Fair Play | Deep Water Ep2

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Speaker 16 The Observer.

Speaker 16 Where's home to you?

Speaker 14 Home?

Speaker 27 Home is the sea.

Speaker 14 Now, yeah.

Speaker 16 David Meller started competition free diving seven years ago. When he became my coach, he recently adopted a nomadic lifestyle, teaching and training at dive spots around the world.

Speaker 28 Wherever you go, you usually make new friends. So, in the end, pretty much you could dive anywhere in the world and you know you're going to meet somebody.

Speaker 16 Back in August, he was in Mytakas, Greece, training for a competition. And that's where we arranged to meet.
In a quintessential Greek tavern, only a few steps from the water's edge.

Speaker 16 What makes it addictive? What keeps you coming back for more?

Speaker 14 Yeah, I mean, addictive.

Speaker 28 We all say don't chase the numbers, right?

Speaker 28 We all chase numbers, but it's the way you chase the number.

Speaker 16 What will be enough for you, do you think?

Speaker 28 I don't know. I always thought 50 meters was enough.
I remember saying that to myself, that 50 meters is deep enough. And the minute I did 50 meters, it had to be 55.

Speaker 28 And the minute I did 100, it has to be 105.

Speaker 28 And I'm sure, you know, 105,

Speaker 28 it'll be more.

Speaker 16 Mella's now a multiple world record holder. There's not a lot that goes on without him knowing.

Speaker 16 So it's no surprise that the first time I heard talk about potential doping, I was with him.

Speaker 16 The first time I traveled to see Mella was back in October 2022. We'd arranged to meet in Cache, Turkey.
The vertical blue doping scandal was still nine months away.

Speaker 16 I landed the day after a World Championship competition had wrapped. The town was still milling with freedivers.

Speaker 16 At the harbour, we settled on a rooftop restaurant overlooking the main square. I remember the branches of huge olive trees were strung with fairy lights.

Speaker 28 I remember watching the dive. I was sat on the boat watching.

Speaker 16 Mella told me that a new world record had just been set by a relatively new diver.

Speaker 16 A 95-metre no-fins dive, that means no fins, no rope, nothing but a modified breaststroke to get you all the way down and up again. That's a serious depth.
But something about it seemed

Speaker 16 different.

Speaker 28 And what struck me, and like I said, I've seen world records before, and everyone cheering and everybody like clapping.

Speaker 28 And I remember being on the boat around lots of different nations watching this dive

Speaker 28 and

Speaker 28 the world record being broken and very few people clapping and I thought it was strange because the world record had been broken you know.

Speaker 16 And at the time did you understand why they weren't enthusiastically

Speaker 14 no, not really, no, no.

Speaker 16 In the moment it's unclear why there wasn't a celebration on the athlete's boat. But in the days after, Mella hears a rumour that that diver is doping.
And who was that dive?

Speaker 28 The diver was Petar.

Speaker 16 So up until that point, you'd heard rumours.

Speaker 14 I heard rumours, yeah. Like...

Speaker 16 Specifically about anybody or?

Speaker 28 Well, yeah, I mean, two of the Croatians. I mean, I don't think that's a secret.
Petar and Vitimir are very controversial, I think, in freediving.

Speaker 28 I think they're the main reason for the split in the community.

Speaker 28 You love them or you don't.

Speaker 16 Petar Klova and his coach, Vitomir Maricic are a new wave of freedivers. They're the two Croatian athletes who later appear at the center of the vertical blue doping scandal.

Speaker 16 When I heard the rumours, I looked these guys up on Instagram. I could see straight away that they practice freediving in a very different way.
They're the poster boys for masculinity.

Speaker 16 Their feeds are full of max deadlifts, underwater stunts, highlining videos and muscular torso shots.

Speaker 16 There's a performative aspect to it, from the simulated underwater fights to clips of jumping into the pool on a noose and sinking, hangman style, or performing pretend waterboarding while submerged in a hood.

Speaker 16 And they have a big following. You only have to read the comments to see that a lot of young, aspiring divers are watching.
It was unsettling. I had a sense that something was about to change.

Speaker 16 I'm Lydia Gard, and from Tortoise Investigates and The Observer, this is Deep Water.

Speaker 16 Episode 2. Fair play.

Speaker 27 Petar came from nowhere and was doing some very big, big dives,

Speaker 27 which were making people take notice. But some of these dives were a bit too good.

Speaker 27 There were some performances that were making people think, wow, this person either is one in 10 million or something else is happening, you know?

Speaker 16 In 2018, Vitimir Marichic was already a seasoned athlete. He was 33, muscular and powerful.
He'd been a sports climber.

Speaker 16 Then his girlfriend at the time introduced him to freediving, and he was training at his local swimming pool in Rijeka, a city on the Croatian coast.

Speaker 16 It was at that pool that Vitimir met Petar Klova, who worked there as a lifeguard. Petar was a swimmer, already conditioned.
Together they began to train, with Vitimir as coach and Petar as diver.

Speaker 16 Pettar did his first depth competition in 2019, a no-fins dive, to 60 meters deep. No-fins is considered the hardest and most challenging discipline.
It's for purists.

Speaker 16 No rope, no fins, no help to get you back to the surface. You need strength, technique and courage.

Speaker 16 Two months later he entered his first World Championships and performed a 70 meter dive.

Speaker 16 Back then, Vitimir's Instagram feed had 20,000 followers and was largely populated by self-portraits, travel pictures and adventure pursuits like highlining in the mountains, making bubble rings in the ocean and surfing.

Speaker 16 He comes across then as friendly, brave and humble. And in January 2019, he posts on Instagram announcing that he's joined a programme for random out-of-competition doping control by Wadder.

Speaker 16 In the caption, he says, I I know that there has been debate and speculation about me using banned substances,

Speaker 16 even though in my entire athletic and coaching career I'm strongly against it.

Speaker 16 But Mella wasn't the only diver to observe strange things when the Croatians got in the water. Gary McGrath had seen things too.

Speaker 27 Some of the training dives I did were in Turkey we go out on a very big boat. There'll be 25, 30 free divers on there with a couple of dive lines hanging off the boat.

Speaker 16 It's 2022 and Gary is training for the World Championships in cache.

Speaker 16 He's telling me about one of the training dives in the run-up to that competition and something that Vitimir and Pettard did on that dive, which really struck him.

Speaker 27 After some of these dives, there were some bottles of whiskey brought out, some really high-end whiskey, and I thought, okay, maybe it's someone's birthday, I don't know, 11 in the morning, neat whiskey.

Speaker 27 I like a whiskey every now and again.

Speaker 27 But two or three neat whiskies after being, you know, the dehydration you feel after a dive and...

Speaker 16 Gary is talking about immersion diuresis. It's a physiological dive response.
In short, when we're deep underwater, our circulating blood volume increases.

Speaker 16 The body reads that as fluid overload, and we urinate. A lot.

Speaker 16 And the idea of drinking anything, except maybe a litre of electrolyte straight after a dive, is just alien to most freedivers. Maybe coffee, but whiskey? When you're still on the boat?

Speaker 16 Look, there's no law against it. And whiskey in particular has a kind of work hard, play hard, real men-only sort of reputation.

Speaker 16 But there's another reason someone might drink.

Speaker 27 I didn't really put two and two together. I thought, okay, they're drinking.
This is weird, but go with it.

Speaker 27 And then a few conversations I had with people were like, well, you know, it has a diuretic effect, the alcohol. It helps purge your system and it can be used to mask certain substances.

Speaker 16 That would help if you're going to to be tested.

Speaker 16 And if you're a professional athlete chasing a world record, you could be tested at any time.

Speaker 27 You know, there's one thing having a glass of wine at dinner in the evening and it's a completely different thing smashing neat whiskeys while you're still in your wetsuit, you know, five minutes after you've come up.

Speaker 16 Pettar made two astonishing performances in cash, earning himself two gold medals and two world records. One of them was a 135 metre dive, the deepest in competition ever.

Speaker 16 That's the dive that Meller told me about.

Speaker 28 I knew who Petar was, and like I said, when we watched the dive,

Speaker 28 and literally there was only his girlfriend at the time cheering, you know, and a load of other athletes around not cheering. Rumours were happening about athletes doping.

Speaker 28 But I never really, I didn't even know what doping meant.

Speaker 27 I could probably say for the first 10, 12 years, I never even thought once about how doping could be used to advance my free diving. It was just hard work.

Speaker 27 That was how I was going to advance my free diving. But I think for certain people, if they see I can take substance A and get better, then they'll do it.
It's just, it's people.

Speaker 27 It's got nothing to do with the sport in itself, it's people.

Speaker 28 So then you get to the question of

Speaker 28 what is doping?

Speaker 16 The World Anti-Doping Agency, or WADA, sets the rules on doping, and they have a prohibited list.

Speaker 16 It's a long document outlining nine groups of substances that athletes are banned from using, either in or out of competition.

Speaker 28 You know, the WADA list is for all sports. It's not specifically for freediving, and this is where I think it's fallen behind.

Speaker 16 If you're doping, you're knowingly taking something on that prohibited list in order to achieve a benefit or advantage. But that list is generic.

Speaker 16 Physiologically, freediving is unique. There's a running joke in the community that it's 90% mental and 10% in the mind.

Speaker 16 To succeed at depth, you basically have to be completely calm and focused, with little or no anxiety. You need a low heart rate, a slow metabolism, and you have to be relaxed.

Speaker 16 So any stimulants would be a disadvantage. In fact, many of the drugs that would enhance performance in other sports simply wouldn't work for us.

Speaker 27 There was rumors starting to circulate and people were starting to talk about, okay, if people are doping, what are they doping with?

Speaker 16 And this is where... I'd been told the Croatians were using sedatives, specifically benzodiazepines.
And they're not on the water list.

Speaker 16 Benzos are a family of prescription drugs, usually prescribed for anxiety, like Valium or Xanax. They're designed to increase the effects of something called GABA,

Speaker 16 a chemical that reduces activity in the areas of the brain responsible for emotion and essential functions like breathing.

Speaker 27 I started to hear and started to do a bit of my own reading around about what things could

Speaker 27 help on a free dive, you know. And for me, it was a bit scary because it was completely unknown.
And I wouldn't want to be that first-generation guinea pig.

Speaker 14 No way.

Speaker 27 No way.

Speaker 27 I wouldn't do that sort of experimenting on myself. It's not worth it.
This is not a huge sport where if I win this world championship, I can retire on that money, you know.

Speaker 28 For me, if you're taking a prescribed drug that is not being used for the purpose that it was made for and you're taking it to enhance your performance, whether it's on the wadder list or not, in my mind, is cheating.

Speaker 16 But they're not banned, so they're not policed by the governing bodies and testing agencies.

Speaker 16 So using them to dive is just a matter of individual risk assessment, ethical and moral code.

Speaker 28 And what I don't want is for everybody to think that they have to take something to be able to compete. Do we have to take benzos or whatever the next drug is going to be if they ban benzos?

Speaker 28 Is that what we've got to do?

Speaker 16 Back in 2008, there was a Turkish study published by Wadder, which investigated whether benzodiazepines have a positive effect on the shooting performance in elite archers.

Speaker 16 It found that they do exert calming effects and reduce anxiety at relatively low doses, but concluded that benzo use does not improve athletic performance in archery.

Speaker 16 But there's no free diving-specific medical research available.

Speaker 16 And so far, nobody can tell you, not the manufacturers of these drugs, or the doctors who prescribe them, exactly how they could affect the body at 130 meters deep.

Speaker 28 If you're clear and you don't take any drugs, right, you're going to feel the anxiety on the surface. You're going to feel what your body really feels like, okay?

Speaker 28 So your body's going to find a way to mess your dive up if you're not relaxed, if you can't equalize, if contractions come early, because you have all your senses.

Speaker 28 They're not dumbed down by some drug.

Speaker 28 And if you're taking stuff, you're going to lose those senses. And maybe you're going to find yourself going deeper because you don't care and end up with a squeeze or some injury or some blackout.

Speaker 28 You know, who knows. So you're just playing with something you don't really understand.

Speaker 16 If you haven't heard of a squeeze in freediving, I urge you not to google it.

Speaker 16 It's lung damage, a tear in the tissues which happens when the lungs are rigid and the diver is tense or makes a sudden movement. If you do see one, you might see a diver coughing up bright red blood.

Speaker 16 As for blackouts, they're the brain's shut-off mechanism. They prevent it from having to operate on critically low oxygen.

Speaker 16 Benzos decrease blood oxygen saturation, which increases the risk of blackout.

Speaker 16 When it's simple, sedatives affect cognitive function, judgment and coordination. They will compromise a diver's ability to manage the dive and react to a problem.

Speaker 16 I mean, if you're prescribed benzos in the UK, you're warned that it's illegal to drive while taking it. It's not just about whether performance-enhancing drugs are fair.
It's about safety.

Speaker 16 Experimenting with benzos or other substances increases the danger when the margin for error is already so small.

Speaker 27 I've made freediving my life and I've sacrificed a lot to be a freediver.

Speaker 27 So I'm really invested in it and I care that people get to know the beauty of this sport and I care that it has a good image, you know, it's really important to me.

Speaker 27 And I care that people are just safe. My ultimate goal, I just don't want anyone to die.
And that's my biggest worry.

Speaker 27 That whenever these big world championships come up, that someone is going to get hurt. And I don't want that to happen to anyone.

Speaker 16 And it only has to go badly wrong once. I spoke to an experienced safety diver about this last time I was in Dahab.

Speaker 16 I asked them, what would happen if, in a competition, a diver goes deeper than their body is adapted for, and they have a blackout?

Speaker 16 At 45, 50 meters deep, because they're pushing past their limits. Or maybe they tear their lungs at 80 or 90 meters.
And the reply I got was,

Speaker 16 it's the job of a safety diver to bring them to the surface. But the likelihood is you're recovering a body at that point.

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Speaker 16 This is a small sport, but it's not a drop in the ocean. In 2025, there are an estimated 7 million active freedivers, a significant growth in the last few years.

Speaker 16 The main education bodies reported a 25% increase of new certifications last year alone. The competition world is smaller, but that's a lot of people coming in, watching our record holders, medalists.

Speaker 16 It matters what they see. It matters what the perceived norms are and how the sport's portrayed.

Speaker 16 I came away from cash with all the stories crowding my mind.

Speaker 16 Observations, anecdotes, and also my own questions like, why would you knock back spirits to clear your system of a drug that isn't actually banned?

Speaker 16 Unless there are other things that need to be masked.

Speaker 16 Back then, everyone was happy to gossip, but only behind closed doors. Why it happened and how it happened and what the truth of the matter got lost in full bit.
Absolutely.

Speaker 16 If you want to remain off record and not have your name involved, then that's no problem. It works fine if I call you via Instagram but through the computer.

Speaker 16 From the moment I started this investigation I've been staggered by how many people are keen to talk to me but I've been more alarmed by how many are scared to be named.

Speaker 27 Once you get into sort of professional or semi-professional freediving, whether you're instructing, whether you're judging, you know everybody. You know absolutely everybody.

Speaker 27 Everybody's got some sort of connection.

Speaker 16 I've already told you how small and integrated the community is. And when I first started freediving, that was a big part of the draw for me.
I idealised it.

Speaker 16 But there's an uncomfortable side to it, too.

Speaker 16 There are two governing bodies in freediving: CMAS and ADA.

Speaker 16 If you're a competition diver, it's likely that you're also involved in some way with one or both of the organisations.

Speaker 28 The crossover with judges, with safety divers, with

Speaker 28 organisers, probably doesn't happen in many other sports. You know, if a footballer was hanging out with a referee, questions would be asked.

Speaker 16 Why do you think it's like that? Is it lack of funding or?

Speaker 14 No, I think it's not professional.

Speaker 28 It's a sport that's growing. from a grassroots level and it's almost like rules are being made up as you go along.
As you come across a problem, you get another rule made.

Speaker 28 And we don't know what all the problems are yet. This is part of what's wrong with competitive free diving: how it's so open

Speaker 28 to abuse.

Speaker 16 It feels like no one wants to put their head above the parapet. Even the athletes whose podium moments have potentially been stolen.

Speaker 16 In fact, they're the most scared because their livelihood and their reputations are at stake.

Speaker 28 Nobody wants to speak up.

Speaker 14 I got told that there was like a group that was forming of people who had decided that Vitamir and Petar were doping and they were getting together to discuss it and find a way to do something about it.

Speaker 16 Who was in that group?

Speaker 14 A lot of the top freedivers.

Speaker 16 Donnie Mack is the host of the Freedive Cafe podcast. Since it started back in 2017, he's recorded around 170 interviews with athletes and coaches, competitors, and photographers.

Speaker 16 It's a nexus for the community, making connections and gathering intel.

Speaker 16 So it's no great surprise to me that when a private group was formed to address the problems, Donnie was in it.

Speaker 14 They started discussing ways to kind of like find out if they were doping or not. And then they started to make some claims

Speaker 14 about how it wouldn't be possible for Petar to make those kind of progressions or jumps in free diving, which I disagreed with, not verbally, but I was like,

Speaker 14 these guys, whether you like it or not, are at the cutting edge of free diving as a sport, you know?

Speaker 14 They may not have the whole Zen-like, yogi-like ethos going on, but they are athletes unlike we've really ever seen in free diving. And really pushed back on them.

Speaker 14 And this is the conclusion that I eventually came to was like, you guys do not have any evidence for these people doping.

Speaker 16 And it's feasible they've got other ways.

Speaker 14 It's feasible they're just better than you.

Speaker 16 We use the term athlete in freediving but being brutal, there are very few freedivers who are truly professional in terms of their approach to training or even their technique.

Speaker 16 For the most part, it's still pretty amateur.

Speaker 16 So when someone arrives in the freediving community from another sport, especially one with crossover skills, it's really no surprise that their performances and progress are accelerated.

Speaker 16 That was the case for the Croatians. Both of them knew how to train hard, bringing a professional approach to strength and conditioning, and that set them apart.

Speaker 16 Maybe for the pioneers of freediving, it was hard to accept.

Speaker 14 I'm sorry because the fact it took you 15 years or 20 years to get so deep, you were a pioneer in the sport. When you went to 120 meters, you didn't know if your brain was going to implode or not.

Speaker 14 You know, they're standing on your shoulders.

Speaker 14 And we have a much more thorough understanding of freediving physiology and stuff. So who's to say that this phenomen of a swimmer couldn't come in and make such a big jump?

Speaker 16 But there's another angle.

Speaker 14 But they also know things about like doping and drugs and how to mess with doping tests.

Speaker 16 There's relatively little money in freediving. So doping tests are limited to urine samples, not blood.

Speaker 16 And as one athlete told me, They're known as IQ tests because you have to be stupid to fail them.

Speaker 14 Do you know that your closest competitor is doping, or your closest five or six competitors are doping,

Speaker 14 then the culture of doping develops, you know, and then

Speaker 14 how do you get rid of it?

Speaker 16 Good question. Because it's true.
There's little faith in the system designed to police it. And there's a significant and urgent threat to fair play.

Speaker 16 So let's assume you're one of the established players in this sport. You've dedicated your life to it.
You've held a number of world records over the years.

Speaker 16 And then young disruptors come along with an audacious approach and you question their morals. But they are breaking those records.
Maybe using performance-enhancing drugs.

Speaker 16 Building a brand around themselves and promoting a version of the sport that you do not subscribe to. A version that glorifies preventable accidents, normalises serious injury.

Speaker 16 influences an incoming crowd of young divers.

Speaker 16 Well, that will change the norms, the power balance. That That will upset people.
And for one person, at least, the answer was to take the law into his own hands.

Speaker 14 So, um, and then it all kicked off.

Speaker 16 Coming up on episode three of Deep Water.

Speaker 14 Yeah, it was a little bit of a pressure cooker situation in that room with the Croatians.

Speaker 28 I mean, like, Will caught them. Whether it's fair or not, he caught them.

Speaker 29 Yeah, at one point, they were allegating that they never took Benzodiazepin ever, and I was like, I saw it with my own eyes.

Speaker 16 Deep Water is reported by me, Lydia Gard.

Speaker 16 The producer is Gary Marshall. Music supervision and sound design by Carla Patella.

Speaker 16 Podcast artwork by Lola Williams. Fact-checking by Amalia Sortland and Madeleine Parr.
The executive producer is Basha Cummings.

Speaker 14 Hello, it's Gary here. I'm the producer of Deepwater.
Before I tell you a bit more about how you can listen to the rest of the series, we have a house notice.

Speaker 14 You might have seen some changes to our feeds, and that's because we're now bringing our Tor Toys Investigate series to you from our new home, The Observer.

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Speaker 14 By subscribing, you get ad-free, early access to all our investigations and never miss an episode. Thank you for listening.

Speaker 16 The Observer:

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