergy medication starts at just $15 so you and your family can kick those itchy eyes, stuffy noses, and scratchy throats straight to the curb.
Check GoodRx

before every trip to the pharmacy to

save up to 80% on both brand

name and generic medications.

GoodRx is free and easy to

use. Just search for your prescription on

the website or app, compare prices,

and get a free coupon to show

your pharmacist. Use GoodRx

to save at over 70,000

local pharmacies nationwide, including Walmart,

Walgreens, CBS, Publix, Kroger, and many more. Remember, GoodRx works with or without insurance

and could beat your insurance copay price. Don't let allergies slow you down.
Save big on allergy

medications this season with GoodRx. Go to GoodRx.com slash crimejunkie.
That's GoodRx.com slash crimejunkie. On March 27th, 1964, the New York Times ran a story on its front page that started like this.
Quote, for more than half an hour, 38 respectable law-abiding citizens in Queens watched a killer stalk and stab a woman in three separate attacks in Kew Gardens. Twice, the sound of their voices and the sudden glow of their bedroom lights interrupted him and frightened him off.
Each time he returned, sought her out and stabbed her again. Not one person telephoned the police.
End quote. Now I need to interject here and tell you that this story has several factual inaccuracies.
Like there were two attacks, not three. The number of witnesses and what they saw or heard, those facts have also been widely disputed over time.
And if you read the archived version of this story on the Times website, you'll see an editor's note from 2016 saying as much and pointing you to more recent, more accurate coverage. But back in 1964, while this unfolded in real time, the story shocked people in a way crime stories really hadn't before.
Because no one could make sense of why so many people could witness an attack and do absolutely nothing to stop it.

I mean, the witnesses themselves couldn't even really explain

why they didn't call for help.

There was one woman who said she just thought it was a lover's quarrel.

A couple said that they were afraid for their own safety.

Two other neighbors said that they just didn't want to get involved.

And another couldn't even give a reason why they didn't call police.

They just didn't.

These excuses seem shocking in the context of such a brutal attack.

But what if it was something else?

What if it was a car off the road on a busy highway and yours is one of dozens whizzing past?

Would you think, I need to pull over right now and help?

Or would you look around at all of the other vehicles and think,

Thank you. and yours is one of dozens whizzing past? Would you think, I need to pull over right now and help?

Or would you look around at all of the other vehicles and think, someone will have already called this in.

I don't want to clog up the phone lines.

What happened that night on Kitty Street,

with all those witnesses and no action,

was studied extensively for decades by social

scientists trying to better understand what they call bystander apathy. The idea is that the responsibility to act in a crisis is shared among all the people who witness it, which means the smaller the number of witnesses, the greater the personal responsibility on each person.
But in crowds, or in densely populated urban areas like where Kitty lived.

That responsibility is spread out among more people, making each individual less likely to act. During a time when cities were growing rapidly, the New York Times narrative confirmed what people already suspected about urban life.
There is no community in a city. Because is it really a community if 38 people, 38 neighbors can stand there and watch while you die alone in the dark? Of course, we know now that 38 people didn't stand in their windows and watch Kitty die.
During trial, the prosecutor would say it was five or six tops who saw or heard enough to know someone might be in danger. And really, only two of them were actual apathetic onlookers as far as we know.
One was an assistant superintendent for the building across the street from the first attack. He told police he was awake sitting in a chair in the lobby and from there, he saw the whole thing, including the shine of the knife blade as it was plunged into Kitty's back.
But instead of doing anything about it, the man went to sleep. He told police he just didn't want to be bothered.
The second witness was a man named Carl Ross, a drunk neighbor. Police learned from Kitty's killer that Carl had actually opened his door during the second attack and saw Winston stabbing Kitty.
But instead of intervening or even calling for help, he called a friend and then a neighbor who ended up calling police. But these two men were the exception, not the rule.
People did act. There was Sophia who heard the commotion and ran to Kitty's side to hold her.
There was the man who saw what he thought was a man striking a woman and yelled out the window to leave that girl alone, which sent Kitty's attacker in one direction and Kitty in another. And at least two people say they actually did call the police to tell them a woman was hurt, but that the police just didn't come.
Calling for help wasn't as easy in 1964 as it is today. Back then, the way you reached the police or fire department was by calling the precinct or station in your area directly or by dialing zero and having the operator connect you.
After you're connected, you might be passed from person to person, once, twice, maybe even more as the people on the other end tried to figure out who to send, if they sent anyone at all. For police calls anyway, it was pretty much at the discretion of the officer on the other end of the phone,

whether or not that call warranted a response or even a report. Author Kevin Cook told NPR that there were lots of examples at the time of people calling in and being, quote, invited to mind their own business or move to another neighborhood if you don't like it there, end quote.
By the time Kitty was killed, by the time that sensationalistic headline ran in the New York Times, emergency responders in other parts of the country were already calling for a single, easy-to-remember emergency number. Fire chiefs in particular had been pounding that drum since as far back as 1957.
In the wake of Kitty Genovese's death, local officials in New York joined those national cries. The idea was we need to make calling for help in emergencies as easy as possible.
Maybe if calling for help had been easier to do in the middle of the night when Kitty was attacked, maybe she would have escaped. Maybe she would have lived.
In Canada, some police departments had already adopted a single number approach. There, you dialed 999 to reach help in an emergency.
Super easy to remember, yes, but in the days of rotary phones, it also took forever to dial. That's why in the U.S.
they settled on 911.

Just as easy to remember, but much quicker to dial on a rotary phone.

According to Kevin Cook's book, the nine at the beginning wasn't so much a purposeful move as a way to work within the quirks of the phone company's switching system at the time.

The first 911 call was made from Haleyville, Alabama in February 1968. By 2017, Carolyn Abate reported for PBS that the service now handles about 240 million calls a year.
The service has evolved over time, of course. The original technology just got you a dispatcher, and you had to work with them to make sure the first responders got to your location.
Later, advancements in technology allowed 911 dispatchers to see the exact location you were calling from. This is still in place today, but it applies only to landlines.
At this point, the only data dispatchers can get from your cell phone is the nearest tower or a general area, not your precise location, which to be honest, even I didn't realize. Most of us are calling from cell phones now, so it is incredibly important to be as precise about your location as possible.
Remember that. In some locations, you can even connect with 911 operators via text, which not only provides a low barrier solution for bystanders who might not want to pick up the phone, but also makes connecting with 911 possible even when you can't speak.
It's hard to say for sure whether a 911 system would have changed the outcome of that night.

But that night and Kitty's death certainly went on to change the world.

This marks the end of the 10th precedent-setting story I've shared with you.

But there are many others out there, and many more still to come as our world evolves

and we find better ways to keep each other safe and treat each other fairly. In true crime, there will always be stories to tell.
And part of being a responsible true crime consumer, at least for me, is taking the time to understand that behind every one of these stories, behind every episode of every podcast,

is a person, a family,

and often a precedent that forever changed the world we live in.

Thank you for listening and learning along with me throughout this series.

I'll see you on Monday for our regularly scheduled programming. To find all the source material for this episode, you can go to our website, CrimeJunkiePodcast.com.
Be sure to follow us on Instagram at Crime Junkie Podcast. And we'll be So, what do you think, Chuck? Do you approve? Hi, everyone.
It's Ashley, and I am so excited to officially be on the road for the Crime Junkie tour. It has been incredible meeting so many of you face-to-face IRL, but we are just getting started.
So don't worry if you haven't made it to a show yet. There is still time and I'm going all over the country.
We've got more stops coming and I can't wait to visit even more cities and meet even more of you Crime Junkies. So if you want to experience Crime Junkie live, grab your tickets now before they sell out at crimejunkiepodcast.com slash tour.

And trust me, you do not want to miss this case that I have.

Everyone is talking about it.