History's Toughest Heroes: Robert Smalls: Last Chance for Freedom

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Speaker 4 You're about to listen to history's toughest heroes. Episodes will be released weekly, wherever you get your podcast.

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Speaker 4 He knew it had to be tonight.

Speaker 4 It was three o'clock in the morning on the 13th of May May, 1862.

Speaker 4 The harbor of Charleston, South Carolina was in deep darkness. Fog muffled the few sounds of the night, the lapping of the water against the wholf and the creak of ropes.

Speaker 4 Ten miles out in the darkness of the Atlantic Ocean, a fleet of Union ships were on the watch.

Speaker 4 America was in civil war. Union forces had blockaded the harbor, trying to stop supplies passing through Charleston into the slave-owning Confederate states beyond.

Speaker 5 I mean, they were so desperate for basic living items. The Charleston Mercury, their newspaper, had stories about how to make your own soap.

Speaker 4 But for enslaved people like Robert Smalls, trapped in the Confederacy, the ships promised something else. A chance of freedom.
It was so close,

Speaker 5 but so far so since his marriage at the age of 17 robert had been thinking that his family could be separated and two years into their marriage they had their first child and that certainly terrified him even more

Speaker 4 robert smalls had a daughter and a son but as slaves His wife and children belonged to another man. They could be sold by their owner at any time.

Speaker 4 He knew if he could reach the Union lines, he and his family could be free. Patrols were always on the hunt for escaped slaves.
A crying child could give them away, but Smalls had to take his chances.

Speaker 4 Time was running out to reach the Union ships.

Speaker 5 The Confederacy was sure that the Union was going to attack Charleston at any minute, so they were about to impose martial law, which would have just increased security around that area.

Speaker 4 It was now or never.

Speaker 4 As the fog crawled in, Smalls made his mind up.

Speaker 4 He was going to steal the ship tonight.

Speaker 4 Now, I'm Ray Winston, and for BBC Radio 4, this is history's toughest heroes. True stories of adventurers, rebels, and survivors who lived life on the edge.

Speaker 4 Robert Smalls, Last Chance for Freedom.

Speaker 4 Now sometimes your fate hangs on something as simple as a straw hat.

Speaker 4 Robert Smalls was working on a paddle steamer called the Planter. The ship's owner had leased it to the Confederate Navy and C.J.
Rouley was captain.

Speaker 4 The steamer moved supplies and men between the fortifications around a large natural harbor.

Speaker 5 They were acting as a dispatch boat for a Confederate general in the harbor, as well as taking supplies around to the various fortifications that the Confederacy had built to protect Charleston Harbor from being attacked by the Union.

Speaker 4 Kate Lineberry is a historian and author of the book about Robert Smalls called Be Free or Die.

Speaker 5 He said, although born a slave, I always felt that I was a man and ought to be free and I would be free or die.

Speaker 4 While Captain Roule

Speaker 4 was out on the water, he always wore a straw hat.

Speaker 4 One day, while he was off the ship, Robert Smalls tried it up a size.

Speaker 5 One of the crewmen, an enslaved man, was joking with Robert that he looked a lot like Relié.

Speaker 5 That was the aha moment for Robert when he finally realized a way that he could escape.

Speaker 4 If Smalls wore the straw hat in the dark, he could be mistaken for the captain.

Speaker 4 It was a bold plan, but Smalls had been yearning for freedom since he was a child, and he was ready for the chance.

Speaker 4 23 years earlier, the night of the 5th of April, 1839. An enslaved woman, Lydia Polite, lay on the floor of a shack behind a house in Prince Street, Beaufont.

Speaker 4 She was 43 years old, and she was in labor.

Speaker 6 And

Speaker 6 she gave birth by herself. What I've taken from that is just an enormous amount of strength that she had and I think that she invested in Robert.

Speaker 4 Michael B. Moore is a historian and educator in Charleston.
He's also the great-great-grandson of Robert Smalls.

Speaker 6 I grew up with Robert's granddaughter, my grandmother, so I just grew up hearing about grandpa.

Speaker 4 Lydia Pilite was taken from her family to be a house slave when she was nine. She helped to bring up the son of the household, Henry McKee.

Speaker 4 The McKees were a prominent family on the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina. Henry inherited Lydia along with the rest of his father's property.
He now owned a newborn son, Robert, too.

Speaker 4 Now as a slave, Lydia had no rights, but she was allowed to keep Robert with her as he grew up.

Speaker 5 He didn't seem to fully understand the harshness of slavery as a young boy, and Lydia wanted him to understand that, so she did take him to a public whipping where he would see the harshness of their lives and the reality of it.

Speaker 4 From his youngest days, Smalls resented the restrictions of enslavement.

Speaker 6 You know, he increasingly rebelled against

Speaker 6 the norms as they were at that time for a young enslaved person. He was caught outside after curfew.
He increasingly found himself at odds with the law.

Speaker 4 Lydia was afraid her son would eventually be sent to the fields. That life was even harsher.
But McGee decided to send Robert Smalls to Charleston to hire himself out as a laborer.

Speaker 4 And any money he earned would be sent back to McKee. At just 12 years old, he was on the road to Charleston.

Speaker 5 40% of all enslaved people who came into the United States came through Charleston Harbor. So it was a place where families were ripped apart, never to see each other again.

Speaker 4 Robert works as a waiter and found work as a lamplighter.

Speaker 4 The main streets of Charleston, lined with stately colonial homes, were lit by gaslights.

Speaker 6 Charleston was the richest city in America for over a century because of the wealth created from slavery.

Speaker 4 If enslaved people stepped out of line, their owners could send them to the workhouse for discipline. It was called the sugar house.
They were confined to stockades for weeks.

Speaker 4 and only let out to be whipped or forced to walk an endless treadmill to grind corn.

Speaker 4 One survivor said, I have heard a great deal about hell, but I don't think there is any worse hell than that sugar house.

Speaker 5 It's an absolutely beautiful city in many ways, but underneath all that beauty is this horror that took place.

Speaker 4 Now Smallmes wanted to work on the waterfront. He began by unloading cargo.
Soon, he worked as a wheelman or pilot on the inland waterways.

Speaker 4 The pay was $16 a month and he had to send back $15 to his owner. So when he was 17 he married Hannah Jones who was also enslaved.
Robert talked to their owners about letting them live together.

Speaker 4 Soon they had a daughter. Now Robert hated that Hannah and their daughter were the property of another man.

Speaker 4 He saved some money and made a deal with Anna's owner. When he had enough, he wanted to buy back his wife and child.
But the political situation in the country was at crisis point.

Speaker 4 The election of Abraham Lincoln had infuriated many white people in the South. They worried about losing their slaves who, as they saw it, were the key to their prosperity.

Speaker 4 They thought the unthinkable, a withdrawal from the United States known as secession.

Speaker 5 Charleston held the South Carolina Secession Convention in December of 1860, so they were the first state to secede from the Union. The first shots were fired in the Civil War in April.

Speaker 4 The war was fought between two sides, the Confederate States and the Union. The Confederate states won early victories, and the walls were closing in on enslaved people like Robert Smalls.

Speaker 4 If the Confederacy won the war, his family would be trapped in a slave-holding nation forever. Then, he tried on the distinctive straw hat worn by the captain.

Speaker 5 He has this moment where he's like, this might work.

Speaker 5 If

Speaker 5 we go at the right time of morning, I'm hidden by the hat, I'm behind the smokestack in the pilot house, maybe, just maybe we could take this

Speaker 5 ship and get his family to to freedom.

Speaker 4 The escape would need to be carefully planned, perfect timing, and nerves of steel. The busy harbor was overlooked by several heavily armed Confederate forts.
The most important one was Fort Sumter.

Speaker 4 The Civil War had started there on a fateful day when Confederate troops drove off Union soldiers. Now it had walls 50 feet high and long-range cannons to blast boats out of the water.

Speaker 4 To reach freedom, Robert would have to steer directly under the guns and to the boats of the Union blockade.

Speaker 4 It was freedom or death. There was no other option.

Speaker 6 Because if they were caught, they would be not just killed, but tortured just as an example for others.

Speaker 4 But he couldn't make the decision for his wife and children. He told Hannah she could stay behind and that he'd come back for them as a free man.

Speaker 6 And famously, Hannah looked at him and said, where you go, I go, where you die, I die.

Speaker 4 Robert couldn't steal the plant alone. He needed the help of other enslaved members of the crew.
They didn't want to leave their families behind either.

Speaker 4 More and more runaways joined the plot, but with every wife, girlfriend, or friend in the know, it got riskier and riskier. They all had to wait for the right moment.

Speaker 5 As time passes, the nerves of some of the men start to falter a little bit, and one in particular, who was known to drink quite a bit, was getting very nervous.

Speaker 5 They basically threatened his life and told him he needed to step up and get with the program or else.

Speaker 4 But the nervous shipmate was the least of their problems.

Speaker 5 There were three white officers who were supposed to be sleeping on board that ship. There was actually a Confederate order at the time requiring all white officers to stay on board.

Speaker 5 You could not leave the ship.

Speaker 4 Robert had been watching these men. They'd just finished two weeks of grueling work.
Whatever their orders, they'd most likely want to spend the night on shore.

Speaker 4 On that night in May,

Speaker 4 the officers did exactly that.

Speaker 5 That was the final straw for Robert and he spread the word among the crew. This was going to be our night.

Speaker 4 The nervous crewmate said he'd stay in Charleston in case he betrayed them all but Robert only asked the man for his word to keep their plans secret.

Speaker 4 Now they had to get out of Charleston quietly before the fog cleared and the morning light blew his cover. They were threading the thinnest of needles.

Speaker 5 Timing was very critical.

Speaker 5 They couldn't get started until about three in the morning because they wanted to time it so that when they passed Fort Sumter, it would just be first light, helping to disguise Robert as the

Speaker 5 white captain.

Speaker 4 Even firing up the engines could give them away after a devastating fire the year before.

Speaker 5 It was a horrific fire that destroyed 600 homes and all the public buildings in Charleston. They just couldn't contain it.

Speaker 4 Citizens were on high alert and on the lookout for any unusual signs of smoke. And here was the crew of the planter shoveling wood into the engines at three o'clock in the morning.

Speaker 5 They hadn't planned on it being a very windy night, and so they soon realized that as they stoked the fires, the smoke was traveling over the city and there was a brief moment of panic.

Speaker 4 But Charleston slept on. The planter left the dock with Robert in the captain's hat.
First, they had to go backwards. Their families were hiding in another dock.

Speaker 5 And that in itself would have potentially caused a problem because there would be no reason for the planter to be backtracking along the wharf.

Speaker 4 The fog in the harbor started to thin, which meant that when the planter sailed close to the shore, there was a greater risk someone would see through Robert's disguise.

Speaker 4 Our police officers saw the planter going in the wrong direction, but thinking the captain was in charge, they made no report.

Speaker 5 So many ways, this should not have happened. I mean, it was an ingenious plan, but they also got very illucky along along the way.

Speaker 4 The planter's crew sent out a rowboat to pick up the families, including Hannah and the children. There were now 16 people on board.
If they were stopped, they would sink the boat and jump overboard.

Speaker 4 Better drown together than surrender.

Speaker 4 Now they faced a major test, passing Fort Johnson.

Speaker 5 So it had two batteries on it with two 10-inch mortars and an earthwork that contained three guns.

Speaker 5 Things that could do significant damage to the planter if they were suspected of being on this escape mission.

Speaker 4 Schmools played his part. He stayed in the pilot house, leaning just a bit out the window with his arms folded, exactly like the captain usually did.

Speaker 4 This ship kept a steady pace, steaming across the bay.

Speaker 4 The crew watched the batteries of Fort Johnson, waiting for any telltale flash of cannon fire.

Speaker 4 They'd see it before they heard it, and by then, it would be too late.

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Speaker 4 After a few long minutes, the planter passed Fort Johnson.

Speaker 5 They cleared an important hurdle, but they were surrounded by other ships and crafts of all sizes any one of them could raise the alarm the planter acted as a dispatch boat and carried supplies across the harbor um it could often be stopped by a confederate boat and asked to do an errand for someone passing a confederate gunboat robert saluted it with a whistle his crew couldn't believe his bravery Every man but Robert Smalls felt his knees giving way and the women began crying and praying again.

Speaker 4 If Smalls lost his nerve for even a minute, no one saw it. But behind his cool facade, Robert repeated a silent prayer, asking God to guide them to freedom.

Speaker 4 By 4.15 that morning, the plant would have passed three fortifications.

Speaker 4 Robert called down to the engine room for more steam. Dawn was breaking, and he could finally see a glimmer of hope.
But one dark shadow remained on the horizon. The terrifying Fort Sumter itself.

Speaker 6 The largest and by far the most dangerous fort in the harbor.

Speaker 4 If you wanted to leave, you had to pass directly beneath Fort Sumter's deadly cannons.

Speaker 4 Robert wasn't just brave and well disguised. You see, he'd learnt the Confederate codes from his time in Charleston Harbor.

Speaker 5 He pulled the whistle cord, offering two long blows and a short one, which was the Confederate signal required to pass.

Speaker 4 Now everything depended on the response from the sentry.

Speaker 5 The sentry actually yelled out to Robert, blow the damned Yankees to hell or bring one of them in.

Speaker 5 And I'm sure Robert had to hold himself back to not say anything, but he simply replied, aye, aye, and kept going.

Speaker 4 Just then, Back in the harbor, the real captain arrived at the dock and discovered his ship was gone.

Speaker 5 But he didn't sound the alarm right away. He could have notified the guards immediately and they would have been able to notify Fort Sumter.

Speaker 4 The fort would open fire on the planter and its 16 souls at once, but the captain hesitated.

Speaker 4 Now he was supposed to be asleep on board.

Speaker 4 Maybe he knew he'd be in trouble for letting the ship get nicked.

Speaker 4 Now during those crucial minutes the planter passed the fort but for half an hour it it was still be in range of the cannon. The crew watched for a flash and listened for a boom.
It never came.

Speaker 6 They waited, they waited, and just the sense of

Speaker 6 just relief at that point must have been wonderful.

Speaker 4 The guards at Fort Sumter expected the planter to turn back into the harbor. away from the blockading Union ships.

Speaker 4 But it never turned. Finally, the guards realized what was happening, but Berlin, that was too late.
The 16 people in the planter wept, prayed, and sang, hallelujah.

Speaker 6 They could see freedom just over the horizon.

Speaker 4 Smalls didn't join the celebration. He knew the habits and codes of the Confederate ships all right, but nothing.
about the Union Navy.

Speaker 4 The planter was still in great danger as it steamed forward. The Union blockade formed a wide arc in the waters outside Charleston.
The closest ship to the planter was called the Onward.

Speaker 4 It was captained by a man called John Frederick Nichols. Now from the Union ship, he was on high alert.

Speaker 5 They're seeing this Confederate steamer barreling towards them. And so the captain of the Onward thought that this was a Confederate steamer sent on attacking them.

Speaker 4 Nichols ordered his crew to battle stations stations and turned the ship so its cannons aimed straight at the planter.

Speaker 5 So Smalls is sitting there on the planter and they're watching the onwards guns being prepared and bracing themselves for the worst.

Speaker 4 At least one person on the ship saw this problem coming, Robert's wife.

Speaker 6 Hannah, who worked in a hotel, was a sort of domestic there, had gotten a couple of sheets and sewn them together into the white flag of surrender.

Speaker 4 The crew rushed to pull down the hostile Confederate flags and get the bedsheet flying. But the fog was thickening again.
The onward couldn't see the flag. Hannah clutched her children close.

Speaker 4 Robert kept the planter moving steadily forward. He vowed to find freedom or death.

Speaker 4 Now, Captain Nichols would decide which it would be.

Speaker 4 Nichols prepared to give the order to fire. Then he saw something through the fog.

Speaker 5 Nichols saw the white flag of surrender waving from the ship and, in the nick of time, immediately ordered his gun crews to stand down.

Speaker 4 The planter and the onward were now so close they could howl each other. Nichols called out for the ship to identify itself.
The crew called out the ship's name and her friendly intent.

Speaker 4 Nichols ordered it to come alongside.

Speaker 5 They did not hear hear the captain's command and they started to go around the stern. Nichols yelled, stop or I will blow you out of the water.

Speaker 4 Robert heard that. He pulled the planter alongside the onward.
The Union soldiers couldn't believe what they were seeing.

Speaker 6 Their jaws were on

Speaker 6 the ground as they saw this huge boat with enslaved people, with black people on them.

Speaker 4 The air filled with cries of joy.

Speaker 5 30 seconds before, they're thinking that might be their last few minutes on earth and now they are completely free.

Speaker 4 The planter was carrying another precious cargo, four massive cannons, along with other weapons. These guns were worth their weight in gold and Robert knew it.

Speaker 5 Robert's first words to the onwards captain were, Good morning, sir. I've brought you some of the old United States guns, sir, that were for Fort Sumter, sir.

Speaker 4 He'd done the impossible. Finally, a free man, he took off the straw hat.

Speaker 4 Now news of his escape sent shockwaves across the Union and the Confederacy. On the Confederate side, many couldn't believe that Robert had made such a brilliant escape.

Speaker 5 The North went crazy for it. All the major newspapers were covering it.
By that summer, he was as well known as Frederick Douglass.

Speaker 4 The Confederacy put a bounty of more than $2,000 on the head of Robert Smalls. And in the Union, wow, the story was a sensation.

Speaker 6 There were parades up and down the East Coast, Washington, Philadelphia, and New York, where he was received with enormous crowds as really one of the first real heroes of the Civil War.

Speaker 4 The war raged on for another three years.

Speaker 4 Slowly, the Union turned the tide. They beat back the rebellion.
Finally, in 1865,

Speaker 4 Charleston surrendered.

Speaker 5 Charleston was considered the spiritual capital of the Confederacy. It was a strategic target for the Union for the entirety of the war.

Speaker 4 Robert returned home in 1864.

Speaker 4 His mother still lived there.

Speaker 5 You can imagine the pride that this mother felt in learning that her son, who was in Charleston and still enslaved, was okay.

Speaker 4 Many of the white population there fled the advancing Union troops. Much of their property was seized for non-payment of taxes.
The house where Robert was born into slavery was put out for auction.

Speaker 4 And the man who made the winning bid was Robert Smalls.

Speaker 5 I can't imagine as a child he ever thought he would have the possibility of owning that home.

Speaker 4 When the war began, The Union has said that it would pay money for any captured Confederate vessels.

Speaker 4 Now, the planter was worth around $30,000 but funny enough the Union didn't seem key to pay Roberts his due.

Speaker 5 Smalls and the other men on board were not Navy personnel so there was a big question of whether they would be eligible for that money.

Speaker 4 Congress finally decided that they were eligible but by the time it did the planter's value was only around $9,000.

Speaker 4 Smalls and his crew received only half of that and divided it amongst themselves. It may not have been fair, but it was still a good deal of money.

Speaker 4 And now, as a free man, Robert got to keep what he earned. The Union made Robert a pilot.
He was asked to bring the planter back to the South, this time as a warship.

Speaker 6 He fought in 17 battles.

Speaker 6 He actually became the captain of that vessel, which was the first time an African-American commanded a United States naval vessel, and he became the highest salaried African American in the entire country.

Speaker 4 Now after the Union won the war and slavery ended, Robert finally got the education he longed for as a child. He set up a free school for black children in Beaufort.

Speaker 4 His generosity even stretched to the family who enslaved him. He invited Henry McKee's widow, Jane, to stay at his house.

Speaker 4 Robert went into politics. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives and served five terms as a congressman.

Speaker 4 But he was always best known for what he did one foggy night in Charleston.

Speaker 6 I am really

Speaker 6 awestruck by his psyche, by his confidence, by his willingness to bet everything he had on everything he dreamed of.

Speaker 4 Robert died in 1915 in the same home he was born in, 75 years before.

Speaker 4 For Michael B. Moore,

Speaker 4 this doesn't feel like distant history.

Speaker 6 The first person in my family along the Robert Smalls line to grow up outside of the institution of slavery died when I was in my mid-30s in the mid-1990s.

Speaker 6 The last person who was enslaved, which is my great-grandmother Elizabeth, she died just two years or so, two, three years before I was born.

Speaker 4 Moore grew up near Boston in the 1970s while the school system was being desegregated. Anti-black violence broke out in response.
Moore found strength in the story of his ancestor, Robert Smalls.

Speaker 6 I think over the years I have pretty consistently said to myself, well, look, if I have even a drop of Robert Smalls' Small's blood in me, then I've got the willpower, I've got the strength, I've got the moxie to push through whatever the obstacle might be in front of me.

Speaker 4 Next time, on history's toughest heroes, a young suffragette hiding a secret goes on hunger strike.

Speaker 11 I wonder what was going through her mind.

Speaker 2 Wonder if she was thinking, is this worth it? Can I take this anymore?

Speaker 4 Lady Constance Lytton, no surrender.

Speaker 1 Hello, I'm Greg Jenner.

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