48. Marc Davis Can’t Stop Watching Basketball — But He Doesn’t Care Who Wins

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Speaker 6 The 2021-2022 NBA season opened last week, and to mark that occasion, I'm interviewing one of the sport's most respected referees.

Speaker 6 My guest today, Mark Davis, has over 20 years of experience as an NBA referee, and he's really good at it too.

Speaker 6 The NBA uses quality metrics to decide which of its more than 70 referees are chosen to referee the NBA Finals.

Speaker 6 Mark Davis was one of only 10 who made the cut this year and it was the 10th season that he's earned that honor.

Speaker 13 Welcome to People I Mostly Admire with Steve Levitt.

Speaker 6 I met Mark four years ago and I was so impressed by him.

Speaker 6 We've only crossed paths a few times, but he's always had interesting things to say on all sorts of topics and he listens with a curiosity and intensity that's rare.

Speaker 6 I've got a lot of questions to ask him about refereeing, but my hope is that we'll get into deeper issues of race and society as well.

Speaker 6 The last time I talked with Mark happened to be a few days after the George Floyd video had been released.

Speaker 6 He had a lot of insights then and I'm eager to hear what he's thinking these days on the topic.

Speaker 6 So I'm guessing that as a kid growing up, you thought you'd be playing professional basketball one day. Is that right?

Speaker 10 Yes, although in my wildest dreams, I never imagined I'd still be doing it at 53.

Speaker 6 Do you remember the moment when you realized that playing professional basketball in the NBA wasn't in your future?

Speaker 10 Yes. In my sophomore year at the Naval Academy, one of the assistant coaches, Dave Layton, he mentioned to me, have you ever thought about referee? And I looked at him like he was nuts.

Speaker 10 And I never thought about it again

Speaker 10 until about seven or eight years later, at which point I was no longer playing. A friend of mine, Peter Thompson, and I were coaching the boys' freshman basketball team at Hales Franciscan in Chicago.

Speaker 10 I was a permanent substitute for a woman. I was teaching a little algebra and a little geometry there.
She came back off maternity leave and I needed a job.

Speaker 10 And Pete Thompson gave me his 4X shirt and his P-whistle.

Speaker 10 And the athletic director at the time told me I could referee some games during the day because the Chicago public schools play their grammar school games during the day.

Speaker 6 Well, you started with grammar school.

Speaker 10 Grammar school.

Speaker 6 Okay. You started from the very bottom.

Speaker 10 From the very bottom. It's the only place to start.
It's the only place a ball will bounce up is at the bottom.

Speaker 10 So the moment I refereed my first half at halftime, just so happened, one of my Little League baseball coaches, this is all happenstance, happened to be the coach of one of the teams I was refereing.

Speaker 10 He brought me my check at halftime and he gave me a whistle. And he said, real referees don't use whistles with P's in them.
Try this whistle. And he gave me a Fox 40 whistle.

Speaker 10 And then afterwards, he asked me, how did I enjoy it?

Speaker 10 The pay structure was so much better for that 35 minutes than what I was getting teaching five classes in lunchroom duty that I said, I love it.

Speaker 10 He said come to my house on Saturday morning and I'll show you what to do because clearly you've never done this before I said I have not

Speaker 10 how much did you get paid for that first grammar school game $35 for 45 minutes that's not bad almost a dollar a minute almost a dollar a minute I was instantly bit by it I was so challenged from the first time I did it it was like a light spark and I knew this is what I wanted to do did you hand out any technicals in that first game in that first game I did not because, as you know, confused people generally do what?

Speaker 10 Nothing. I was so confused that I didn't do much of anything other than call a travel or call a foul, but I enjoyed it.
I really did. I had so much fun the first time.

Speaker 6 So, what was the road like from your first grammar school game to the NBA? I assume that's a long, hard road.

Speaker 10 That was a hard road, but I intuitively knew that I had a short window of of time to cram a lot of experience in.

Speaker 10 Just anecdotally, I just recognized that this was a skill set and a trade that is going to involve a lot of time and a lot of repetition.

Speaker 10 And I knew that I wanted to do it quickly because as it so happens, that first year was when the NBA referees were locked out. There was a work stoppage.

Speaker 10 And so I was watching ESPN and I was seeing all these young referees on TV. And I knew a little bit about the program.
I'd probably been refereeing about six months.

Speaker 10 I had a sense that maybe it might be somewhere down the road I'd like to think about trying to do it. And I remember there might have been a skirmish in a game and they said 21-year-old referee X.

Speaker 10 And I said, 21, I think I was 27 at the time or 26. I said, I'm too far behind.
There's no way I'm going to be able to do this if 21-year-olds are already doing it.

Speaker 10 But in the can-do spirit, I then sat down and I wrote a letter to David Stern.

Speaker 6 David Stern, then commissioner of the NBA.

Speaker 10 Yeah, the commissioner of the NBA. David Stern wrote him a letter.
I wrote Matt Winnick, who was the chief scheduler at the time.

Speaker 10 Daryl Gerritson, who was the head of officiating for the NBA then, as well as Dr. Wade, who was the head of the NBA's training program in charge of the officials for the CBA.

Speaker 6 Wait, you're six months into it. So you're referring high school games now, or what are you refereinging?

Speaker 10 I've refereed all summer. I've refereed some high school games.
Now I'm doing like some fresh and maybe some sophomore games.

Speaker 6 Does David Stern care about you at all? I mean, doesn't it seem crazy to write into David Stern when you are literally nobody in this world?

Speaker 10 Oh, yeah. No, no,

Speaker 10 Steve, not only did I write him, I called him. I got the number and I called him.
Did he pick up?

Speaker 6 No, no, he didn't pick up. But what were you going to say if he did pick up?

Speaker 10 The only person who picked up was Matt Winnick. And he said, are you the gentleman who sent the faxes to everybody in the letters? I said, yes, sir.
And he said, if you're good enough, we'll find you.

Speaker 10 And he hung up the phone on me.

Speaker 6 Did that discourage you?

Speaker 10 No, because then I had marching orders. Get good enough.
That's all sick I was about it. And I was totally obsessed with it from every perspective.

Speaker 10 And the good thing about Chicago and basketball is from the time I started refereeing, like maybe two or three weeks in,

Speaker 10 until the day I got hired in the NBA, which was January 2nd, maybe of 1999.

Speaker 6 So how many years later is that?

Speaker 10 This was maybe December of 96, 95.

Speaker 6 Three, four years.

Speaker 10 There were never

Speaker 10 more than one day where I didn't referee.

Speaker 6 You're saying for like over the next thousand days, you referee?

Speaker 10 Maybe there were seven days that I didn't referee. Yeah, wow.
There was so much competitive basketball here. Basketball officiating is very organic and tribal in that Everybody wants to help you.

Speaker 10 It's really crazy. People want to help and mentor people.
It's almost like a badge of honor to have people you're helping.

Speaker 6 So, other referees want to help you become better.

Speaker 10 Help, want to help other referees. That's just the way officiating is.
The culture of officiating is to gather as much information and then try to process it by being able to teach it.

Speaker 10 It really makes a lot of sense. You don't really know something until you can present it and you can really teach it.

Speaker 6 Let me go back in time because I'm trying to understand what's making you tick. So, how did you end up at the Naval Academy? And did you serve in the Navy afterwards?

Speaker 10 I did not. Going into my senior year, I transferred to Howard University and I played basketball for two NBA players there, Coach Beard and Jerry Eaves.

Speaker 10 Played for them, came home, and then now we're at Hales and I'm teaching at Hales, trying to figure out a job and starting a janitorial service and coaching basketball, teaching on the side, doing a lot of things.

Speaker 10 I even got an offer to be a coach, to be a grad assistant at Eastern Illinois after my first year. And I said, no, I told my dad, I really want to do this refereeing thing.
I want to be an NBA.

Speaker 10 I want to be a professional referee. And he said, well, why don't you take this job? Because you're only doing eighth grade games.

Speaker 10 And I'm sure they have eighth graders down at Eastern Illinois that you can referee as well.

Speaker 10 You're not going to be refereeing many Bulls games or NBA games next year. I was like, no, but I need to focus on it.
So I got real intense about it real quickly.

Speaker 10 When I finally got hired in NBA in 99, I'd only been refereeing for four years, totally, from the day of this first story until my first NBA game.

Speaker 6 Is that unusual or is that typical?

Speaker 10 No, that is profoundly unusual. Most of my colleagues, the two gentlemen who got hired with me, probably had 10 to 15 years of experience before we got hired.

Speaker 10 Generally speaking, it takes an official four to six years to make it through our development program to get onto the floor.

Speaker 10 And generally speaking, prior to them getting even involved in the development program, they usually have somewhere between five to 10, as many as 12 years of experience before they even begin.

Speaker 10 So it was definitely, I was definitely a one-off. And I don't see that happening much as organized and structured and as layered as it is now.

Speaker 6 So let's talk about the economics of refereeing. So you said said at the time, at least grammar school referees were making $35 a game.

Speaker 6 I think a high school referee is probably getting paid $50 or $75 a game right now. Top college referees are making maybe $60K.

Speaker 6 And I think the starting salaries for NBA referees are up around $300,000 right now.

Speaker 6 To an economist, that makes me think there is a huge pyramid of people who are all gunning for the NBA and the competition must be unbelievably fierce to get the two or three jobs that are up for grabs every year.

Speaker 6 Do you know anything about what the numbers are of how many people are trying to get the NBA to be referees and how many make it?

Speaker 10 At some level,

Speaker 10 everyone who's referring, regardless in the final four or just beginning, it has crossed their mind and they're thinking about it.

Speaker 10 But I do not know the actual numbers in terms of officials around the country. I've refereed and done clinics all over the world, in China, and Greece and in Europe.

Speaker 10 So I would say there's got to be an excess over 250,000 officials, basketball officials to various leagues.

Speaker 6 And I'm guessing, given that it's a pretty good job that's well paid and people enjoy, the turnover is not high. I wouldn't be surprised if more than two or three people get hired each year.

Speaker 10 Yeah, it's a zero-sum game. The amount of resources and input into the training of an official to get them up to speed and prepared to perform on an NBA floor is a pretty high cost.

Speaker 10 And we're pretty, contrary to popular opinion, pretty effective.

Speaker 10 All of us, I think the difference between the highest rated official and the lowest rated official, if you're taking effectiveness and accuracy, isn't plus or minus 3%, 4%, which is really about a call or two a game.

Speaker 10 So we have had some officials that have lost their job based on ability or competence. But for the most part, the amount of work that we put in on a nightly basis, it's it's hard to catch up.

Speaker 6 It's just good to look at the numbers and think about how competitive it is.

Speaker 6 Let's take your 250,000 referees worldwide, and obviously not every one of them is trying to be in the NBA, but let's just say 100,000 people who are out there and would be willing to give it a shot, would like to try the NBA.

Speaker 6 And we're talking about three people. So one out of every 33,000 people who's looking for that job is getting it each year.
You are really sitting at the pinnacle of an extremely competitive world.

Speaker 6 So it's still not exactly clear to me. You were refereeing eighth graders, but then somehow in a matter of just two or three more years, you're in the NBA.
What happened in between?

Speaker 10 Okay, so right off the bat, in Chicago, in the public school system and the Metropolitan Official Association, Official Association here in Chicago, there were three officials who were already working in the CBA, which at the time was the NBA's development league for both players and officials.

Speaker 10 So right from the beginning, just like anything else, I got taught the correct way.

Speaker 10 And so I think that probably the greatest gift was having Keith McClellan and Lionel Yates and James Capers and Terry Murphy, officials who were already in the CBA, who told me right off the bat, this is what you do.

Speaker 10 This is where you stand. This is how you do it.
I got really effective teaching and coaching right away. And I didn't have any preconceived ideas about what it was.
I wanted to be successful.

Speaker 10 I viewed them as successful, so I listened intently at everything they said.

Speaker 10 And as a result, I never really had to unlearn a lot of habits and bad habits and different things that are different to the pro game, the high school game, to the college game.

Speaker 10 I never had to participate in that exercise. So I was blessed right off the bat.
It'd be like golf.

Speaker 10 And right when you decide, man, I really want it, you go to a driving range, you go to a putt-putt, and then all of a sudden, Tiger Woods says, Hey, let me take you under my wing, let me show you.

Speaker 10 You're just learning from the best right off the bat. If I had to be honest, that was probably one of my greatest gifts.
In Chicago, there was so much competitive basketball right then.

Speaker 10 So I got a chance to watch a lot of really good, intense basketball. Once I started to do it, I got a chance to referee a lot of good players.

Speaker 10 And the Chicago Public League, too, I probably refereed more NBA players in the Chicago Public League than my counterparts who had refereed college players as anything.

Speaker 10 Just a lot of luck, a lot of hard work and a lot of luck. And I think the harder you work, the luckier you get.

Speaker 10 So I'd like to say that it was all about me, but I think a lot of it had to do with just being in the right place at the right time.

Speaker 6 When they want to hire an NBA referee, are they solely concerned about accuracy of calls or are they worried about what you look like and your personality and stuff like that as well?

Speaker 10 It's a combination. It's a process.
It used to be more of a beauty contest and them observing you and saying he's effective. The players are responding to it.
We think these calls are correct.

Speaker 10 And now that they've really quantified it, it is so difficult for young officials to get hired. They evaluate each play.
Every decision is reviewed. So that is a large part of it, the accuracy.

Speaker 10 You have to be accurate. You have to principally know the rules as well.
And seeing as the rule book is written by Ivy League educated lawyers, it's organic, just like any other law.

Speaker 10 And so you have to remember the changes. That's one of the challenges in my 24th year is there's been three different ways to adjudicate one play.

Speaker 10 And I have to make sure when it happens in the game that it's the one from two years ago and not the one from 12 years ago.

Speaker 10 And we're constantly evaluating and training on how to communicate and how to get along. That's probably where

Speaker 10 the larger number of complaints or pushback come from is not necessarily accuracy.

Speaker 10 Because if we really drive down into it, it's a funny little thing.

Speaker 10 The teams don't really want you to be accurate. They just want to win.

Speaker 10 I find it funny when coaches will say, hey, we just want it fair. And I just think to myself, why don't you ask for what you really want?

Speaker 10 You don't want it fair. You want to win.
And that's the job security of being a referee.

Speaker 10 Everyone out there, from announcers to mascots to PA addressers to teams to ball kids to the owners, everybody has a team they want to win. They're all connected to a team except the officials.

Speaker 10 And it is mind-blowing for people to not understand

Speaker 10 that we don't care who wins. It's a concept that is impossible.
My children are just now 19, 18, and 17. Just about three years ago, it finally started trying to trick me.

Speaker 10 Like, well, when you were eight, who did you want to win? Well, when I was eight, I was a Bulls fan like you. But now my job is to be fair.
I watch a lot of basketball games.

Speaker 10 And other than Excel Nations High School, I'm not ever rooting for anyone. And I really watch it from a different perspective.
And I enjoy them both.

Speaker 10 I love watching my sons and my daughter play when they're playing. I love rooting for teams.
That's a phenomenal experience.

Speaker 10 I probably only watch maybe a quarter of a game on a game I'm working, but I definitely watch a game every night on nights I'm not working.

Speaker 10 So that's a lot of games, and I'm really watching it from the perspective of the play and the perspective of how it's being officiated, which is a completely different, I wouldn't recommend it.

Speaker 10 I don't think we'd be on pace to be the world's fastest-growing sport if everybody was watching just the referees.

Speaker 13 You're listing the people I mostly admire with Steve Levitt and his conversation with NBA referee Mark Davis. They'll return after this short break.

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Speaker 5 Honey, do not make plans Saturday, September 13th, okay?

Speaker 6 Why, what's happening?

Speaker 7 The Walmart wellness event. Flu shots, health screenings, free samples from those brands you like.

Speaker 6 All that at Walmart.

Speaker 4 We can just walk right in, no appointment needed.

Speaker 8 Who knew we could cover our health and wellness needs at Walmart?

Speaker 9 Check the calendar Saturday, September 13th.

Speaker 7 Walmart Wellness Event.

Speaker 10 You knew.

Speaker 6 I knew.

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Speaker 12 Flu shots subject to availability and applicable state law. Age restrictions apply.
Free samples while supplies last.

Speaker 1 No

Speaker 6 Morgan, what do we have on tap today?

Speaker 14 Hey, Steve, Jack H writes: Do you ever worry that people in your life who you don't invite onto the show will take offense or think you don't admire them?

Speaker 6 It turns out that the kind of people who might be offended by not being invited on my show, well, they don't listen to the podcast. They probably don't even know that I have a podcast.

Speaker 6 And so it has definitely not been a big problem. You might be surprised that very few of my friends, maybe zero, have asked to come on the show.

Speaker 6 More often than that, I have to beg my friends to come on the show and they really see it as a favor to me as opposed to vice versa.

Speaker 14 Don't you think the people who know you best also know that mostly part is a little tongue-in-cheek?

Speaker 6 I think the mostly is so weird that no one knows what to think about it because it is weird and it's intentionally weird because I feel like it captures the weirdness and the unpredictability of what I try to do in picking my guests and interviewing them.

Speaker 6 But certainly, the cost of having that word mostly in there is that it makes everybody uncomfortable. So my friends are like, what do you mean mostly? Why would I want to be a mostly person?

Speaker 6 But even worse with strangers, right? I mean, you do most of the soliciting to get people to come on, Morgan.

Speaker 6 How many times have possible guests balked because they don't know what that word mostly means?

Speaker 14 I do get a lot of questions about the title.

Speaker 14 I usually say it's tongue-in-cheek, but I do think knowing you, it really works for the show's title because I think the people that you actually respect the most are the ones that you're willing to argue with a bit on the show.

Speaker 14 So I think the mostly is actually a term of endearment.

Speaker 6 You know, you're right about that, Morgan, because definitely the interviews that go the worst are often the ones where I'm not willing to fight so hard because I think, oh no, this is going so badly.

Speaker 6 If I start beating up on them, it's just going to get even worse. It's true.
If I'm fighting with someone on the show, it's a pretty good sign that I think the interview is going well.

Speaker 14 I think we just gave away the secret sauce to people I mostly admire. Well, thanks for listening, audience.
If you have a question for us, please write in.

Speaker 14 The email address is pima at freakinomics.com. That's p-im-a at freakonomics.com.
Steve and I read every email that's sent, and we look forward to reading yours.

Speaker 6 The thing that jumps out at me so far in this conversation is that Mark Davis definitely picked the right career. His passion at the beginning was remarkable.

Speaker 6 I had to laugh imagining him racing from one grammar school game to another.

Speaker 6 But what I found much more unusual is that 25 years later, he is still completely obsessed with refereeing.

Speaker 6 How many people do you know who, 25 years into a job, are as excited about it as the day they started? Mark Davis is the poster child for finding the thing you love and making a career out of it.

Speaker 6 I've got a few more refereeing questions to ask, but mostly I'm hoping to turn the conversation towards some broader societal issues.

Speaker 6 Can you describe a typical game day for you from the time you wake up until the time you go to bed?

Speaker 10 Probably every five games I work back to back. So normally I'm waking up in a hotel in a different city.

Speaker 10 Start doing my physical routine in the morning of getting myself together, some form of exercise, probably a long walk, as well as start to coordinate what our plan is going to be for how we're going to attack the game that evening.

Speaker 10 In the COVID era, it would involve a Zoom call for about an hour and 15 minutes.

Speaker 6 Wait, so I'm confused. You've been doing this for 24 years.

Speaker 6 How complicated can it be, one game to the next? Isn't every game the same?

Speaker 10 No, every game is not the same.

Speaker 10 The difference is that I probably watch my colleagues a little bit from their previous games and there are things that I've noticed positionally that we need to adjust to tonight, things that we're not reading off of each other's coverage correctly.

Speaker 10 I want to discuss a mistake or two that I've made in the last couple games because that happens every night because once you delve into a mistake, it'll really take you down a road of how do we not make that mistake again what if a happened what if x happened what could we have done here so let me tell you what's interesting about this because you and your colleagues have been at this a long time

Speaker 6 but it's like you're doing professional development every day of the season and i contrast that a little bit say with economists like when i go to teach my class one could imagine i would get together with other faculty members and we would talk about things to to do or not do in the classroom, but I don't do that.

Speaker 6 I just got my notes. I look through them.
I go in there. I teach whatever happens, happens.
It's interesting that you're describing a level of professionalism that is very foreign to me.

Speaker 6 Pilots kind of have that attitude, but people who've been at stuff for a long time, I'm not used to them focusing on the minutiae in such a detailed way.

Speaker 10 Yeah, we have a theory that's specific to our staff, aim small, miss small, that we try to leave no stone unturned.

Speaker 10 We try to work on our habits and our fundamentals daily because our game is so evolving and our game is so subjective.

Speaker 10 And at the end of the day, although we're striving for perfection, we're really just trying to be excellent because trying to be perfect will definitely mess it up every time and you will not be excellent.

Speaker 10 But we're really there to be fair. So there has to be a consistency of what we talk about and what we think.
We get constant feedback from the management staff about was this play play correct?

Speaker 10 Was it not correct? Why was it correct? There's a lot to it. And we're complete professionals that are trying our very best every night to be better than the game.
And it's just not possible.

Speaker 10 So it keeps you constantly challenged. It would be like every one of your classes and your lectures, you having all of your colleagues.

Speaker 10 sitting in the back row and then afterwards going through what you said. It's almost defending your thesis every night.

Speaker 10 And you want to not be defensive, but you should have a reason for why you did what you did.

Speaker 10 And when you're open to that, then sometimes you realize that reason was incorrect and you adjust to it to the next time. And isn't that how you gain experientially?

Speaker 10 That's how you learn how to officiate. I generally now recognize my.
mistakes and I'm not tied to them as much as I was when I first started because I wanted to be perfect so much.

Speaker 10 Now, if I make a mistake, I recognize it as such, and I got to move on to the next one. And I'm apt to say this is a mistake, and why it is.

Speaker 10 Most of the time, when I make a mistake, most people don't even notice it. And I'm tearing myself up inside about it.
And I have to hurry up and get to the next play.

Speaker 10 A player will come to me and I'll say, well, before you even get started, I'm certain that you're going to say this. And just before we get started, that was a mistake.

Speaker 6 So I'm sure the players aren't that used to hearing the referees saying I made a mistake.

Speaker 10 Oh, yeah, they are. It's not as confrontational as it appears on TV.
There is some complaining and there is some gamesmanship,

Speaker 10 but it is not as confrontational as it appears.

Speaker 10 You just have profoundly type A personalities who want to win and they're looking for every single advantage that is possible and you're out there responsible for being fair.

Speaker 10 And just like any good judge, sometimes you have to say no

Speaker 10 because that's not fair. And at the end of the day, that's what you're trying to do.
You're not trying to make one friend. You're trying to be respected by 414 other players.
That's the goal.

Speaker 10 I had an official Billy Oaks tell me one time, allow them to teach you how to referee. Don't think that you know it all.

Speaker 10 If you keep getting a consistent complaint from someone, you might want to look at that and see what do the coaches think about these plays. They watch all the games.
They see it there.

Speaker 10 Are you consistently judging plays the way they've seen them judged? And what are their reactions? I had a great player tell me one time. He is a coach.
It was actually Isaiah Thomas.

Speaker 10 I called a travel

Speaker 10 on, who was it on? I can't remember who it was on.

Speaker 10 And he said to me, Mark, how much do you work on your travel call this summer?

Speaker 10 I said, I don't know. He said, well, he worked on that move all summer long.
And you call it a travel. You need to make sure when you call it that it's really a travel.

Speaker 10 you talked about how the nb has quantified the accuracy so you tell me a little bit about what you're measured on yes well the plays are divided into four categories incorrect calls correct calls no calls that are judged correctly and no calls that are judged incorrectly so Initially, you might think that we're only judged when we blow our whistle.

Speaker 10 Are we right? Are we wrong? But basketball, there's so many decisions that need to be made and no calls need to be quantified as well.

Speaker 6 And who's doing that judging? There's a team of people employed by the NBA?

Speaker 10 There's a team of evaluators, yes.

Speaker 6 And they're literally looking at every play of every game and putting a label on every single play.

Speaker 10 Every single play of every single game for every season is judged based on those four categories. Some of them cannot be verified with the human eye.

Speaker 10 It's correct once we put it in triple X super slow motion, but was not verifiable by the naked eye.

Speaker 6 And so then you get a score for every game. They give you some number that says how good you were game by game, or what kind of feedback do you get?

Speaker 10 Generally speaking, we have a developmental team of advisors, and they quantify all of this. And there is a score, and there is a website in which we can go and see how we were judged for that game.

Speaker 10 We've had this system about eight years. I have never one time gone on that system.

Speaker 6 Interesting.

Speaker 10 I look and I review all of my own plays, but in terms of nightly looking at every single play, did they think it was right? Did they think it was wrong? I don't find that to be a useful exercise.

Speaker 10 If a trend develops, like they may tell me, we have three positions on the floor, lead, trail, and slot.

Speaker 10 Mark, in the slot, we've noticed you've had a sequence of incorrect decisions on no calls on curl plays to the basket.

Speaker 10 We've looked at this and we think you need to really focus on taking a step down to catch to the point of contact on the elbow. You missed four of those in the last week.

Speaker 10 Then I'll go and look at that. But generally speaking, by doing my own, I generally know before they

Speaker 10 call me about it, I generally already am aware of it.

Speaker 6 And over the course of a season, do they tell you what your numbers look like?

Speaker 10 If I were to ask, they would tell me. I know other officials have asked.

Speaker 10 One thing that we do know from the stats, we have primary responsibilities on the floor and then secondary responsibility on the floors.

Speaker 10 And that's fluid because based on where the ball is, we change positions, we move, we rotate to different places.

Speaker 10 And then what was your secondary responsibility ball comes in and now it's your primary responsibility.

Speaker 10 Our most accurate official staff-wide in their primary, when they call a foul or make a decision in their secondary, meaning they're calling in front of another official, our most accurate official is nowhere near as accurate in his secondary as our least accurate official would be in her primary.

Speaker 10 One of the fundamental tenets of refereeing is you referee the defender, you stay in your primary, you call obvious plays, and you trust your partner.

Speaker 10 And that's one of the things that the analytics has really done a marvelous job of is pulling out little nuggets like that. that I think will push our percentages even higher than they are now.

Speaker 10 And now they go somewhere between 93 to 95%.

Speaker 10 I would venture to guess if we looked at those stats and we start seeing publicity about it two, three years from now, that number will be going up to 95 to 97. Because it makes you more disciplined.

Speaker 10 And if you go back, aim small, miss small, if you get somebody that's really well trained and you allow them to focus on a smaller area, then they're going to be more accurate in that area as opposed to spraying and looking at a much larger area.

Speaker 6 So you could have two different rules about a game. One would be, I want to have every call accurate.
And the other would be, I'd like the game to be fair.

Speaker 6 And so when I know I made a mistake, fairness would dictate that I should make another mistake. So, if you blow a call, do you follow that up with a makeup call?

Speaker 10 Two-blown calls. What's that? That would be two-blown calls.

Speaker 6 So, you're saying you do not personally partake in make-up calls.

Speaker 10 Nor do any of my colleagues query how that is ever fair to make a mistake on purpose.

Speaker 6 Let's define fairness as given the skill levels of the teams, the way they play, that the outcome reflects that.

Speaker 6 So, if you know you blew a call, then to balance it out, you want to give one back.

Speaker 10 No. I wish I didn't make that mistake.
I'm not in the business of then making another mistake that goes to my professional reputation. And I want to be accurate.
I want to be trusted.

Speaker 10 My response to that is, yeah, I recognize that as a mistake, Stephen. I'm sorry about that, buddy.
That's awful.

Speaker 10 Now, what we do have, and I'm being careful just because I want to make sure that I'm articulating because no one has ever insinuated directly, indirectly to me to make a make-up call.

Speaker 10 They tell me constantly, do your best, get the ones you can, move on if you make a mistake. There have been some ceiling stairs.

Speaker 10 I made some brutal errors that were at critical times of the game that kept me up for nights on end because you don't want to have that effect on the game, but I never

Speaker 10 have made that mistake on the other end to try to make up for it.

Speaker 6 That's another difference between officiating and say teaching or grading.

Speaker 6 Sometimes I'll be tough on a particular student, maybe give them a lower grade because I'm in a bad mood or something like that.

Speaker 6 And I file that away and I usually make it up to them later in the term. But the reason is nobody's actually watching me.
There's no scrutiny.

Speaker 6 Now, that's not necessarily a good recipe for excellence, but it's a good recipe for having fun and having an easy life and not having to worry every second about doing a good job. And I like that.

Speaker 10 Different missions, different goals. Ultimately, you're trying to communicate and teach this student the overarching lesson that you're trying to teach.

Speaker 10 You want them to get the concept of the class, the overarching part of it.

Speaker 10 We're focused on getting the play right because then when everybody understands what's right and wrong, then they can participate.

Speaker 10 And their beautiful athleticism and the hard-wrought emotional competitiveness can come out when everybody knows where the line is.

Speaker 10 Although that is a concept that people just, for the life of them, cannot understand.

Speaker 6 So I learned my first lesson about this in high school, about makeup calls in high school.

Speaker 6 I was, believe it or not, my senior year, I was the starting point guard on my varsity team, but I really wasn't very good. So I needed all the help I could get.

Speaker 6 And help finally came one day, mid-season.

Speaker 10 My prayers were answered.

Speaker 6 It turned out that my uncle Bill was a high school referee, and he got assigned to my game. And I thought, oh, how fantastic.
I've got my uncle on my side.

Speaker 6 So I was not very good at basketball, but the one thing I was willing to do and not bad at was taking a charge. And it was about two minutes into the game.

Speaker 6 And this is 30 years ago, but I still remember the name of the player. The guy's name was Brent Cumber.
He was a big guy. He was an all-metro football and basketball player.

Speaker 6 And he drives down the lane. And

Speaker 6 using no common sense, I decided it would be a great idea to take a charge against him. So I plant my feet.
He leaps. He buries his knee into my neck and we crash to the ground.

Speaker 6 And my Uncle Bill blows the whistle. He points at me, blocking foul.

Speaker 6 And I'm like, what are you talking about? Blocking foul? That makes no sense. But anyway, we get up, we play.
It's about three minutes later, same situation. Brent Cumber comes down the lane again.

Speaker 6 I plant. This time he hits me so hard that I actually slide backwards all the way and I crash into the wall of the gymnasium.
My uncle Bill blows a whistle, blocking foul.

Speaker 6 Like you, he did not believe in makeup calls.

Speaker 6 It's the only time I've ever used the F word towards a referee, and probably if it hadn't been my uncle, he would have given me a technical, but he did not give me a technical.

Speaker 6 But I still did not forgive him for at least two or three years.

Speaker 10 It seems like 30.

Speaker 6 You're right. I've never totally forgiven him.

Speaker 6 So you were a spokesman for the NBA referees after Jacob Blake was shot by a police officer in Kenosha, Wisconsin. The players and referees boycotted playoff games.

Speaker 6 I think that was maybe in August of 2020. Can you tell me about that?

Speaker 10 Yeah, I'm the leader of our group and represented us in our negotiations.

Speaker 10 I just felt like we, as a multi-generational as well as multiracial, gender-based LGBT community, I just think our group has representation from all the different groups that when we have issues like this, and we're such a close group that we have to delve into them.

Speaker 10 And I knew that there had to be a common place that we could be on. Black Lives Matter is not a knock against the police.
I knew it was a topic that we could deal with.

Speaker 10 And that's when we came up with it's not right versus left, it's right versus wrong. And racism is wrong.
Can we all agree on that? Yes. So let's just keep it to just that.

Speaker 10 And let's let that be our platform, that racism is wrong and it should not be tolerated. And we also agreed that our players were hurting and that black America was hurting

Speaker 10 and convinced them that we should get up, march down to the players who are having a meeting at the same time and get in front of them. and stand united.
We have a large proponent of white men.

Speaker 10 And I knew if I could get these white men and women and the black older men and the younger men, that we could get in the middle of that group and tell them that we loved them, we supported them, that we'd build lives on their talents.

Speaker 10 And we all agreed that racism was wrong and that black lives mattered. And we're here to support you.
Whatever we can offer to you contextually or experientially at different times, grab one of us.

Speaker 10 You've got a question. We're here for you.

Speaker 6 And what happened? What did the players do?

Speaker 10 There was not an immediate response, just a thank you and just looks of thank you predominantly to our leadership team. And then we marched out and left.

Speaker 10 But over the next couple of weeks, as you would make your way around campus, I would see players and they would pull officials to the side and ask them questions.

Speaker 10 And just think about it generationally. Even our most experienced players, 35, 36, we have officials 55, 60 years old.
We had a lot of conversations that just were organic.

Speaker 10 A lot of conversations where we said, look, here's your platform. The world's attention is on us.
Every time you have a game, there's going to be a microphone in your face.

Speaker 10 Say something about issues that you feel strongly about in your community.

Speaker 6 Do you talk to your kids about race?

Speaker 10 Incessantly. We talk about it.
Every day, they are exhausted by it. I know they are, but it's so important.
My wife is white. I'm black.

Speaker 10 And we had a lot of conversations about it before we got married, and we had conversations with my parents and her parents. And this is the way

Speaker 10 I presented it to them. I said, here's the thing.
Our children, we're going to allow them to identify however they identify themselves as.

Speaker 10 Whatever they want the world to see them as, whatever they want to project, we have to give them the freedom.

Speaker 10 and the flexibility, the confidence, and the intelligence to present whoever they're going to be to the world. But they must have defense and they must understand how the world may perceive them.

Speaker 10 And they must be able to pick up on societal cues and pick up on cues to help navigate themselves so that their intelligence, their diligence, their kindness, their goodness can get out.

Speaker 10 Because you have to be able to articulate. You have to be able to figure out nuances and understanding.
That's just what you must be able to do in this country as a person of color.

Speaker 10 And my mother-in-law, she didn't get it at first. The first time she ever really picked picked up, she was taking my oldest.

Speaker 10 He was in the bassinet, and somebody came up to her and said, oh, that baby's beautiful. Where'd you get him? Get him? My daughter's bad.

Speaker 10 Where'd you get him? She didn't catch it.

Speaker 10 And then finally, like two days later, I was back in town. She's like, they couldn't put that.
Was my grandchildren? I said, no, I didn't.

Speaker 10 My point is, my in-laws, who are Irish Catholic, never went to school with anybody black, probably didn't work with many people black, never had any engagement, they have become the most engaged and the most involved in these kinds of conversations because it's become real to them.

Speaker 10 And so we have to really get into these tough conversations, particularly in intimate relationships, like with my colleagues, like with people I went to school with.

Speaker 10 We don't shy from those conversations. My oldest son's college essay, he wrote independently.
This was his idea. He wrote, it was on white versus black Thanksgiving and his life of two

Speaker 10 and how he loved them both but how they were so different.

Speaker 10 White Thanksgivings at two o'clock and black Thanksgivings at six but they don't eat till eight and white Thanksgivings with my six nuclear two uncles and my cousins and black Thanksgivings with aunts that kiss me and know everything about me and I don't even know who they are and my daughter's was about her hair and how people perceived her with her hair and from both sides of of race.

Speaker 10 And my youngest, who's working on his now, I just read his first draft, was about his perception of how people wanted to make him be in one and how he refused to.

Speaker 10 And this is who he is, and this is, and how he grew to be able to articulate who he is and how he wants to be perceived. And he perceives himself as a black man.

Speaker 6 I've watched some video of you on the court, and it seems like you banter a lot with the players and coaches, and that you're having a lot of fun.

Speaker 10 Sometimes, because it's a relationship. It's not Mr.
Referee. It's not we think all referees are awful, all races are bad.
They think referee Mark Davis is not good. They think Steven is much better.

Speaker 10 They think Monty McCutcheon is great. They think James Capers is nice, but he doesn't want to be spoken to.
It's a relationship. So when a funny moment moment comes about, you have to chuckle.

Speaker 10 And they chuckle too. It's a game and it's very important.
And a lot of people make their livelihood with it. But if something funny happens, you got to smile.
They've got to know that you care.

Speaker 10 And so you have to have that connection with people. Everybody wants to be heard.
As I have doing this longer and longer, I think it's more important that they understand

Speaker 10 that they know that you understand the complaint. They know that you understand what they're saying.
They know that you understand what what they're feeling.

Speaker 10 They know that as opposed to the actual answer to the question that they're asking you, if in fact it is a question.

Speaker 6 And do you bring that same perspective to parenting or do you parent like your referee?

Speaker 10 I don't know that there's a change. When I think about it, my father was never an official, but I probably learned more about officiating and clearly everything I know about parenting from him.

Speaker 10 My father was a Chicago policeman. He worked in the streets.
He worked in the second district. So he worked on the Robert Taylor projects and there out in Gresham for a while.

Speaker 10 And I have never to this day met anyone who did not like my father. Not one

Speaker 10 person ever.

Speaker 10 Going up, we spent a lot of time in his district, wherever he was. I spent a lot of time in the police station.

Speaker 10 Until I was about 11, I thought damn near everybody I saw was a policeman because he would say, daddy works with him.

Speaker 10 And everyone always wanted to to say hi to my dad and he said hey how you doing man you fine how's everything going since you've been back and I say who is that oh daddy works with him the best thing he taught me about refereeing was something that had nothing to do with refereeing really but has everything to do with he said as long as you have the final say give up the last word and that has been profound in my home life

Speaker 6 marriage children. Wait, you have the final say in your home life?

Speaker 10 Is this the part we can edit this, right?

Speaker 10 no i don't that's the only relationship in which i do not have the final say but with my children i have the final say i have the final say on whether or not they can stay out 30 minutes later or whether they can go to this or whether they can do that so if i get a little mumble grumble while they're doing what i've asked them to do i don't really pay attention to that my dad said to me years ago he would watch me referee and he because i was a bit of a fireball he said you know that these people don't even know you they're screaming at your shirt and your shirt can't respond so unless they're really screaming at you, just let it go.

Speaker 10 If I ask a player, hey, buddy, can you please tuck your shirt in? And they, oh, what the hell? And as long as they're tucking the shirt in, that's fine with me.

Speaker 10 Or if they ask me why, I tell them, I said, because,

Speaker 10 you know, the owners have a lucrative deal with Nike and they want the shirts to be tucked in. You know, that's, don't you see my shirts tucked in? It's just what we have to do.
Oh, that's stupid.

Speaker 10 As long as they're tucking their shirt in, that's fine.

Speaker 6 I love the advice Mark's dad gave him and I'll tell you why.

Speaker 6 One of the subtle ways that economists differ from other people I've noticed is that we tend to be heavily focused on outcomes and care very little about process.

Speaker 6 Thinking like an economist doesn't always pay off, but I suspect this is one situation where it can be helpful.

Speaker 6 If you can free yourself from caring about the particular path by which an outcome is reached, then that frees you up to follow whatever path leads to the outcome you want. Give it a try.

Speaker 6 The next time you notice that you're more focused on the process than the outcome, take a deep breath. Say to yourself, this probably won't work.
But Levitt says, forget about the process.

Speaker 6 All that matters is the outcome. And then let me know how it turns out, good or bad.
Thanks for listening, and good luck.

Speaker 13 People I Mostly Admire is part of the Freakonomics Radio Network, which also includes Freakonomics Freakonomics Radio, No Stupid Questions, and Freakonomics MD.

Speaker 13 This show is produced by Stitcher and Renbud Radio. Morgan Levy is our producer, and Jasmine Klinger is our engineer.

Speaker 13 Our staff also includes Allison Craiglow, Greg Riffin, Joel Meyer, Tricia Bovita, Emma Terrell, Lyric Baudich, Jacob Plementi, and Stephen Dubner. Theme music composed by Luis Guerra.

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That's P-I-M-A at freakonomics.com. Thanks for listening.

Speaker 10 He went after me like he was going to kill me. They were tackling him.
This was the such-and-such grown-up league, and he would rip my head off and defecate down my neck if I ever bothered him again.

Speaker 10 I'm positive I gave him a technical file.

Speaker 13 The Freakonomics Radio Network, the hidden side of everything.

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