History's Toughest Heroes: Constance Bulwer-Lytton: Suffragette Rebel

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Speaker 5 Fort Collins wants to know what's your favorite fall activity.

Speaker 4 Heading out on hiking trails?

Speaker 6 Fort Collins has more than 280 miles worth.

Speaker 8 Paddling pristine waters, Horsetooth Reservoir has you covered. Listening to live music, check out the Mishawaka Amphitheater or Washington's downtown.

Speaker 11 Trying locally brewed beers, cheers a pint at one of our many craft breweries.

Speaker 13 Feasting on farm-to-table cuisine?

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Speaker 15 From her cell, Prisoner 204 could hear the sounds of struggle and retching.

Speaker 15 Moans of pain.

Speaker 15 They were coming for her next.

Speaker 16 It's the anticipation of what is going to happen to you. It's really horrifying.

Speaker 15 It was the 18th of January, 1910.

Speaker 15 Imprisoned suffragettes were staging a hunger strike in Walton Jail.

Speaker 16 It's a way of asserting your independence, of saying to the authorities, you know, you can't contain us. We're going to be in charge here.

Speaker 15 But the authorities were force-feeding them. Wardens pinned down each woman.
Then the doctor forced their jaws open with a wood or metal gag and thrust the feeding tube down their throats.

Speaker 16 And it is really appalling. It's so violent, it's so invasive, it's so painful.

Speaker 15 The process was already notorious.

Speaker 15 Some people thought it was disgusting and cruel. Others applauded it.

Speaker 16 It's really shocking that the government will treat women this way. There is also a kind of strand of opinion which

Speaker 16 continues to say these women deserve what they get, you know, if they won't behave themselves, if they won't do what they're told.

Speaker 15 Prisoner 204,

Speaker 15 who was registered as Jane Wharton, had refused food for four days. She was a poor woman and had no powerful friends to defend her.
Force feeding would begin at once.

Speaker 15 But Prisoner 204 had a secret. She wasn't really Jane Wharton.

Speaker 16 Jane Wharton is their game.

Speaker 16 for the state to do what it likes because she's a nobody.

Speaker 15 She was actually the daughter of one of the most powerful families in Britain. Her real name was Lady Constance Lytton.
Her father was an earl and this wasn't her first time in prison.

Speaker 16 They're really harrowing places

Speaker 16 where women were

Speaker 16 cramped together in

Speaker 16 appalling conditions.

Speaker 15 The Lytton family was so powerful, she'd have been given special treatment, even in jail. But this time, she wanted to go through the same thing as her fellow prisoners.

Speaker 15 She heard the sounds of false feeding. Lytton wanted to comfort her comrades, but she couldn't call out.
Her tongue and throat were thick from dehydration.

Speaker 15 So, she tapped on the stone walls in Moore's Cove.

Speaker 15 No surrender.

Speaker 15 No answer came back.

Speaker 15 The door opened and six people entered a cell. The doctor held up the apparatus.

Speaker 15 It was time.

Speaker 15 I'm Ray Winstone and for BBC Radio 4, this is history's toughest heroes.

Speaker 15 True stories of adventurers, rebels and survivors who live life on the edge.

Speaker 15 Lady Constance Lytton.

Speaker 15 No surrender.

Speaker 15 Now Nedworth House is a stately home in Hertfordshire and it sits in Rowland Parkland. The house is Tudor but gothic touches were added later, turrets, pointed arches and gargores.

Speaker 15 This is the historic home of the Lytton family.

Speaker 3 We were Norman tax collectors up in the north, but we were on the right side of the Battle of Bosworth, Henry VII's side, so we got a decent job of looking after his wardrobe, for which we needed an estate within a day's ride of London.

Speaker 3 So we bought the Nebworth estate in 1490, off the in-laws and came to live here.

Speaker 15 Henry Lytton Cobold is the 19th generation of the family that live in Nebworth House. He's Constance's great-great-nephew.

Speaker 3 Primarily we're a literary family. Constance was the daughter and granddaughter of great literary figures.

Speaker 15 Lytton's grandfather was the novelist Edward Bulwer-Lytton. Famous in his day, he told Dickens to change the end of great expectations and coined the phrase, the pen is mightier than the sword.

Speaker 15 Her father was Robert Bulwer-Lytton. He wrote poetry under the name of Owen Meredith, but he was better known as a statesman and served as Viceroy of India.

Speaker 3 They were extremely well read, so they were moving in the circles of freethinkers and they were very unusually open-minded for what we associate with that late Victorian age.

Speaker 15 Then there was her grandmother, Rosina. She hated that her husband Edward could have affairs, but she, the wife, was expected to be faithful.
Edward and Rosina separated.

Speaker 15 Rosina wrote novels about the double standards of upper-class marriage. Edward refused to let her see their two children.
Their bitter battle lasted 20 years.

Speaker 15 When Edward ran for Parliament, Rosina denounced him in public. He fought back.

Speaker 3 Borwollitton committed her to a lunatic asylum, which you could do in those days with two doctors' signatures, and especially if your friend was a head of the lunacy commission.

Speaker 15 Rosina went on a hunger strike. There was a public outcry at her treatment.
She later published a book about the asylum and the system which put her there.

Speaker 3 So there is a tradition on both sides of Constance's heritage for not only the rights of women but also just a rebellious spirit.

Speaker 15 As a child, Lady Constance's brothers went away to school and she stayed at home. She laughed a lot and had a good sense of humor, but she had trouble making friends.
Her hobby was cleaning.

Speaker 15 In what was already an eccentric family, this made her a bit odd.

Speaker 15 Even three years in Paris when she was in her early 20s didn't do much for her confidence.

Speaker 15 Then, when her father died, the family were left short of cash. Nedworth Hall was rented out.
Lytton lived in London with her mother.

Speaker 3 Constance, who was always painfully shy and awkward in social situations, felt that her place was to be a companion to her mother.

Speaker 15 She always wanted to help and looking after her mum felt like a way of making herself useful. She also had strict morals.
She wrote she had a fearful kind of hunger for something to belong to.

Speaker 15 She tried to be a writer but her family discouraged her. Her love affair ended badly, she got ill.
At the age of 39, she was still looking for something to do.

Speaker 15 She set up a Morris Dancing Club, thinking it a healthy hobby for local girls. She started spending time with different sorts of people, like with the Esperance Club.

Speaker 15 They organised activities for working-class girls around St Pancras in London. One of the other women involved in the club was Emmeline Pattick Lawrence, the wife of a wealthy barrister.

Speaker 15 She brought along her private secretary, Jesse Kenny, a former mill worker. Patheck Lawrence and Kenny Kenny were both active campaigners for women's suffrage, the right to vote.

Speaker 15 One evening, Kenny told stories of the time she spent in prison for the cause.

Speaker 15 The suffrage movement was a family affair in the Kenney household. Jessie's sister, Annie, was famous for unfolding a huge banner during a political meeting in Manchester.

Speaker 16 It says votes for women, which becomes one of the most powerful and influential slogans in political history.

Speaker 16 This really changes the game because instead of asking for some kind of theoretical commitment in the future, it's now a demand.

Speaker 16 It's votes for women now and they're not really going to put up with anything less.

Speaker 15 Lytton was bowled over by the commitment and passion of the women.

Speaker 16 And these are women who she wouldn't normally have encountered in any other walk of life.

Speaker 16 And she's really astonished by what they've endured and what they've been prepared to do for the suffrage cause.

Speaker 15 Lindsay Jenkins is a historian of women in politics and an associate associate professor at Mansfield College, Oxford.

Speaker 16 She was a supporter of women's suffrage before she met these people, but only in a kind of abstract and theoretical way.

Speaker 15 Now she met women who were prepared to take direct action and forced those in power to pay attention.

Speaker 16 Militancy was about the intensity of your commitment. Militancy becomes synonymous with things like going to prison, window smashing, arson.

Speaker 15 Listen was a suffragist. She thought votes for women should be won by non-violent means.
She thought the behavior of more militant suffragettes was unhelpful.

Speaker 15 Then she went for a walk through the town.

Speaker 16 And she sees a sheep and this sheep has been separated from the flock and it's been it's being kind of chased by its handlers and the sheep is really in distress, it's really upset.

Speaker 16 And for her this sheep comes to symbolize

Speaker 16 how women are treated, the way that they're not treated with respect, that they lack dignity, that they're not kind of taken seriously, that they're under threat from violence all the time.

Speaker 15 Lytton realized that she had no idea about the way many women actually lived.

Speaker 16 Women have been campaigning for decades, making the same arguments, trying the same tactics, writing these letters and petitions, and not getting anywhere.

Speaker 15 Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and Sylvia founded the Women's Social and Political Union to fight for the vote, the WSPU.

Speaker 16 They decide our approach is going to be deeds, not words. We've tried persuasion and now what we're going to do is we're going to cause such a fuss that we're going to force people to listen to us.

Speaker 15 A writer for the Daily Mail called these women suffragettes to mock them. But some of them adopted the term as their own.

Speaker 15 They become notorious for their disruptive demonstrations, but they seem no closer to winning the vote.

Speaker 16 Things are

Speaker 16 looking fairly bleak. There doesn't seem to be any prospect of women's suffrage anytime soon and violence is only escalating.

Speaker 15 Emmeline Pathick Lawrence encouraged Lytton to get involved. I mean she was glad to have someone from such a prominent family interested in the cause.

Speaker 15 In October 1908, the government refused to give more parliamentary time to a bill enfranchising women. That killed its chance of becoming law.

Speaker 15 The WSPU said they'd make a so-called rush on the House of Commons in protest.

Speaker 16 They would kind of make a procession and try and reach parliament, but actually they know that they're not going to be allowed to do that. They very often encounter the police and are arrested.

Speaker 16 The arrest is the intention rather than the petition itself.

Speaker 15 The resulting trial gave Christabel and her mother, Emmeline Penkhurst, a platform. They defended themselves and made the case for votes for women and for their tactics too.

Speaker 15 The newspapers reported their speeches, which gave them a much bigger audience. They were still found guilty.

Speaker 16 The judge is a man.

Speaker 16 All the lawyers are men. Everyone in the courtroom is a man.

Speaker 16 Seeing these kind of two women against the entire male legal system really kind of cements her commitment.

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Speaker 5 Fort Collins wants to know what's your favorite fall activity.

Speaker 4 Heading out on hiking trails?

Speaker 6 Fort Collins has more than 280 miles worth.

Speaker 8 Paddling pristine waters, Horsetooth Reservoir has you covered.

Speaker 9 Listening to live music.

Speaker 8 Check out the Mishawaka Amphitheater or Washington's downtown.

Speaker 11 Trying locally brewed beers.

Speaker 12 Cheers a pint at one of our many craft breweries.

Speaker 13 Feasting on farm-to-table cuisine?

Speaker 4 Bon Apetite.

Speaker 5 Plan your perfect fall getaway to Fort Collins, where open spaces create open minds.

Speaker 13 Search your fall adventure now at visitfortcollins.com.

Speaker 15 Lytton reckoned the women had been forced to become outlaws. And by now, she'd had enough of polite fundraising and collecting signatures.

Speaker 15 Even though she was from the upper crust, she knew working-class women like Annie and Jesse Kenney were at the heart of the cause.

Speaker 16 She doesn't believe that she's more important than any of these other women, quite the reverse.

Speaker 16 She would like to set aside some of that privilege and encounter other women, not just as equals, but sometimes as with her as a kind of as the inferior.

Speaker 15 She started to write for the movement, but when she stood side by side with women who'd been to prison for the cause, she felt like a fraud.

Speaker 15 Early the next year, Lytton joined one of the processions headed to Parliament.

Speaker 16 She's very nervous, she's dressed all wrong.

Speaker 15 The procession began while a crowd jeered at them. Close to Parliament, Lytton was forced up against the lines of policemen.
An officer picked her up and threw her to the ground.

Speaker 15 She was breathless and confused, but she kept pushing forward. Eventually, an officer took her by the arm and led her away.
She was under arrest.

Speaker 15 Reunited with the other suffragettes in the police station, she felt a sense of belonging she'd never experienced before. She was given a summons to appear at the magistrate's court in the morning.

Speaker 15 She spent that night shaking in her sister's bed.

Speaker 16 She has to write to her mother, you know, extremely sheepishly, saying, I know, you know, you just thought I was going to London, but actually, I've got myself arrested.

Speaker 15 She was sentenced to a month in jail and taken to Holloway prison.

Speaker 19 She talks about the smell of deadness pervading.

Speaker 19 That That cells are lined up like horse boxes in a stable.

Speaker 19 They're like an animal's den.

Speaker 15 Faith Speer is a prison reform advocate and criminologist.

Speaker 19 She saw how women were warehoused.

Speaker 16 You're just put out of the way. You silence that way.

Speaker 15 But being upper class protected her. Even if the wardens didn't know exactly who she was, her clothes and manners made it obvious.

Speaker 19 She was treated differently to the others. She was treated a lot more fairly.

Speaker 3 And she didn't like that.

Speaker 19 She wanted to experience prison life just as the others.

Speaker 15 So she was put in the hospital with, no matter what she said, the wardens wouldn't let her join her comrades. Lytton decided on a gruesome protest.

Speaker 15 And she took a hairpin and began to tear into her skin. She planned to carve the words, votes for women, running up from her chest to her face.

Speaker 15 The newspapers would ask about the scars on the aristocrat's face and she'd tell them.

Speaker 16 There is a sense in which this commitment and determination

Speaker 16 tips over into something which is darker and more dangerous.

Speaker 15 It took 20 minutes to gouge a perfect V above her heart.

Speaker 15 She was bleeding heavily when the wardens discovered and stopped her.

Speaker 19 She would always have that scar.

Speaker 19 She'd always have that.

Speaker 15 By the time she was released, she'd changed. The shy, awkward aristocrat was now ready to give fiery speeches to growing crowds.
She pressed her arguments on friends and family.

Speaker 15 In public, her family supported her, but in private, they complained that the old con was gone.

Speaker 16 The difficulty with militancy is when you start engaging in these eye-catching tactics, they sort of very quickly lose their novelty value.

Speaker 16 So you can have a massive protest, but then are people going to pay attention to the next one?

Speaker 15 Then,

Speaker 15 there was a new tactic.

Speaker 15 In prison, a suffragette was asked what she would have for dinner. She replied, my determination.

Speaker 15 Wardens didn't know what to do about this. She was on a spontaneous hunger strike and in the end they released her 91 hours later.

Speaker 15 The suffragettes had a new weapon, their bodies. The authorities would have to release them or watch them die until the authorities found a solution.
False feeding.

Speaker 15 Constance Lytton travelled to Newcastle with a group of suffragettes. She wanted to get arrested again.

Speaker 16 They know that David Lloyd George, who at the time is a chancellor, is going to be in Newcastle and they throw stones at his car and she really tries to make it as shocking as possible so she wraps them up in political slogans before she throws them.

Speaker 15 The slogan was, rebellion against tyranny is obedience to God.

Speaker 15 Lytton and the others were taken to Newcastle jail but after only two days Lytton was released.

Speaker 16 The excuse the authorities give is that she wasn't well enough, so they release her. And she doesn't believe it.
She believes that it's because of who she is.

Speaker 15 Other women were left behind. They were lied to and brutalised.
Dirty tubes forced into their stomachs. Hoses turned on them if they resisted.

Speaker 16 And it was unbelievably horrific. And she just feels incredibly guilty about this.

Speaker 15 Litzen was sickened by the special treatment she had been given. She had to find a way to avoid it.

Speaker 19 She decided to become a completely different woman. She had her hair cut very roughly.
She talked about putting on spectacles.

Speaker 19 She got some older clothes, ones that she would not be seen dead in at home.

Speaker 15 Litton rejoined the WSPU under a false name, Jane Wharton.

Speaker 15 The name Jane was a nod to Joan of Arc.

Speaker 15 Then she trudged around Manchester finding cheap and unfashionable clothes to wear.

Speaker 15 So it was Jane Wharton who travelled to Liverpool in January 1910. She joined the protest against the treatment of suffragette prisoners at the jail.

Speaker 16 Jane Wharton is a completely different person to Constance Litton. She isn't afraid of anything.
She doesn't follow any of the rules. She deliberately tries to break all the rules she can.

Speaker 15 Jane was afraid the protest would wind down before she got arrested. She called on the crowd to follow her to the prison governor's house.
They did.

Speaker 15 Then she hurled stones at the house until she was arrested and taken to jail. She was made to undress.
In her pocket, she found a handkerchief with her real initials on it.

Speaker 15 Now she managed to throw that on the fire before the wardens noticed.

Speaker 19 And suddenly, people couldn't tell her apart from any of the others. Others were treated as though they were criminals, and so she was treated the same.

Speaker 15 The frail heart of Lady Constant Lytton was a matter of great concern, which meant gentle treatment. But the health of Jane Wharton was of no interest to anyone.

Speaker 16 She's not subject to kind of any medical testing to make sure she can withstand it. She's treated, not as a human being.

Speaker 15 On the 15th of January, Jane began her hunger strike. It was hard to keep warm, wrapped in the thin sheets from the bed.

Speaker 15 She used soap mixed with the dirt from the floor to write votes for women on the wall, the same phrase she'd once tried to carve into her body.

Speaker 15 Three days later, the doctor entered Jane Wharton's cell with a feeding apparatus.

Speaker 19 The wardens there, you know, would hold her legs, would hold her arms, hold her head, while a doctor would force a feeding tube down her right into her stomach.

Speaker 15 She tried to resist.

Speaker 19 Well, she gritted her teeth to start with that no, they're not going to do this.

Speaker 15 But they were so determined that they they forced her mouth open her jaw was overextended and kept open with a still gag then the feeding tube was shoved down her throat it was suffocating she choked but she couldn't breathe a mix of eggs brandy gruel and beef tea was poured into her stomach as soon as it was down She started vomiting.

Speaker 19 Of course, when you have something like that,

Speaker 19 you'd be sick, and she was sick.

Speaker 15 Throwing up made her body tense and her legs double up. The wardens pressed her head back, and the doctor leaned his weight on her knees.

Speaker 19 She'd thrown up, and it was all in her hair and her clothes, and they just left her there overnight. Oh, we can't do anything for you tonight.

Speaker 15 Now she was alone, listening to the women in the next cell to her being force-fed too.

Speaker 19 I wonder what was going through her mind. I wonder if she was thinking, Is this worth it?

Speaker 19 Can I take this anymore?

Speaker 15 When the neighbouring cell went quiet, Lytton tapped on the wall again. As best she could, she called out, no surrender.

Speaker 15 A voice replied, no surrender.

Speaker 16 The tremendous agony that these women have put themselves through

Speaker 16 really hardens their commitment. They're doing it for each other.
They can't let their friends do this alone.

Speaker 15 The torture had only just begun. Every day they were force-fed.

Speaker 15 After the third session, Jane was given a medical examination. One doctor begged her to eat.
The other said she was fine and the feeding should carry on.

Speaker 3 Eight times,

Speaker 19 she was force-fed. She had endured it over and over again.

Speaker 15 The pain was nothing compared to the degradation. At the end of the month, Constance Lytton left prison.
She was in a bad way, but she had a clear purpose.

Speaker 15 She picked up a pen and stayed up all night writing letters and articles about what she and her sisters had gone through.

Speaker 16 And she also writes about her experience in very moving ways that get people to read, and they read because of who she is.

Speaker 15 And she spoke in public. Her words brought people to tears.
No one would listen listen to Jane Wharton, but Lady Constance Lytton was another matter.

Speaker 16 Her brother, also at this point, he says, enough is enough. You know, we can't let other people go through what my sister went through.
And he then really dedicates himself to the cause.

Speaker 16 And because he's in the House of Lords, you know, his voice has a great effect.

Speaker 15 There were calls for an inquiry. More and more outraged articles appeared.
The voiceless prisoners had found their champion. But it had come at a huge cost.

Speaker 15 She suffered a heart attack, and the first in a series of strokes. She continued the campaign and was locked up again.

Speaker 15 This time a sympathiser paid her fine, knowing another round of false feeding might kill her. A stroke left her right arm permanently paralyzed.
But even that didn't stop her.

Speaker 19 She wanted to break down, metaphorically, the walls of prison so people could see exactly what was happening.

Speaker 19 Even though she was like paralyzed down her right side, she used her left hand to write with, to write this book.

Speaker 15 The book was called Prisons and Prisoners, Some Personal Experiences.

Speaker 19 She wasn't scared. She wasn't shy.

Speaker 3 She was proud of what she'd become involved in.

Speaker 15 The hunger strikes ended only when the First World War broke out. The WSPU suspended protests to support the war effort.

Speaker 15 Now they encouraged women into the factories to replace the men who'd been sent to the trenches. In the last year of the war, Parliament finally passed the bill giving the vote to women over 30.

Speaker 15 but only if they were a property owner or married to one.

Speaker 15 Ten years later, women women were granted the right to vote on the same basis as men.

Speaker 15 The victory of the suffrage movement was not down to one person, one speech or one book. It was a collective effort and each woman fought with the weapons she had.

Speaker 16 For some people that might have been writing letters. For some people it's converting their friends and family.
For some people it'll be going on marches. For some people it's going to prison.

Speaker 15 Constance Lytton put aside her privilege to experience the same torture as other women. Then she used that privilege to force people in power to listen to her testimony.

Speaker 19 She'd made a point not just to

Speaker 16 the government but to herself that she'd endured that.

Speaker 19 But she had to realize she couldn't do that anymore.

Speaker 15 She became increasingly frail.

Speaker 16 She is really moved when women are enfranchised. She does see it as the culmination of their efforts and the enormity of their commitment.

Speaker 15 She died in 1923.

Speaker 15 She was only 54.

Speaker 3 Her ashes are in the mausoleum in our Nebworth Park here. I can literally see it outside my window here today.

Speaker 15 For Henry Lytton Kobold, the story of Constant Lytton is an important part of the history of Nebworth House.

Speaker 3 When we came to live in Nebworth House in the 1970s, the history that this house told was very much the male history. And in the last 40 years that has all flipped.

Speaker 15 Every year on International Women's Day, a group of grateful followers meet a Lady Constant Lytton's mausoleum to remember her.

Speaker 15 Lytton had given the calls her voice and puts her body on the line.

Speaker 3 The family motto is a quote from Virgil. By these virtuous deeds, we live on.
beyond our time.

Speaker 3 And certainly, she lived up to that just as much, if not more than any other member of the Lytton family.

Speaker 15 Next time on history's toughest heroes, attacked by a bear and left for dead, can Hugh Glass crawl hundreds of miles to safety?

Speaker 20 He's headed back up the Missouri cross country to get to the mouth of the Yellowstone to start wreaking vengeance on those two Yahoos that left him out there to die.

Speaker 15 Hugh Glass, mountain man.

Speaker 19 Look, we found this. Nikki's never seen this before.

Speaker 16 Oh wow, it was just him.

Speaker 17 In homes across Britain, children and grandchildren are discovering stories about their families in the Second World War.

Speaker 16 I've never noticed it before. It's a battered old suitcase.

Speaker 19 Do you want to open it?

Speaker 3 I'd love to open it.

Speaker 17 Not the war you're thinking of, the fight against the Nazis. The other story of World War II, the one on the Asian front against Japan.

Speaker 15 The better was a gun better, really, and kept on pounding them, pounding them, pounding them.

Speaker 17 I'm Kavita Puri. From BBC Radio 4, the World Service and the History Podcast, this is the second map.

Speaker 17 80 years after the end of that war, why don't we remember it as well as we should? Listen to the second map, first, on BBC Sounds.

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Speaker 5 Fort Collins wants to know what's your favorite fall activity.

Speaker 4 Heading out on hiking trails?

Speaker 6 Fort Collins has more than 280 miles worth.

Speaker 7 Paddling pristine waters?

Speaker 8 Horsetooth Reservoir has you covered.

Speaker 9 Listening to live music.

Speaker 10 Check out the Mishawaka Amphitheater or Washington's downtown.

Speaker 11 Trying locally brewed beers?

Speaker 12 Cheers a pint at one of our many craft breweries.

Speaker 13 Feasting on farm-to-table cuisine?

Speaker 4 Bon Appetite.

Speaker 5 Plan your perfect fall getaway to Fort Collins, where open spaces create open minds.

Speaker 13 Search your fall adventure now at visitfortcollins.com.