Russia warns Ukraine to reach deal or lose more territory

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Speaker 4 This is the Global News Podcast from the BBC World Service. I'm Janet Jalil and at 16 hours GMT on Friday the 21st of November, these are our main stories.

Speaker 4 The Kremlin urges Ukraine to agree quickly to a US peace plan that appears to favor many of Russia's demands.

Speaker 4 The UN says nearly 70 children have been killed in Gaza since the ceasefire there came into effect last month.

Speaker 4 Officials in Nigeria say dozens of pupils and staff have been abducted from a Catholic school, the third mass kidnapping in a week.

Speaker 4 Also in this podcast.

Speaker 10 What we've been able to do is use very specific features of these raws and get an AI model to basically say, I think these are full-throated raws, I think these are intermediary raws, I think these are grunts.

Speaker 4 How artificial intelligence is helping scientists differentiate between different lion roars.

Speaker 4 Russia has warned that Ukraine will lose more territory on the battlefield unless it reaches a deal on ending the war immediately.

Speaker 4 The US handed President Zelensky a draft peace plan on Thursday, which reportedly reflects many of Moscow's demands, such as giving up large tracts of land and substantially reducing the size of the Ukrainian army, demands that Ukraine has long rejected.

Speaker 4 The Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said Russian advances have left Mr. Zelensky with less room to negotiate.

Speaker 12 The effective work of the Russian armed forces should convince both Zelensky and his regime that it is better to negotiate and do it now, and it is better to do it now than later.

Speaker 12 The room for freedom of decision-making for him is shrinking as the territory is lost during the offensive actions of the Russian armed forces.

Speaker 4 Neither Ukraine nor other European nations were consulted about the draft peace plan. Mr.

Speaker 4 Zelensky has given a guarded response to the proposals, saying he's ready to work with the US on their vision for ending the war.

Speaker 4 Since being presented with the plan, President Zelensky has held a call with the leaders of Germany, France, and Britain, and he's also talked to the US Vice President J.D. Vance.

Speaker 4 The EU's top diplomat, Kaya Kallas, said whatever plan was finally agreed had to safeguard Ukraine and Europe's interests.

Speaker 13 We are supportive of any plan that brings about just and lasting peace.

Speaker 13 As for the peace plan we understand that President Zelensky has been presented with, we have always said that any peace plan to work, it has to be with Ukraine and with the Europeans on board.

Speaker 4 This comes as a major corruption scandal in the beleaguered energy sector involving a close ally of President Zelensky has rocked the Ukrainian government and weakened support for him.

Speaker 4 These residents in Kyiv gave us their thoughts on the US peace proposals.

Speaker 15 What they are offering us is not very good for us. The peace plan generally is good.
The two countries should be equal in the long run and no one should give in to this.

Speaker 15 That is, the issue of resolving the war should be there and the war should end.

Speaker 17 This is not acceptable. Ukraine is the one who decides, not America.
Of course, America helps, but this is our land and not our war.

Speaker 13 We have to defend our land.

Speaker 18 You see, I really like Trump. I really like him.

Speaker 18 And I have all my hopes with Trump. because Ukraine is no longer able to generate any protest internally because it is very corrupt.

Speaker 4 Mr. Zelensky said Ukraine faced a difficult choice, either losing its dignity or losing a key partner.
Our correspondent in Kyiv is Jonathan Beale.

Speaker 1 In his nightly address, he was careful not to criticise or reject the U.S.

Speaker 1 draft of this peace deal, as you say, even though it does appear from what we've seen to heavily reflect many of Moscow's demands. He said he was ready for constructive, honest, and efficient work.

Speaker 1 He said Ukraine wanted peace,

Speaker 1 and he knows that he will be talking to President Trump soon in the coming days. So he is engaging, but I think there is deep concern because some of the demands that have been reported, such as

Speaker 1 giving up the entire Donbass region, where Ukrainian troops are fighting for and dying, trying to defend at the moment, reducing the size of Ukraine's military, ruling out the presence of international troops in the country, giving up long-range weapons.

Speaker 1 Those are concessions that they've rejected in the past.

Speaker 1 Now the US is saying that both sides will have to make concessions.

Speaker 1 And from what we've seen in the draft, there are some demands being made of Moscow, for example, using some of its frozen assets to help rebuild Ukraine, that there will be a commitment in Russian law not to invade Ukraine again.

Speaker 1 Whether people here believe that's worth the paper it it would be written on, I think is another question.

Speaker 1 And even though it does rule out NATO membership, it doesn't close the door on EU membership.

Speaker 1 That said, overall, I think this is, as far as MPs who've been commenting on what they've seen so far, is something that

Speaker 1 looks one-sided and they feel that they're trying to be forced into a quick peace. And there is clear

Speaker 1 efforts by the US to get a quick deal.

Speaker 1 They say there is an aggressive timeline for this. They want an agreement within weeks.
So the pressure really is on President Zelensky at a difficult time for him.

Speaker 4 There's pressure on President Zelensky, but the Europeans have also been completely left out of this process.

Speaker 4 And we're hearing today that EU ambassadors will now be briefed by military officials in Ukraine.

Speaker 1 Yeah, it does seem that Europe has been left in the dark, that it wasn't party to the drafting of this peace plan, which seems to have been done by President Trump's special envoy, Steve Witkov, with his Russian counterpart.

Speaker 1 And then, at the later stages, some input from the Ukrainians, from former Minister Umerov, who visited Witkov, didn't have a hard copy of the document, but relayed the information to President Zelensky before President Zelensky was presented with the plan.

Speaker 1 Some of the stuff that Europe's been working on, for example, this coalition of the willing led by the UK and France, trying to get together an international force that would be ready to go into Ukraine, what they call a reassurance force,

Speaker 1 to ensure any ceasefire if that happened. That's not even mentioned.
In fact, it's the opposite. There is a specific mention of no international troops.

Speaker 1 So clearly, Europe, some of its suggestions have been ignored. It is now being consulted.
And the Americans have said this is a draft, that things can be changed.

Speaker 1 It's not a final document, but they want a final document to take to Moscow within weeks.

Speaker 4 Jonathan Beale in Kyiv.

Speaker 4 The United Nations Children's Agency says almost seventy children have been killed in conflict-related incidents in Gaza since Israel's US brokered ceasefire with Hamas took effect last month.

Speaker 4 Ricardo Pirres is a UNICEF spokesman. He says child deaths had averaged nearly two two a day.

Speaker 14 Yesterday morning, a baby girl was reportedly killed in Khan Yunis

Speaker 14 by an airstrike, while the day before seven children were killed in Gaza city and the south. This is during an agreed ceasefire.
The pattern is staggering.

Speaker 4 Israeli troops have withdrawn from the eastern half of Gaza to where they now maintain positions. They've launched several heavy airstrikes against what they say are Hamas fighters opening fire.

Speaker 4 And Israel is also backing militias in Gaza that are challenging the dominance of Hamas.

Speaker 4 Now, a senior Palestinian official has rejected claims by a pro-Israel militia leader in Gaza that his fighters will form part of the territory's future police force.

Speaker 4 Major General Amwar Rajab, spokesman for the Palestinian Authority Security Forces, told the BBC that there could be no blanket integration of men from Gaza's armed groups.

Speaker 4 Under the next stage of Donald Trump's peace plan, Gaza is to have a newly trained Palestinian police force.

Speaker 4 But as our Middle East correspondent Lucy Williamson reports, details are scarce and militia groups are already receiving weapons and support.

Speaker 20 Israel's war in Gaza has paused, but Hamas has other enemies there.

Speaker 20 Men like Hossam al-Astal, head of one of Gaza's new pro-Israel militia groups, the Counter-Terrorism Strike Force.

Speaker 20 In this footage, broadcast live on Facebook, in a combat vest packed with ammunition, he brandishes a green Hamas flag

Speaker 20 before dousing it in petrol and setting it alight.

Speaker 20 Hamas is finished, he crows.

Speaker 20 Al-Astel's group is small, but increasingly confident.

Speaker 20 His tent city in Israeli-held territory near Khanis, well supplied with food, medicine, and weapons, he said, sent from supporters with Israeli coordination.

Speaker 20 This week, he told Israeli media that U.S. representatives had assigned his force a role in Gaza's future security forces.

Speaker 20 When we spoke, I'd asked him if he'd had any contact with the Americans.

Speaker 23 You're smiling.

Speaker 19 This is not time. This is not time at all.

Speaker 20 So that's a yes.

Speaker 19 Next time, Sharon. This not long, not long time.

Speaker 11 I can't talk for all this.

Speaker 20 Are you happy after the conversations?

Speaker 23 Yes.

Speaker 20 Yes, he says, nodding with a big smile.

Speaker 20 The U.S. deals sets out plans for a newly trained Palestinian police force in Gaza.

Speaker 20 At his office in Ramallah, the spokesman for the Palestinian Authority Security Services, Major General Anwar Rajab, told me there would be no blanket integration of Gazan militia.

Speaker 6 Israel might demand the integration of these militias due to Israel's specific political and security considerations. But what Israel demands does not necessarily benefit the Palestinians.

Speaker 6 Israel wants to continue imposing its control in one way or another in the Gaza Strip.

Speaker 20 A complex patchwork of armed groups has emerged to fight Hamas in Gaza. Some are backed by Israel.
And elements within the Palestinian Authority are also believed to be covertly sending support.

Speaker 20 But many Gazans, even those disillusioned with Hamas, are unhappy with the power given to these new fragmented groups. Saleh Swaydan and Zahadu both live in Gaza City.

Speaker 25 Only a small number of men with no religion, faith, or ethics have joined these criminals.

Speaker 25 Gaza's Hamas government was ruling us, and although there were many burdens on civilians, any government is better than gangs.

Speaker 24 These groups that cooperate with the occupation are the worst thing that the war has produced. Joining them is not only dangerous, it is a great betrayal.

Speaker 20 40 years ago, Israel encouraged an organization of Islamic hardliners in Gaza to offset the growing power of Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat. That organization became Hamas.

Speaker 4 Lucy Williamson reporting.

Speaker 4 Well, since the war in Gaza began, we have tried to stay in contact with a lot of different people in the Palestinian territory to follow their lives and daily struggles throughout the conflict.

Speaker 4 Some of them have managed to leave the territory and go to other countries. Some have not, but all of them have endured some kind of hardship and loss.

Speaker 4 Since 2023, our outside source program has been following the story of a young woman called Sanabel.

Speaker 4 She was just 16 when the war started and has found it a struggle to continue her education throughout the ongoing conflict.

Speaker 4 Sanabel is now 18 and she's done very well in her exams and has received a scholarship to go to university. Christina Volk has kept in regular contact with Sanabel.

Speaker 26 The first time I've heard from Sanabel was back in 2023, a couple of days after October the 7th, and this is the first message ever she sent me.

Speaker 27 This war doesn't look like any wars that's happened before. When people ask me where is my biggest fear, I was always answer living in wars.
I'm terrified to lose my family, my home.

Speaker 27 A week has passed since the war began and there are no basic things that we need to continue our lives.

Speaker 26 She was displaced several times all within Gaza City.

Speaker 26 And then a couple of months in, a very sad message came that her aunt Ola, who was the one who put us in contact in the first time, has been killed.

Speaker 28 Every time I try to maintain my calm, every time I try to

Speaker 28 just focus on my life,

Speaker 28 something happens and destroy everything.

Speaker 28 I really want to get rid of Mars. I really want to get off wars.

Speaker 28 I'm sick of living any worse for my entire life.

Speaker 26 Even before the war for Sanibel, her goal was to do well in school, go to university. She gets great joy out of studying and learning new things.

Speaker 26 So she's always been holding on to studying throughout all of this.

Speaker 26 For now, she has a scholarship for a first semester at the Islamic University in Gaza City, although the circumstances are still a bit unclear on how it will start, when it will start, but her big dream is to study abroad, to study journalism in English, to continue her Aunt Ola's legacy, as she says.

Speaker 26 Coming from Gaza, she does not have a passport and she does not have the means to study abroad. So for now, she is very happy about the Islamic University and she also shared with us why.

Speaker 29 I actually get a full chance to study the first term in the Islamic University for free. And you know that the strongest university here in Gaza is the Islamic University.

Speaker 29 The student exchange is better and it is more stronger than any university here in Gaza. And the Islamic University, her relationships with the universities abroad is

Speaker 29 very

Speaker 29 good.

Speaker 4 That was Sanabel, a young resident of Gaza. To Nigeria now, where the last few days have seen a renewed wave of attacks and kidnappings by armed groups.

Speaker 4 Monday saw a group of girls abducted from a boarding school. Tuesday saw 38 worshippers kidnapped from a church.

Speaker 4 And now there are reports that nearly a hundred pupils and staff may have been taken from a Catholic school in Niger State in central Nigeria. Chris Yuoka in the capital Abuja told me more.

Speaker 23 What we understand is that armed men, known locally as bandits, stormed St. Mary's Catholic Primary and Secondary School in Papiri.

Speaker 23 Papiri is in Aguara local government area of Niger State in central Nigeria. And there they abducted a number of children.

Speaker 23 Really, at the moment, the number is not known, although residents fear they could be up to 100 alongside some members of staff and left.

Speaker 23 They also shot someone, not fatally, who's been rushed to the hospital. What we understand is that they actually came with vehicles and it was about 2 a.m.

Speaker 23 local time, very early in the morning, where people are already asleep.

Speaker 23 As they were going, the vehicle reportedly broke down on the road, but help didn't come for the students before they were taken away.

Speaker 23 The state government of Niger State has issued a statement confirming the incident, but also alleged that there had been information, intelligence about escalating threats in parts of Niger State, which led to his suspension of construction works, as well as ordering temporary closure of schools.

Speaker 23 But they were wondering why the St. Mary School didn't comply with the closure before this kidnap happened.

Speaker 4 Chris Yorko in Nigeria.

Speaker 3 Still to come.

Speaker 30 Miss Universe is

Speaker 11 Mexico.

Speaker 4 After a scandal-ridden contest, Miss Mexico gets her fairy tale ending.

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Speaker 4 A growing number of women in South Africa are learning to use guns to protect themselves against gender-based violence.

Speaker 4 On average, 15 women are killed every day in the country, a rise of nearly 34% compared to last year.

Speaker 4 On Friday, women across South Africa protested against what they say is government failure to tackle the issue, and they have asked for it to be declared a national disaster.

Speaker 4 Nomsa Maseko has been to a firing range in Johannesburg, and just to warn you that her report contains descriptions of sexual assault.

Speaker 32 This is what women in South Africa are doing to feel safer in a country with a staggering level of violence against women.

Speaker 32 I'm at a firing range in Johannesburg where a group of nine women are carrying out target practice.

Speaker 32 With them is Lynette Oxley from the Girls on Fire organization.

Speaker 33 What is going on in South Africa? We need to change the mindset and the women themselves must say, enough.

Speaker 33 Don't do this to me and I'm not going to let you do this to me.

Speaker 32 It is legal to own a firearm in South Africa for self-defense if you hold a valid licence.

Speaker 32 And a growing number of women here are choosing to do so to protect themselves, as Lynette explains.

Speaker 33 We do do firearm training, that is what we are about,

Speaker 33 but very responsible firearm training. What we usually train the ladies is situational awareness, avoidance is your first step, absolutely last resort if you do defend yourself with the firearm.

Speaker 33 Then also speak up. It's not about actually defending yourself with the firearm.
I want ladies to change what they think about them. Stop being silent.

Speaker 33 If you speak up, even if you didn't win the fight, but at least you're fighting back.

Speaker 33 Put your hands up and you want to shoot it.

Speaker 32 And that's what Prudence has been doing for three years.

Speaker 32 She says she went to the police after being raped in 2022.

Speaker 32 For her, it's not just about speaking up.

Speaker 32 It's about being heard.

Speaker 32 Charges against her alleged attacker were dropped after DNA evidence was lost.

Speaker 7 I said no, I screamed, I cried, but he didn't take any no for an answer. From then on, it was just an uphill battle.

Speaker 7 After the rape kit was taken, there was an issue of whether the rape kit was being processed. Then they found it eventually.
I then went to one of the case hearings, the court hearings, in Limpopo,

Speaker 7 wherein it was provisionally withdrawn because of the fact that DNA had not come back.

Speaker 32 What is it that you, as a rape victim,

Speaker 32 think should be done so that victims don't have to go through the same thing that she went through?

Speaker 7 It's no longer just a police problem,

Speaker 7 it's a nation problem. So if we take ownership of it because of the fact that this is the generation that my sister is being raised in,

Speaker 7 as much as it's me that was raped, but there's many other girls who are being raised in these communities. And how do we make it safer for them?

Speaker 7 How do we make it safer for victims to rise up and put these people behind bars? Because a rapist doesn't just rape once. He rapes continuously if he's not put behind bars in time.

Speaker 32 Another rape survivor here at the range is Erica.

Speaker 34 I don't want a woman to ever have to use her firearm.

Speaker 4 Ever.

Speaker 34 But having it gives you a sense of more control over your own life, which will make you less of a victim. But yeah, it's not about, here's a gun, go shoot somebody.

Speaker 34 That is not what we are about at all.

Speaker 34 It is about, yeah, empowerment.

Speaker 32 Such is the level of gender-based violence and femicide in South Africa that rights group Women for Change are calling on the government to declare it a national disaster.

Speaker 32 Cameron Kasambala is the spokesperson for the group.

Speaker 9 15 women killed every single day. 117 rape courses reported every day, and that's only 5%.

Speaker 9 These kind of numbers cannot be ignored. We've had legislations and policies in place for years.
I mean, the National Strategic Plan to Tackle Gender-Based Violence and Femicide was developed in 2019.

Speaker 9 You know, we have the Domestic Violence Act, the Protection from Harassment Act, so many beautiful acts and legislations. And what keeps happening is there's a lack of implementation and transparency.

Speaker 9 You know, and their biggest excuse is that they've got everything in place.

Speaker 9 But we are yet to see audits of where money is going, reports on what exactly is happening, details on all of these things they're allegedly doing.

Speaker 9 Right now we're still actually in discussions with the government about potentially declared a natural disaster. Every two and a half hours a woman is being killed.

Speaker 9 There's also, I think, a minimization and misleading numbers because I don't even think this covers the true magnitude of the issue. The government is hiding under high-level promises, there's this

Speaker 9 nominal presentation of care. And I think on a grassroots level, we've integrated violence and gender-based violence into our cultures and into social norms.

Speaker 9 It's become so integrated that trying to shake people out of it is becoming people very defensive of it. And I think it's requiring double efforts.

Speaker 9 And once the government truly reacts to this issue, I feel like we will already begin to see a proper reaction from on the ground because they set the president and the tone for how the country responds.

Speaker 9 And if they are not responding with urgency and taking this seriously, how would we expect people every day to do that?

Speaker 32 We reached out to the government for an interview on the claims made in this film, but no one was available.

Speaker 32 However, previously the government had said it has committed to challenging harmful norms and toxic masculinity, and that it is working to create a South Africa where every woman and girl can live free from fear and violence.

Speaker 32 And that's something the women here can only hope for.

Speaker 4 That report was by Nomsa Maseco.

Speaker 4 The UN Climate Summit in Brazil is heading for a showdown over a draft text proposed by the hosts that failed to refer to the phasing out of fossil fuels.

Speaker 4 A group of more than 30 nations have told Brazil they cannot accept a deal that fails to commit to a plan to transition away from oil, gas and coal.

Speaker 4 Our climate and science reporter, Esme Stalad, says some progress has been made in tackling climate change.

Speaker 35 Fossil fuel is going to peak. That's what the International Energy Agency has told us in their report last week.

Speaker 35 They can point to a number of commitments, particularly around committing climate finance, new emission targets for many countries.

Speaker 35 So, it's certainly that they haven't achieved anything, but certainly I think we can see that there is a real divide at the moment about how we go forward.

Speaker 35 We're getting to the really difficult areas now. You know, we've moved a lot of the easier parts of our economy away from fossil fuels.

Speaker 35 This is now the tougher areas that are left behind, so there's no surprise that they're going to struggle with this.

Speaker 4 Here's Miss Thalard.

Speaker 4 It's a surprising outcome to a beauty pageant that has had a particularly scandal-filled year.

Speaker 4 Miss Mexico Fatima Bosch, who at one point had walked out of a Miss Universe event in Thailand after being berated by an official, has in a dramatic turnaround been announced as the winner.

Speaker 30 Miss Universe is

Speaker 11 Mexico!

Speaker 4 So a fairy tale ending for Miss Mexico, but only after that difficult showdown as Mimi Swebe explains.

Speaker 17 Chaos has reigned in this 24th Miss Universe contest long before Miss Mexico was crowned.

Speaker 17 This all started when the 25-year-old made headlines and went viral for walking out of an event after she was publicly criticized and berated by a Thai organizer who allegedly insulted her intelligence and criticized her for not posting about promotional content on her social media.

Speaker 17 Let's listen to some of that interaction.

Speaker 36 I still talking. Listen.

Speaker 36 I still keep talking to everybody. Why you stand up to talk to me?

Speaker 36 Because I have a voice.

Speaker 11 I think everybody is talking to me.

Speaker 36 If you don't

Speaker 36 know you have a voice but you have to respect the white you are not respecting me as a woman. What mama why you stand up? I know we have a gun.
Security.

Speaker 17 So you can hear their other contestants walked out in solidarity with her and after crowning and getting her title, she said she wanted to be remembered as a Miss Universe who wasn't afraid to be herself and someone who perhaps has changed the stereotype of what Miss Universe stands for.

Speaker 17 And that really has come from her standing up for herself and making sure she's respected as a woman, like we heard in that interaction there, a heated interreaction.

Speaker 4 Well, given that heated interaction, what's her reaction been to her now winning the crown?

Speaker 17 So this perhaps surprise result has added to this year's controversy. Miss Mexico's win instantly divided opinion online.

Speaker 17 Many Mexicans and foreigners alike applauded the victory and said she was really kind of prolific in standing up for herself, especially with her walkout.

Speaker 17 Where others have said that maybe she was awarded this crown to make up for the earlier scandal.

Speaker 17 The favourite, Miss Thailand, came in second, followed by Venezuela and the Philippines and Cote d'Ivoire.

Speaker 17 There's been divided reactions, but in her hometown on Villa Hermosa, thousands had gathered at a baseball stadium to watch it live with fireworks exploding at the announcement.

Speaker 17 There was a real scene of joy there, but again, divided opinion, but really fueling this controversy of what we've seen being a very politically controversial as well as kind of social controversy as well in this year's pageant awards.

Speaker 4 And this is a very popular event watched by millions around the world. And this hasn't been the only controversy for Mr.
Universe.

Speaker 17 No, only about a week later, two judges resigned after this viral walkout. One actually accused organisers of rigging the competition.
They said there was a secret and illegitimate vote.

Speaker 17 Now, the organisation has denied this, but it really has, again, fueled kind of conspiracy theories around this pageant.

Speaker 17 And it comes at a time where the pageant and its relevance is being questioned as there is a declining audience.

Speaker 17 But despite criticism that pageantry in general is outdated and isn't, you know, up to date with the world we're living in, this is a thriving global business worth around a billion dollars a year.

Speaker 17 So, despite its controversy, it still has a large audience and making a lot of money.

Speaker 4 Mimi Swaby.

Speaker 4 You would think that a raw is a raw, but apparently it's a bit more complicated than that.

Speaker 4 A study published in Ecology and Evolution uses artificial intelligence to differentiate between the sounds an African lion makes, and it's something that might help a lot in the world of conservation.

Speaker 4 Let's play you two sounds to see if you can tell the difference. Here's the first one.

Speaker 4 That was the so-called intermediary roar, and now for the full-throated version.

Speaker 4 Well, to tell us how those two roars are supposed to be distinct from each other and what this all all means, Jonathan Grocott, lead author from the University of Exeter in southwest England, has been speaking to Justin Webb.

Speaker 10 So it's kind of really important as a monitoring technique, I'd say. So lions roar within what's called a roaring bout.

Speaker 10 So this famous iconic sound that they produce actually is a part of many different vocalisations within a wider thing.

Speaker 10 So you start with moans that develop into these roars that we just heard, and then it finishes off with a series of grunts. And whenever a lion roars, it roars like that.

Speaker 10 The full-throated roar has recently been discovered to be an individually identifiable tool. So like a human fingerprint, a lion's full-throated roar is an acoustic signature.

Speaker 10 But kind of differentiating and choosing these specific types of roar, which are important for monitoring, because if you can identify lions by their roars, you could possibly use it as a tool to count them, which is a really important conservation metric, then it's a little bit challenging.

Speaker 10 So we were basically trying to understand how do we determine these full-throated raws when there's an array of other vocalizations within this belt.

Speaker 5 And it's the AI that helps you do it.

Speaker 10 Exactly. So

Speaker 10 as I said, it's kind of a really subjective process before, determining what a full-throated raw was in comparison to other vocalizations.

Speaker 10 But what we've been able to do is use very specific features of these roars and get an AI model to basically say, I think these are full-throated roars, I think these are intermediary roars, I think these are grunts, and it spits out the ones it thinks are full-throated roars.

Speaker 10 And then what was really cool is that we then saw that the full-throated roars which the AI predicted meant that we could better differentiate between individual lions compared to when a human selects these roars.

Speaker 5 Right, and you were hinting earlier on that the usefulness of that could be really, really something when it comes to counting and monitoring and protecting this species?

Speaker 10 Yeah, so traditionally, if you want to try and do a population estimate survey of lions, you would use things like camera traps.

Speaker 10 So cameras that are positioned to like trees that take photos as lions go past.

Speaker 10 Bioacoustics, which is the field of research I'm in, is really emerging at the moment and has advantages that you can detect species like a lion from much further than a camera.

Speaker 10 And if you can identify a lion by its roar, you can go, oh, I've got thieve lion here, I've got Sandra lion here, and then you can use that to start to count the number of individuals in a landscape.

Speaker 10 If you do this, you can identify population trends and identify conservation hotspots, which you need to target for your underground protection services.

Speaker 3 Jonathan Grocott.

Speaker 4 And that's all from us for now, but there will be a new edition of the Global News podcast later. If you want to comment on this podcast, you can send us an email.

Speaker 4 The address is globalpodcast at bbc.co.uk. This edition was mixed by Nora Hull.
The producers were Carla Conti and Muzaffar Shakir. The editor is Karen Martin.
I'm Janat Jalil.

Speaker 4 Until next time, goodbye.

Speaker 22 Be our guest at Disney's enchanting musical, Beauty and a Beast. Fill your heart with joy and Disney magic.
Brought to life like never never before.

Speaker 22 Coming to the Orpheum Theater July 14th through August 9th. Tickets at BroadwaySF.com.