A Look Back At Hitchcock’s ‘Psycho’

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Speaker 3 This is Fresh Air. I'm David Beacon Cooley.
65 years ago, director Alfred Hitchcock shocked audiences and changed cinema forever with the release of his 1960 thriller movie Psycho.

Speaker 3 It was a slasher film before that term existed and was based on a book by Robert Block.

Speaker 3 Hitchcock was attracted to the film because of the unexpected sudden murder of a central character early on.

Speaker 3 Joe Stefano, who wrote the screenplay, preserved that central surprise, and so did Hitchcock.

Speaker 3 He cast movie star Janet Lee in the role of a criminal on the run, then had her character stabbed to death in the shower after checking into a remote motel run by Norman Bates, played by Anthony Perkins.

Speaker 3 Most of Psycho was photographed quickly and cheaply by the same crew Hitchcock used for his still-running TV anthology series, Alfred Hitchcock Presents.

Speaker 3 The budget for Psycho was $800,000, making it one of the most profitable films in Hollywood history. And one of the most influential, too.

Speaker 3 Psycho elevated the suspense and murder genre to a higher level and has been copied, saluted, even remade by generations of subsequent movie movie makers.

Speaker 3 Today, we're going to hear from actress Janet Lee, the star of Psycho. Well, the star for the first third of the movie anyway.
Terry spoke with her in 1999.

Speaker 3 Lee wrote a memoir in 1995 about the making of Psycho. They started with a clip from the film.

Speaker 3 Janet Lee plays Marion Crane, who has stolen some money, is on the run, and has checked into the Bates Motel run by Anthony Perkins as a mild-mannered Norman Bates.

Speaker 3 He offers her a sandwich, they sit in the parlor eating, and he tells her about living with and caring for his invalid, mentally unstable mother. Marion suggests he put his mother in an institution.

Speaker 4 Have you ever seen the inside of one of those places?

Speaker 4 The laughing and the tears,

Speaker 4 the cruel eyes studying you.

Speaker 4 My mother there?

Speaker 4 But she's harmless.

Speaker 4 She's as harmless as one of those stuffed birds.

Speaker 4 I am sorry.

Speaker 4 I only felt.

Speaker 4 It seems she's hurting you.

Speaker 4 I meant well.

Speaker 2 People always mean well.

Speaker 4 They cluck their thick tongues and shake their heads and suggest, oh, so very delicately.

Speaker 4 Of course, I've suggested it myself,

Speaker 4 but I hate to even think about it.

Speaker 4 She needs me.

Speaker 4 It's not as if she were a

Speaker 4 maniac, a raving things.

Speaker 4 She just goes a little mad sometimes.

Speaker 4 We all go a little mad sometimes.

Speaker 2 Haven't you?

Speaker 4 Yes.

Speaker 4 Sometimes just one time can be enough.

Speaker 4 Thank you.

Speaker 4 Thank you, Norman.

Speaker 5 What was your reaction when you read that your character was killed halfway through the story?

Speaker 6 Well, actually,

Speaker 6 in the novel, it's only two pages.

Speaker 6 But what Mr. Hitchcock explained is that he wasn't going to go into the entire history of this

Speaker 6 gentleman

Speaker 6 because it was just too much. That he was going to concentrate on Mary

Speaker 6 and

Speaker 6 the discovery of Mary. And, you know, in other words, it would revolve around her.
So I knew it was going to be a short part.

Speaker 6 I didn't know it would even be as long as it turned out to be, which was due to Mr. Stefano's take on it, because it was interesting to me that when I interviewed Mr.

Speaker 6 Stefano about in regard to the book, he said that

Speaker 6 when he first met with Mr. Hitchcock,

Speaker 6 he had said,

Speaker 6 I really don't like

Speaker 6 Norman Bates very much. I mean, he's an unattractive, you know, I mean, he's kind of, he's just not something I want to write about.
He said, but what interested me

Speaker 6 was that if you start the movie with the girl and get the audience into her life and her problems and her traumas

Speaker 6 and bring her then to Norman Bates

Speaker 6 then especially with Anthony Perkins playing Norman Bates then you have lured the audience into a situation where they think it's going to be, oh yeah, well now there's two guys and which one is she going to go for?

Speaker 6 And that's, you know, your typical kind of little wrapped in a blue ribbon package. And of course then the

Speaker 6 tragedy becomes even more shocking. And

Speaker 6 of course, Mr. Hitchcock immediately saw the value of this.
And Mr. Stefano said to me that Hitch leaned over and there was this gleam in his eye.

Speaker 6 And he said, oh, yes, and we'll get a star to play her so that it would even be more of a shock.

Speaker 2 Well, and it was.

Speaker 5 I mean, it was shocking for audiences when you were killed and when this motel owner, who you seemed to kind of pity, if anything, turned out to really be a monster.

Speaker 6 Right. Well, that's why he was so,

Speaker 6 you know, Tony Perkins was just so brilliant because almost you wanted to mother him in a way.

Speaker 6 You know, you felt sorry and yet he had that undertone of where there would be a spark of something that would set him off, and you could see that there was

Speaker 6 it wasn't quite right, and yet you could never identify what was wrong. And that's why it was, you know, so beautifully done by him.

Speaker 5 Now, let's get to the shower scene.

Speaker 5 There were, what, about 70 different set-up shots in

Speaker 6 the shower scene. Yes, it was 70-plus.
Uh-huh.

Speaker 5 How did Hitchcock explain what he wanted from you in that scene, in the overview, before getting into each shot every day that you were doing a new shot?

Speaker 6 Well, the overview

Speaker 6 was the actual drawings of each shot. And so he showed us the overhead shot.
He showed us this shot. He showed us the close-up there.
He showed us, you know, it was all planned.

Speaker 5 So every time you did a shot, you knew exactly where the camera was looking. You knew if the camera was looking at your navel or looking at your head?

Speaker 6 Of course, yeah. Mm-hmm.

Speaker 6 Because if it was looking at my navel, I could wear a bra

Speaker 6 and pants. You know, I mean, in other words, I dressed according to where the shot was or undressed according to where the shot was.

Speaker 5 Now, so the camera was looking at your navel. Did you feel, well, I don't have to particularly act in this shot.
I don't, my face doesn't need to express anything because the camera won't see it.

Speaker 6 That's not exactly true because it's amazing how your body

Speaker 6 has a tone, has a, I don't know, a reaction to it. I can't explain it, but

Speaker 6 if you're just bland, your body's going to be bland. But

Speaker 6 if you're feeling the terror and

Speaker 6 the effect of the blows and whatever,

Speaker 6 your body shows that. I don't think that you can

Speaker 6 sort of separate it.

Speaker 5 Now, what kind of knife was Anthony Perkins using?

Speaker 6 A A big, long butcher knife.

Speaker 5 Was it a retinable?

Speaker 5 Was it a retracting knife?

Speaker 6 No, no, it didn't retract. It wasn't steel, however.
I mean, it looked like steel, but believe me, it wasn't.

Speaker 6 Because

Speaker 6 what people forget is that we could not show penetration of a weapon. So

Speaker 6 you could never see

Speaker 6 the knife going in. So you couldn't use a retractable knife.
I mean, it had no purpose.

Speaker 6 What you saw was you saw the knife go back and lunge forward, and then you showed the shot of either

Speaker 6 the shoulder or the tongue or the thigh or whatever.

Speaker 6 And you, in your mind, imagined it going in there.

Speaker 6 And then you saw it pull back, and then you saw it go again, but you never saw it enter the body because it was not allowed.

Speaker 6 Now, what did you do?

Speaker 5 What did you think about to get that look of horror on your face when Tony Perkins pulls back the shower curtain and is there with his knife?

Speaker 5 Was just being in the moment with Tony Perkins enough, or did you think of other things beyond that?

Speaker 6 I think that just it wasn't always Tony Perkins doing that with the knife, you know.

Speaker 6 He had different people doing it.

Speaker 5 With stand-ins?

Speaker 6 Stand-in,

Speaker 6 somebody, a woman at one point, so that the audience could never get a fix on the character. I mean, they all had the same

Speaker 6 clothes and wig and everything on, but different people were in different shots so that the audience could never kind of get a glimmer of who it might be.

Speaker 5 Oh, you mean, so even on screen, we weren't always in the broken screen.

Speaker 2 Oh, yeah.

Speaker 6 Oh, absolutely. He wasn't even there.

Speaker 6 He was in New York rehearsing a play, I think.

Speaker 5 That's very sneaky.

Speaker 6 Yes, of course. But that's Mr.
Hitchcock.

Speaker 6 And

Speaker 6 because if the same person did it all the time, there was a possibility, slim, but still a possibility that perhaps the audience might guess it. And

Speaker 6 I didn't really need a lot of other thoughts in my head because when that shower curtain goes back and you look at this figure,

Speaker 6 which is exactly what they did in the thing, you know, I mean, that's pretty frightening.

Speaker 6 I didn't have any trouble with that.

Speaker 5 No, you were doing the shower scene, so although you weren't completely nude, you weren't exactly clothed either. You write that you wore moleskin.

Speaker 2 Right.

Speaker 6 Because in your,

Speaker 6 in the, in the full shots,

Speaker 6 where you wanted the body outline, right,

Speaker 6 I wore moleskin over,

Speaker 6 you know, where I should.

Speaker 6 And that was, I think, the roughest, well, one of the roughest things about that sequence because it's, as you know, it's a nude colored, almost soft suede-like or something on the outside.

Speaker 6 And then it's adhesive, obviously, on the inside. And, you know,

Speaker 6 taking it on and off is was very on tender skin.

Speaker 6 It was painful.

Speaker 5 You know, you must have felt particularly vulnerable because here you are in the shower, you know, knowing that this actor with a big knife is going to be coming at you.

Speaker 5 But also, you've got these crew guys looking at you from on top and from the sides, making you, I'm sure, feel more vulnerable.

Speaker 5 Were you able to use that vulnerability, knowing that the crew is looking at you when you were mostly naked?

Speaker 5 Could you work with that and use that for your facial expressions?

Speaker 6 Well, I think you use everything, every tool available

Speaker 6 for whatever you're trying to portray

Speaker 6 certainly

Speaker 6 I always noticed that during this shower sequence that everybody seemed to have a lot of assistance it was

Speaker 6 it was a it was a closed set

Speaker 6 but there were more people than I remembered being on that set

Speaker 6 and one time

Speaker 6 one of the most difficult scenes technically and also for me was at the end when she falls forward and grabs the shower curtain and goes over the tub. Her head is kind of against that tub.

Speaker 6 And he starts on a close-up of the eye and pulls back into a long shot.

Speaker 6 Now

Speaker 6 we did it several times. We were in the 20 takes.
I don't know which one, 24, 5, something.

Speaker 6 Because it wasn't automatic focus, it was hand focus,

Speaker 6 it was a very difficult technical shot for the camera operator who had to do the focusing as we pulled back. And it was hard for me because of

Speaker 6 trying to just have a non-live look in your eye because I, well, that's another story about I couldn't wear contact lenses, not enough time. So it was just a hard shot.
And around the

Speaker 6 oh, I don't know, 24th or 5th, somewhere in there,

Speaker 6 everything seemed to be going well.

Speaker 6 But the steam from the hot water

Speaker 6 had started to sort of melt the adhesive on the mole skin.

Speaker 6 And I could feel it pulling away from my bosom. And now,

Speaker 6 I knew that camera-wise,

Speaker 6 it would never show. But the guys upstairs

Speaker 6 on the rafters, the electricians up there, the gaffers, they were going to get

Speaker 6 a peek. And I thought to myself, well, what do I do? I feel it pulling away.
This shot is going well. I don't want to do this shot again.
And it's nothing they haven't seen before.

Speaker 6 So I just said, let it rip.

Speaker 6 And because, and that was the shot that they printed.

Speaker 5 What was your reaction the first time you saw the final cut of that scene?

Speaker 6 I didn't see that scene separately. I saw the entire picture.

Speaker 6 But I have to tell you that I screamed,

Speaker 6 I screamed bloody murder. I mean, I really did.
Even though I read the script, I'd done the show, I knew what was happening, and I was still here.

Speaker 6 It just blew me away.

Speaker 5 So, you mean it was more frightening to watch the scene than it was to shoot it?

Speaker 6 Yes. Why do you think it was?

Speaker 6 Well, because in shooting it, don't forget, you wait maybe two hours while they're setting up the shot. And of course, the emotion is there when you're doing the scene but then you

Speaker 6 relax again for another hour while they do the next setup in the in the actual seeing of it you saw the staccato you saw the the beat of the scene you saw the mounting tenseness and the mounting you know desperation and That's where it hits you and the music, seeing that all together, that was

Speaker 6 what made it emphatic is putting all the editing together and the music because otherwise you know it it was spread out over seven days this way I saw it in what 45 seconds and it was it was terrifying to me it's the truth that I've never realized in my life before how vulnerable one is in a shower and I don't take showers.

Speaker 6 That's the truth. Because you are completely

Speaker 6 defenseless. I mean, one, you can't hear because the water's running.
Two, unless you, you know, have different kinds of curtains, which I'm sure afterwards that I know they did.

Speaker 6 But at that time, you couldn't see out because of the curtain. And

Speaker 6 you're naked. You're defenseless.

Speaker 6 And it just terrified me.

Speaker 5 So it's been only baths since the making of Psycho?

Speaker 6 Exactly.

Speaker 6 And if there's no other way, I mean, mean if wherever I happen to be only has a shower, it's with the door. The shower is never closed.
The bathroom is very wet.

Speaker 6 And

Speaker 6 I'm always facing the door and there is something by my side that I could grab if I had to.

Speaker 5 Alfred Hitchcock didn't want anyone in the audience to know that your character, Marion, was going to be killed or that Anthony Perkins was really the mother, you know, that he was

Speaker 5 impersonating his mother.

Speaker 5 So what did Hitchcock do to make sure that you and the other actors didn't inadvertently give away any of this information?

Speaker 6 We did not go on tour for this picture. Mr.
Hitchcock did. If you remember the classic now teaser for the movie is you never saw us really.

Speaker 6 You saw Mr. Hitchcock taking you through

Speaker 6 the motel and the various places saying, oh, well, we don't want to talk about what happened there. I mean, it's a classic teaser.
And he went on tour around the world. We never gave an interview.

Speaker 6 He was afraid that we might just let it out.

Speaker 6 And I don't know if you remember in the book the story of how it came, because again, this was a first,

Speaker 6 except for roadshow pictures, where you would have a matinee at 2:30 and an evening one at 7:30, like Gone with the Wind or something like that,

Speaker 6 most movies just ran continuously.

Speaker 6 And you could come in at any time.

Speaker 2 No, right.

Speaker 5 In fact, and the bywords of moviegoers were: this is where we came in. Exactly.

Speaker 5 Because you'd come in in the middle of the movie and you'd stay until that point came around again in the next showing, and then you'd leave.

Speaker 6 That's right. And

Speaker 6 what happened was he was sitting with his assistant and he said, you know, he said, I just thought, he said, this stars Janet Lee and Tony Perkins.

Speaker 6 What if somebody should come in in the middle of the picture and keeps looking for Janet Lee and she's not there?

Speaker 6 That's going to be very strange. So he said, there's only one thing to do.
He said,

Speaker 6 we can't let anybody in after the picture starts.

Speaker 6 Well, there was all heck to pay

Speaker 6 because

Speaker 6 the theater owners

Speaker 6 just, I mean, they couldn't believe that that was a rule. And actually the day it opened,

Speaker 6 Barney Balaban, who was head of Paramount, who distributed the picture, got calls from theater owners all over the country saying, look, it's a nine o'clock show, you know, it's half full, and there's a line outside.

Speaker 6 What do you you mean?

Speaker 6 I'm going to let them in. And Barney said, You better read the fine print.
You can't do it.

Speaker 6 Well, of course, once they realized they used this, I mean, finally, when people realized that they couldn't get in until the picture, once the picture started, there were lines. People went crazy.

Speaker 6 The theater managers used that. In the rain,

Speaker 6 they had umbrellas for people,

Speaker 6 and everybody tried everything. So it was revolutionary.

Speaker 2 Right.

Speaker 5 Well, Janet Lee, thank you so much for sharing some of your memories of Psycho with us.

Speaker 6 It was fun.

Speaker 3 Janet Lee, speaking with Terry Gross in 1999. Janet Lee died in 2004 at age 77.
Her daughter, Jamie Lee Curtis, starred in her own low-budget influential slasher horror film, 1978's Halloween.

Speaker 3 Coming up, more about Hitchcock with Evan Hunter, the screenwriter of Hitchcock's The Birds. This is Fresh Air.

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Speaker 3 We're looking back today at a couple of Alfred Hitchcock films. We just heard about the making of his 1960 movie Psycho, which was released 65 years ago.
Next, we focus on the film he made in 1963.

Speaker 3 The film The Birds, based on a novella by Daphne Demaurier, is set in a small coastal community where the birds inexplicably begin attacking humans and pecking them to death.

Speaker 3 The story was adapted for the screen by Evan Hunter, who had written the novel Blackboard Jungle, which itself was made into a movie.

Speaker 3 Under the pen name Ed McBain, Hunter also had written a series of best-selling mystery novels set in New York's 87th precinct.

Speaker 3 When Terry spoke with Evan Hunter in 1999, she asked him about adapting the novella, and he admitted he found it difficult.

Speaker 7 Well, I wasn't so much worried about how the birds would perform because I figured that was his job, not mine, directing the birds.

Speaker 7 But if we stuck to the original premise of these two people in the cottage who in the story, as I recall, spoke to each other mainly in grunts and long pauses, there would be a lot of lapsed time on the screen.

Speaker 5 Right. Now what was the climax in the novel and what did you think of the climax?

Speaker 7 The climax was the scene that survived, one of the few, the only scene that survived the story,

Speaker 7 where the finches come down the chimney into the cottage.

Speaker 5 Hitchcock told you that he wanted to get rid of everything in the novella except the title and the idea of birds attacking.

Speaker 5 Did he have a similar reaction to the novella that you did, that there really wasn't much there that would adapt into a film?

Speaker 7 I think he had other reasons for not wanting to keep it the way it was. He liked to deal in all of his movies, he dealt with more sophisticated people who were

Speaker 7 intelligent and

Speaker 7 quick-speaking and almost glib.

Speaker 7 And he didn't have that opportunity with these characters. So in a sense, our reactions were the same in that respect.
But

Speaker 7 he also did not want to shoot ever again in England, he told me. He never wanted to go back to England and shoot there.
So he wanted to transfer the entire story to the United States someplace.

Speaker 7 And we chose the San Francisco location because, or he chose it actually,

Speaker 7 because

Speaker 7 he had had luck with,

Speaker 7 I guess it was the Trouble with Harry or Suspicion or one of them that was shot up there in Petaluma in the chicken country up around San Francisco.

Speaker 7 And

Speaker 7 he looked upon omens and

Speaker 7 little superstitious things.

Speaker 7 Like he had great luck with Rebecca, which is why he bought the birds, you know, and he had had luck shooting around the San Francisco area, so he wanted to go back to shoot there.

Speaker 5 Now, you say in your book, Me and Hitch, that you wanted to do the birds as a screwball comedy that suddenly turns terrifying.

Speaker 7 Yeah, that idea came later.

Speaker 7 We went with several notions of, I remember one of my ideas was to come out and have her a school teacher, the new school mom in this little town, Bodega Bay.

Speaker 7 and

Speaker 7 an inbred hostility from the natives against the newcomer, the big city girl from San Francisco. And this was one of the ideas that was shot down.
She survived, of course, as Annie

Speaker 7 in the screenplay and in the movie, but not as the lead character.

Speaker 7 One of the ideas he had was that she was a newspaper reporter coming up from San Francisco to examine,

Speaker 7 to look into some reported bird attacks. and this went by the by but it survived as her father being the publisher of a newspaper.

Speaker 7 We kept flipping around with looking for a handle on it and then one idea one day I was I was on my lunch hour and when I came back I said to Hitch, why don't we do a screwball comedy?

Speaker 7 And suddenly it turns to terror. We have a bird attack in the middle of some nonsense and we know we're serious here.
We're talking about bird attacks.

Speaker 7 And he liked that idea very much, and that's what we went with.

Speaker 5 Do you feel that that was a successful idea?

Speaker 7 Yeah, I thought it was a successful idea, but I'm not so good, I'm not so sure how successful it turned out to be in execution.

Speaker 7 It was a very difficult premise to bring off to begin with, and

Speaker 7 I think it required enormous skill all along the way. And perhaps I had not the skills, and

Speaker 7 I know Hitch had the skills because he dealt with comedy very often in the past but I don't think he ever dealt with

Speaker 7 merging comedy with terror and of course it takes a great deal of skill on the part of the performers

Speaker 5 yeah well Hitchcock I think had wanted Grace Kelly and Carrie Grant did you write with them in mine

Speaker 7 Yes, there was no question.

Speaker 7 They were at the forefront of both of our minds while we were talking the script.

Speaker 7 A a Grace Kelly, Carrie Grant team.

Speaker 7 And of course it was impossible, you know, because Grace was already in Monaco, as Hitch said, being a princess, you know.

Speaker 7 And Carrie Grant wanted 50% of the picture and Hitch would never give him anything like that.

Speaker 5 Now, when you were working with Hitchcock on the screenplay, did you talk a lot about why the birds were attacking?

Speaker 7 It came up frequently because

Speaker 7 we didn't want to make the movie a science fiction film.

Speaker 7 We could have said, well, you know, the birds are attacking because there's a strain of virus 21.7 going around and this is probably from another planet or any such nonsense as that.

Speaker 7 And at the same time, we didn't want it to seem

Speaker 7 as if we hadn't thought of it, as if we hadn't thought, why are these birds attacking, you know, why the creative forces behind the picture hadn't once thought to ask this question of themselves.

Speaker 7 So it was a dodgy situation.

Speaker 7 And we decided,

Speaker 7 I did a scene

Speaker 7 in the screenplay where they try to figure out why the birds are doing this.

Speaker 7 And they succeed only in frightening themselves. But what they do

Speaker 7 come up with is the notion that there is a collective intelligence behind it, that these birds are not acting in isolated little groups, but that it's all the birds.

Speaker 7 It's all the birds attacking mankind for whatever reason. We never explain why, but at least we do explain that there is a unified force here and not some

Speaker 7 stragglers.

Speaker 5 What happened to that scene?

Speaker 7 On the cutting room floor. I don't think he ever shook.
Wait, did he shoot that one? Yes, he did shoot it. He shot it and it did not survive the final cut.

Speaker 5 Now, was Hitchcock concerned when you were writing the story about how he was going to technically pull off the bird scenes?

Speaker 7 Never. I once asked him in one of our meetings, how far can I go with this, Hitch? And he said, go wherever you want and let me worry about it.
You put it on paper, and I'll get it on film.

Speaker 7 And I think he really believed that. You know, you must remember this was in 1961.

Speaker 7 And we did not have Star Wars technology, which is unfortunate because we would have had them screaming out of the theater, I promise you. But

Speaker 7 we did not have it, and I don't think he realized when he made that promise to me that how difficult it was going to be to deal with birds and to deal with animation and to deal with puppetry and all the other little gimmicks he used to create the illusion of reality.

Speaker 7 It was interesting because the most real thing in the movie, to me anyway, were the birds,

Speaker 7 not the people. The people, in a way,

Speaker 7 were the puppets and the hand puppets that were biting the people seemed real. It was a strange irony.

Speaker 5 How many, what percentage of the birds would you say were puppets in animations? And how much of the birds was real?

Speaker 7 I'm trying to, I can't assign percentages to it. I can only give you

Speaker 7 absolute examples.

Speaker 7 The scene where the birds are attacking the town,

Speaker 7 where the gas station catches on fire, and the birds, and we cut to way above the gas station, we see the birds flying in formation like a flight of fighter planes.

Speaker 7 Those are animated.

Speaker 7 One of the most frightening scenes in the film is where Rod Taylor is trying to pull the shutter closed and tie it with a cord, and a bird is pecking at his hand. That was a puppet.

Speaker 7 Some of the birds

Speaker 7 in the scene where the children are running away from the school,

Speaker 7 and the birds are on the children's backs, and they're trying to get them off, and they're going at them. Those were mechanical birds that the children were operating from little, you know,

Speaker 7 buzzers and things inside their clothing.

Speaker 7 The scene where the swifts come down the chimney,

Speaker 7 that was all double exposure.

Speaker 7 We shot the

Speaker 7 people running around the room, flapping their hands in the air, and then the birds were added onto that later on.

Speaker 7 Like that.

Speaker 3 Evan Hunter, speaking to Terry Gross in 1999. More after a break.
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Speaker 3 Let's get back to Terry's 1999 interview with Evan Hunter, who wrote the screenplay for Alfred Hitchcock's 1963 film, The Birds.

Speaker 5 Let's hear a scene from the film. The townspeople are gathered in a restaurant after a bird attack on the school.

Speaker 10 Now, maybe we're all getting a little carried away by this.

Speaker 10 Admittedly, a few birds did act strange, but that's no reason to believe.

Speaker 11 I keep telling you, this isn't a few birds. These are gulls, crows, swifts.

Speaker 12 I have never known birds of different species to flock together. The very concept is unimaginable.

Speaker 12 Why, if that happened, we wouldn't have a chance. How could we possibly hope to fight them?

Speaker 10 We couldn't. You're right.
You're right, Mrs. Bundy.

Speaker 4 Snap, something wrong out here.

Speaker 12 We're fighting a war, Sam.

Speaker 4 A war against who?

Speaker 10 Against birds.

Speaker 12 I'm glad you all think this is so amusing.

Speaker 4 Frightened the children half out of their wits.

Speaker 13 If the young lady said she saw the attack at a school, why don't you believe her?

Speaker 12 What attack? Who attacked the school?

Speaker 11 Birds did, crows.

Speaker 12 You're all sitting around here debating.

Speaker 11 What do you want him to do next? Crash at that window?

Speaker 2 Mommy. Shh.

Speaker 2 Put on your coat.

Speaker 11 Why don't you all go home? Lock your doors and windows.

Speaker 11 What's the fastest way to San Francisco?

Speaker 7 The freeway, ma'am.

Speaker 12 How do I find it?

Speaker 4 I'm going out that way, lady. You can follow me.

Speaker 13 Well, then let's leave now.

Speaker 5 Do you feel like you learned things about building suspense by working on the birds with Hitchcock?

Speaker 7 Yeah, he was very good. He was very good on suspense, and he was very good on

Speaker 2 detail.

Speaker 7 You know,

Speaker 7 it was amazing.

Speaker 7 I'd be in the middle of discussing a scene with him and he would say out of the blue,

Speaker 7 well, how long has she been in San Francisco now? How long has she been in Bodega Bay?

Speaker 7 And I would say, well, I don't know, two days.

Speaker 7 And he'd say, well,

Speaker 7 has she called her father?

Speaker 7 And I'd say, what? He said, has she called her father?

Speaker 7 I said, no, she hasn't. He said, well, don't you think she should call her father?

Speaker 7 Tell him where she is, you know? And I said, sure, you know. So it's easy to do a phone call to Papa.

Speaker 7 Or things like

Speaker 7 I'll remember this always. When I described the scene to him where she goes up to the attic, I don't know if you recall the movie where

Speaker 7 There's been a big bird attack on the house and

Speaker 7 they're all sitting around and Mitch is asleep in the chair and she's asleep in the other chair

Speaker 7 and

Speaker 7 she hears a sound and she looks up, she leans over to Mitch and he doesn't hear her because he's asleep and she grabs a flashlight and goes to investigate.

Speaker 7 And I'm describing the scene to him and this to me by the way, it didn't turn out to be this in the film itself.

Speaker 7 But in the screenplay, when she opens the door to that attic, there's every bird imaginable to mankind in that room. I mean, there are hawks, there are eagles, there are seagulls, there are

Speaker 7 anything you could imagine is in that room.

Speaker 7 When her eyes pan that room, we see all the birds in the universe in that room, and we know right at that moment that this is a unified attack against human beings and not something we're playing around with here in Bodega Bay.

Speaker 7 It didn't turn out that way.

Speaker 7 In the film, he just used crows and seagulls.

Speaker 7 But I described the scene to him and she goes up the stairs and

Speaker 7 she hesitates and then she

Speaker 7 opens the door and all these birds are in there. And he was silent for a while and then he said,

Speaker 7 let me see if I have this correctly, Evan.

Speaker 7 And I said, yeah,

Speaker 7 and I told him, he said,

Speaker 7 there's been this massive bird attack on the house. I said, yes, there has.
He said, and now she hears a sound, and Mitch is asleep, so she doesn't want to wake him up.

Speaker 7 I said, yes, so she goes to investigate by herself.

Speaker 7 Have I got that correct? I said, yes. He says, well, is the girl daft?

Speaker 7 So

Speaker 7 I said, well, you know, I realized he had me. And he said,

Speaker 7 we'll take the curse off it.

Speaker 7 He said, we'll have her first go into the kitchen and spot the love birds in the cage, and this makes her feel a bit more complacent about it and then we'll have her along the way open some other doors and and she'll see that everything's okay and and we'll lull the audience until she opens that final door and boom there are all the birds.

Speaker 5 Can you think of an example of a scene that Hitchcock added that you hadn't written?

Speaker 7 Yes, well there were many in the film.

Speaker 7 For example, the scene where

Speaker 7 Melanie

Speaker 7 is trapped in the phone booth,

Speaker 7 this is not in the screenplay at all. Not at all.

Speaker 7 The scene ends, I don't know, the birds are chasing the children and everybody's running from the town, but it was Hitch who put her in that phone booth.

Speaker 7 And Hitch who had all the birds smashing into the phone booth, picking up the metaphor of

Speaker 7 she being a a bird in a gilded cage from the beginning of the film, and now she's back in the gilded cage in the phone booth.

Speaker 7 You know, it was wonderful imagery and scary as hell when they're battering the walls of that thing. You think they're going to get her.

Speaker 5 The other nice thing about a phone booth is that she's enclosed, but it's also a transparent enclosure, so you can see her through the glass.

Speaker 7 And you can see everything that's happening. And you see people running, and the one guy with blood all over his face almost trying to want to get in the phone booth.

Speaker 7 So it was a brilliant scene, and not at all in the screenplay.

Speaker 5 Now, did you enjoy working with Hitchcock?

Speaker 2 Oh, yeah.

Speaker 7 Well, he was wonderful.

Speaker 7 He was like the father every boy wished he could have.

Speaker 7 He was I think approximately twice my age while we were working on the film and in good health and good spirits and felt, told me many, many times that he felt he was entering the golden age of making films, his golden age of making films.

Speaker 7 He had just come off the success of Psycho, you have to understand, and was looking forward to birds being an even bigger success.

Speaker 7 But he was humorous, he was anecdotal, he was generous.

Speaker 7 With his time and with his

Speaker 7 patience, and

Speaker 7 I was a new kid on the block out there in many, many respects. And

Speaker 7 he took me under his wing, not to

Speaker 2 use it. And then attach you.

Speaker 3 Evan Hunter, speaking with Terry Gross in 1999. He died in 2005 at age 78.

Speaker 3 Coming up, Justin Chang reviews the new film Hamnet about Shakespeare as a husband and father. This is fresh air.

Speaker 8 Support for this podcast and the following message come from NYU Langone Health, ranked number one in the U.S. for cardiology, heart, and vascular surgery by U.S.
News and World Report. Dr.

Speaker 8 Larry Chinitz is the co-director of NYU Langone Heart, and he shares how data analytics is shaping the future of cardiovascular care.

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Speaker 8 Learn more at nyulangone.org slash heart.

Speaker 3 In the new drama Hamlet, which opens in limited release next week, Paul Mesko plays William Shakespeare as a young playwright, husband, and father in the years leading up to his writing of Hamlet.

Speaker 3 The film, which also stars Jesse Buckley as Agnes, Shakespeare's wife, was adapted from Maggie O'Farrell's 2020 novel. It's the latest movie from Chloe Zhao, the Oscar-winning director of Nomad Land.

Speaker 3 Our film critic, Justin Chang, has this review.

Speaker 2 In her moving 2020 novel, Hamlet, the Northern Irish writer Maggie O'Farrell explored the possibility that a real-life tragedy may have inspired one of the greatest fictional tragedies ever written.

Speaker 2 William Shakespeare's son, Hamlet, died at the age of 11 in 1596. six, a few years before the first recorded performances of Hamlet at the Globe Theatre in London.

Speaker 2 From these facts, O'Farrell spun a historical fiction, a mix of research and speculation, into Shakespeare's personal life, starting with his rapturous romance with a farmer's daughter, Anne Hathaway, the arrival of their three children, and the effect of Hamnet's death and Shakespeare's career on their marriage.

Speaker 2 Now O'Farrell has co-written an adaptation of her novel with the director Chloe Zhao, and it plays like a more somber and realistic version of Shakespeare in Love. Call it Shakespeare in Grief.

Speaker 2 The chief focus isn't really Shakespeare at all, though he's sensitively played by Paul Meskell.

Speaker 2 The heart of the movie is Anne, though here, as in certain historical documents, she's referred to as Agnes.

Speaker 2 She's played by an extraordinary Jesse Buckley. Anyas is a gifted healer, with a deep connection to the earth.

Speaker 2 She's most at home wandering the woods near her family's farmhouse, in Stratford-upon-Avon.

Speaker 2 She falls into a passionate romance with William, who's tutoring her younger brothers in Latin, to help out his father, a struggling glovemaker.

Speaker 2 Anyas becomes pregnant, to the chagrin of both families, especially William's mother, Mary, played by a strong Emily Watson. Even so, the two lovers marry and settle down.

Speaker 2 Anyas gives birth to a daughter, Susanna.

Speaker 2 But before long, William, on the verge of becoming the most celebrated writer in the English language, is feeling boxed in by sleepy Stratford.

Speaker 2 And so Anyas selflessly sends him off to London, knowing he'll find the creative outlet he seeks there.

Speaker 2 William is thus away when she gives birth to their twins, Hamnet and Judith. They enjoy a happy childhood, despite their father's long absences from home.

Speaker 2 In this scene, William prepares to say the latest of many farewells to Hamlet, who's played by Jacobi Jupe.

Speaker 6 Will we go with you this time?

Speaker 2 No, not yet.

Speaker 2 Hey.

Speaker 7 I'll miss you.

Speaker 2 But I have to go, you understand. I

Speaker 2 know.

Speaker 6 I understand.

Speaker 6 That's good.

Speaker 7 Because I need you to look after your mother and your sisters. Will you do that?

Speaker 6 Yes.

Speaker 7 Will you be brave?

Speaker 6 Yes.

Speaker 2 Yes.

Speaker 2 Will you be brave? Yes. Will you be brave? Yes.

Speaker 6 Yes, I'll be brave. I'll be brave.

Speaker 6 I'll be brave.

Speaker 2 After her clunky 2021 Marvel movie, Eternals, it's good to see Chloe Zhao back on firmer footing with Hamnet, though it isn't necessarily a film I'd have expected her to make.

Speaker 2 With its English period setting and real-life historical figures, it's a far cry from dramas like Nomad Land and Songs My Brothers Taught Me, which used a mix of fiction and non-fiction techniques to focus on little-seen corners of rural American life.

Speaker 2 That said, there are echoes of the director's past work throughout Hamnet.

Speaker 2 William has some of the same vocational drivenness as, say, the rodeo cowboy we meet in Zhao's film The Writer, determined to do what he was born to do.

Speaker 2 But William's time away from home takes a heavy toll on Agnes and their children, and Hamlet is, among other things, a tense portrait of marital estrangement.

Speaker 2 Anyas is, in many ways, a classic Zhao character, a woman deeply and eccentrically attuned to the natural world.

Speaker 2 She also feels like an amalgam of some of Buckley's pastorals, the wild child she played in the thriller beast, but also the ill-treated girlfriends she played in mind-bending films like Men and I'm Thinking of Ending Things.

Speaker 2 There's an elemental force to Buckley's performance in Hamlet. When Anyas gives birth, or watches as her son takes his last breath, she howls her agony to the skies.

Speaker 2 At some point Buckley doesn't even seem to be acting any more, so effortlessly does she seem to inhabit Anyas's earthy earthy mysticism, her maternal love, and her bottomless grief and despair.

Speaker 2 She's the reason the film is as affecting as it is, especially at the climax, when we finally see how Shakespeare's son, Hamlet, and the first production of his play, Hamlet, converge.

Speaker 2 I'm still wrestling with what I think of this sequence, which will undoubtedly move audiences to tears. The first time I saw it, I shed more than a few myself.
It's undeniably effective.

Speaker 2 It also feels a little reductive in the way that it regards an endlessly complex Shakespeare masterwork in purely therapeutic terms, a means of achieving closure.

Speaker 2 Zhao knows that in the end, the play's the thing. But as staged here, it feels like a smaller, less meaningful thing than it should.

Speaker 3 Justin Chang is a film critic for The New Yorker. He reviewed Hamlet.

Speaker 3 On Monday's show, actor Brendan Fraser tells us about his new film, Rental Family. He plays a struggling American actor in Tokyo who works for a service that provides stand-in family members for rent.

Speaker 3 We'll also trace Fraser's remarkable resurgence from the whale to killers of the flower moon and beyond. I hope you can join us.

Speaker 3 To keep up with what's on the show and get highlights of our interviews, follow us on Instagram at NPR Fresh Air.

Speaker 3 You can subscribe to our YouTube channel at youtube.com slash thisisfreshair. We're rolling out new videos with in-studio guests, behind-the-scenes shorts, and iconic interviews from the archive.

Speaker 3 Fresh Air's executive producer is Danny Miller. Sam Brigger is our managing producer.
Our senior producer today is Roberta Shurrock.

Speaker 3 Our technical director and engineer is Audrey Bentham, with additional engineering support by Joyce Lieberman, Julian Hertzfeld, and Deanna Martinez.

Speaker 3 Our interviews and reviews are produced and edited by Phyllis Myers, Anne-Marie Baldonado, Lauren Krenzel, Teresa Madden, Monique Nazareth, Thea Chaloner, Susan Yacundi, and Anna Bouton.

Speaker 3 Our digital media producer is Molly C. V.
Nesper.

Speaker 3 Hope Wilson is our consulting visual producer. For Terry Gross and Tanya Mosley, I'm David Dean Coo.

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