Seahenge

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Speaker 1 Today's episode is all about Sea Henge, one of, in my opinion, one of the most extraordinary prehistoric discoveries made in Britain in recent decades.

Speaker 1 And yet its story feels much lesser known than other monuments such as Stonehenge. And I only learned about this monument a couple of years ago when it was a star attraction of a new exhibition.

Speaker 1 at the British Museum, but it blew me away back then. And so I thought we've got to dedicate an entire episode to its story.
Our guest is the one and only Dr. Sue Greeney.

Speaker 1 Sue is a leading expert on the prehistoric monuments in Britain. She's been on the podcast before to talk about Stonehenge, and she's back to talk all things sea henge.
She's a wonderful speaker.

Speaker 1 This episode was so intriguing, and I know you're going to absolutely love it. So, let's get into it.

Speaker 1 In 1998, an extraordinary discovery was made along Holme Beach in North Norfolk.

Speaker 1 The remains of 4,000-year-old wooden posts, a prehistoric timber circle that had been hidden beneath the sands for millennia and was incredibly well preserved.

Speaker 1 The name Sea Henge quickly stuck, linking it to the infinitely famous Stonehenge. To have a wooden monument survive for millennia is extremely rare.

Speaker 1 Seahenge is one of Britain's greatest archaeological discoveries of recent decades, and yet its story feels little known. Today, we're going to address that.

Speaker 1 This is the story of Seahenge with our guest, Dr. Sue Greeney.

Speaker 1 Sue, it is such a pleasure to have you back on the podcast.

Speaker 17 Oh, thank you. It's great to be here.

Speaker 1 Last time we did all things Stonehenge, largely in the Neolithic period, didn't we?

Speaker 1 Today we're talking all about Seahenge, which feels a bit more mysterious, but it's intrigued me ever since I saw this or parts of it at the World of Stonehenge exhibition at the British Museum a few years ago.

Speaker 1 My first question has to be, what exactly is Seahenge?

Speaker 17 Seahenge is actually a bit of a misnomer because it's not really a henge, a bit like Stonehenge. It's a name that was given to the site when it was discovered by the local papers and it's stuck.

Speaker 17 Actually, what it is is a timber circle, a very small timber circle.

Speaker 17 And it was discovered in 1998 off the north coast of Norfolk when some sands and peats had been washed away by the sea and it sort of suddenly got noticed so that it was there and then it was excavated the following year.

Speaker 17 So the name sea henge often by archaeologists we prefer to call it Holm 1 timber circle which isn't quite so evocative.

Speaker 1 So it's not a henge at all is it but it was found near the sea. The sea part is at least a little bit accurate.

Speaker 17 It is fairly accurate. When it was built it it would have been more inland than how it was discovered.
It was actually discovered in the tidal zone, kind of eroding out of the sediments.

Speaker 17 But when it was built, it would have been slightly more inland and actually in a kind of freshwater, wet area, just behind a load of sand dunes.

Speaker 1 Yes, can you tell us a bit about the whole discovery of Seahenge? Because it feels quite recent. It's not like Stonehenge that's been known for centuries.
Seahenge is quite a recent phenomenon.

Speaker 17 That's right. It was...
possibly known about in the late 1980s. Local people had seen these timbers, but people thought maybe it was a shipwreck or, you know, something fairly modern.

Speaker 17 But it wasn't until 1998 when a local man, John Lorrimer, managed to identify it and reported it to the local Norfolk Archaeology Service.

Speaker 17 And they came out to have a look and said, No, this is really significant, this is important.

Speaker 17 And it's actually quite a small timber circle, it's only six, seven meters across.

Speaker 17 So we're talking about you know not something enormous that would be visible for miles away, but you'd really have to stumble across it and look at it carefully to know that it was a circle.

Speaker 1 And is it really remarkable that a timber circle, of all things, has survived down through thousands of years.

Speaker 17 Yeah, and that's why it's really exciting as a monument, because we so rarely get timbers preserved from this period of prehistory.

Speaker 17 There were really unusual conditions where very soon after it was constructed, it got covered by peat and other sediments.

Speaker 17 That meant it was in an anaerobic condition, which means that the timbers preserved, whereas every other timber monument we have from this period and earlier only survives as post holes.

Speaker 17 Sometimes we get the odd trace of a tiny bit of post in the bottom of a hole, but really to have the actual timbers surviving and surviving above ground, as in the bit that would have been visible in prehistory is still visible to us today, is really astonishing.

Speaker 17 And so it can tell us so much about people's prehistoric attitudes to wood and to timber and what these monuments actually look like above ground.

Speaker 1 And how long was it after the discovery, after the reporting of this monument, did it take for research to start going on Sea Henge and then figuring out things like how old this monument actually was?

Speaker 17 Yeah, so there was an initial evaluation shortly after the discovery, which took place in late 1998, and that established it that it was definitely a prehistoric timber circle.

Speaker 17 And then a full excavation was planned the following year.

Speaker 17 It was quite controversial at the time because some people, particularly local people, wanted to keep it, but it was actively eroding out of the peat.

Speaker 17 And you could see that the seawater and the inundations and the tides were just destroying the timbers. There was actually two timber circles.
Holm 1 is Seahenge.

Speaker 17 There was another one, one, Holm 2, which was left in situ. It was in far worse preservation conditions and it was excavated, but it was left in situ rather than being removed.

Speaker 17 So what they did in 1998 was a rather extraordinary project where they had to excavate between the tides. So they only got about between one and four hours a day to actually go in and excavate.

Speaker 17 And they had to use several pumps to make sure that the water was removed from if everyone's ever dug a hole on a beach, you know that water just appears quite quickly.

Speaker 17 So it was a bit of an extraordinary project to try and do and they had to record it as carefully as they could looking at things like debris from the woodworking that had taken place, making sure that they rescued the timbers and immediately those timbers were then transported to a local site called Flagfen which is just near Peterborough.

Speaker 17 where they had lots and lots of facilities to preserve the wood. So they put them straight into water tanks so that there was no further decay and they didn't start to dry out and crack.

Speaker 17 And then really the conservation of those timbers started from then, which is a process of drying them out slowly and using different chemicals to kind of impregnate them and preserve them, basically the same as they do with things like the Mary Rose and things.

Speaker 17 So that's when the research started. And an amazing amount of work was done on site by Mark Brennand, who was the archaeologist, but also by Maisie Taylor, who is a prehistoric woodworking specialist.

Speaker 17 So she was able to examine all of the timbers and look for signs of the marks where the axes had actually been used to trim the trees and looking at the history of which trees had been used and how they'd been divided up around the circle and all kinds of really interesting detail about how the monument had been built.

Speaker 1 Fantastic. So many details that we can delve into.

Speaker 1 But it also sounds like I'm just thinking straight away about coastal archaeological discoveries and almost a race against time with the tides and so on.

Speaker 1 So my mind immediately went to like the Haysborough footprints or something like that, those 900,000-year-old human footprints, the earliest in Britain.

Speaker 1 similar with that one, a race against the clock to ensure that they're preserved, that they're recorded. And it seems similarly with C.

Speaker 1 Henge's discovery, it was done quickly but effectively to then then record all of these details.

Speaker 17 Yeah, I mean luckily in that part of East Anglia we have a real cluster of excellent archaeologists who are used to dealing with waterlogged conditions in the wash and around the kind of the flat areas of Peterborough and things.

Speaker 17 So the experts were there ready to jump into action. But yeah, it was definitely a team effort and it was it was as I said it was quite controversial at the time.

Speaker 17 So there was protests at the site during the excavations because people wanted it to be kept in position. Wow.

Speaker 17 So the archaeologists had to deal with that and of course the media, it was on the front page page of one of the major newspapers.

Speaker 17 And so it became, you know, a real place for reporters to go and take photographs and have interviews and things.

Speaker 17 So they were trying to deal with all that as well as do the best job they could with the archaeology.

Speaker 1 Well, quite frankly, when a name like Sea Henge emerges, it sticks and that gets the media interest, it doesn't it?

Speaker 1 Well, let's delve into that first part of the research, which is the dating of this monument. This is extraordinary.
So, how old did they figure out was Sea Henge?

Speaker 17 So, Sea Henge was built in the late spring or early summer of 2049 BC, 2049 BC.

Speaker 1 Almost a pinpoint precise date there.

Speaker 17 That is extraordinary knowledge. It is amazing, isn't it?

Speaker 17 So this is because we can use, because it's timber, we can use a technique called dendrochronology to look at the timbers and look at the tree rings.

Speaker 17 And this is a really well established technique for dating timber by counting and looking at the different tree rings and matching that across to known date timbers.

Speaker 17 But different seasons and different climate change through the years, you can actually basically map this kind of growth of trees and so they were able to do that for these particular trees and of course they had so many posts and also a central large trunk that they were able to get a complete sequence and really precisely date the timbers when we think of something like stonehenge or the ring of brodger or other great monuments from that time period or a bit earlier you see people saying oh this would have taken years to build but if you've got a particular date for woodhenge do we think then that it took much less time to build a timber circle like that Yeah, it's a much, much smaller and simpler monument.

Speaker 17 There's some estimates in the publications about how many people it would have taken, perhaps 50 people or so working for a couple of weeks. You know, it's really a very short-term thing.

Speaker 17 And unlike monuments like Stonehenge, for example, it was built in one go, one phase, and then not altered.

Speaker 17 So unlike other monuments where we see phases of change and lots of different building projects coming and altering and changing and revisiting sites over millennia sometimes, Seahenge is a kind of snapshot, one-off, monument built, and then very quickly covered.

Speaker 1 So 2049 BC, is that correct Sue?

Speaker 17 That's right, yeah.

Speaker 1 So about 4,000 years ago it was built. Can you set the scene of what Britain looks like at that time?

Speaker 1 What should we be imagining with all of these monuments at that time and the monumental world that Seahenge sits in?

Speaker 17 So that particular date is within what we call the Early Bronze Age. So this is a period of time when people have got metal tools.

Speaker 17 So some of the tools that were used to build the monument monument were bronze axes, which is kind of the bronze is the go-to metal of this period, obviously being the Bronze Age.

Speaker 17 The early Bronze Age, though, is actually really similar to the period before that, the late Neolithic period, the late Stone Age, in terms of how people are living and their lifestyles at this time.

Speaker 17 People are generally thought in this period to be relatively mobile farmers and pastoralists. So they have herds of cattle, herds of pigs, sheep and goats.

Speaker 17 And evidence for settlement from this period is really quite rare.

Speaker 17 So we think that people are still probably moving on a seasonal basis, perhaps moving between different settlements, relatively ephemeral settlements, so things that don't leave much of a trace behind.

Speaker 17 This is in contrast to the Middle Bronze Age period, which comes a little bit later when people, we do start seeing the first roundhouses and the first kind of permanent settlements and farms and field systems and things.

Speaker 17 So in this early Bronze Age people, in terms of monuments, people are building round barrows.

Speaker 17 I'm sure lots of listeners will be familiar with the round barrows that you can see scattered across quite large bits of Britain.

Speaker 17 and this is the go-to monument for this period really so that's how they're burying their dead and sorry Sue could you explain quickly what a round barrow is for those who might not know what actually a round barrow is so in the early Bronze Age people are building round barrows which are relatively small mounds of earth covering sometimes one burial covering sometimes multiple burials and often surrounded by a ditch they come in different forms bell barrows and bowl barrows but in essence they are mounds under which people are buried and this is a tradition that comes into Britain at the start of the Early Bronze Age, so around about 2400 BC, perhaps 400 years or so before Seahenge gets constructed.

Speaker 17 And at that time we have a big shift in what happens in Britain.

Speaker 17 So although the lifestyles stay the same and the kind of the farming and the livestock and the mobility stays quite similar, we have new people coming into Britain at that time from the continent.

Speaker 17 So this is what often get called the Beaker people or the Beaker folk.

Speaker 17 And these people come into Britain at that time with the first metals, with different types of pottery, with probably new ideas about burial and religion, language, all those kind of things.

Speaker 17 And so what you're seeing in terms of the people who built Seahenge is about 400 years after that period of immigration when people are much more connected with the continent and they are making things like beaker pottery.

Speaker 17 and they're burying their dead under round barrows. And by that point, about 2000 BC, people are fairly well integrated.
That immigration has happened.

Speaker 17 The people are kind of quite a mixed population and fairly settled in terms of kind of their lifestyle.

Speaker 1 And so in regards to the monumentality, so you have the round barrows, you have these new people to have come in a few centuries before Seahenges built.

Speaker 1 The landscape of Britain at that time, would there have still been stone circles and timber circles in use?

Speaker 1 Because normally you'd think with stone and timber circles, you think the Neolithic, you think the end of the Stone Age. But of course, this is the early Bronze Age.

Speaker 1 But would people going around the UK at that time, would... timber circles, stone circles still be very recognisable points in the landscape?

Speaker 17 Certainly, yes. So in the late Neolithic period in particular, there was a whole load of stone and earth and timber monuments constructed across much of Britain.

Speaker 17 And these would have been still known about and still present in the landscape. Timber circles were built in that period as well.

Speaker 17 So particularly large timber circles and also things we call palisaded enclosures, which are great big areas of land surrounded by thousands of posts, which we can talk about a bit later.

Speaker 17 So yes, timber monuments and stone monuments would have been present and known about in the landscape. The interesting thing about timber monuments is of course they don't last.

Speaker 17 So if you set up a timber post, even if it's a substantial timber post, it's not going to last more than say 100 years or so.

Speaker 17 So what you might have had by this period is a whole series of slightly decaying monuments.

Speaker 17 If you ever go and there's on the Isle of Arran a few years ago they built a replica timber circle and then left it.

Speaker 17 And it's really interesting to go there and see it kind of part rotten, part fallen down, because that's what might have been quite familiar to people in the early Bronze Age as these monuments that had been once really spectacular and the centre of kind of ritual activities actually now may be a bit more abandoned and sort of decaying in the landscape.

Speaker 1 I guess that goes back to what we were saying at the beginning with how extraordinary Sea Henge is is that you still have the timber post surviving.

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Speaker 1 I'd like to ask now about how many examples of timber circles there were in Britain at that time.

Speaker 1 Is it quite a difficult task sometimes finding those post holes in the soil and trying to identify the remains of where a timber post once stood?

Speaker 17 Yeah, we do have quite a few examples of timber circles, but you're right. You have to find those through excavation, through geophysical survey.
They obviously don't survive above ground anymore.

Speaker 17 And so we know that people built large timber circles and timber monuments all the way through the Neolithic period.

Speaker 17 But by the early Bronze Age, a lot of the timber monuments are actually associated with burials.

Speaker 17 So these round barrows, which are associated with burials, often if surveys are done, they show that there is a ring of pits underneath.

Speaker 17 So, round barrows can be kind of multi-phase in that the first burial might have been just surrounded by a simple timber posts, and then they added a mound later.

Speaker 17 So, what we're seeing is that small timber circles like Seahenge were often associated with burials and were part of the kind of sequence at round barrows.

Speaker 1 That's a nice hint to where we'll get to later on in the chat when we talk all about its purpose.

Speaker 1 If we go back specifically to Seahenge now, Susan, can you also give us a sense, you hinted at it earlier as well, of what the landscape around the area of Seahenge in East Anglia in Norfolk would have looked like some 4,000 years ago when it is built?

Speaker 17 So they did lots and lots of environmental work when they did the excavation.

Speaker 17 So they looked at things like pollen, they looked at the sediments, they looked at survival of things like beetles and all kinds of other

Speaker 17 really amazing kind of insects and things that get preserved in the sediments.

Speaker 17 And from that, they were able to tell that Seahenge had been constructed in basically a sort of freshwater, sort of boggy area not that far from the coast but not right on the coast because of course the Norfolk coastline has changed since the Bronze Age and has become more inundated and that means that it was built on relatively dryish land but perhaps just at the interface where the dry land was becoming wet and what we know is that nearby there was quite a lot of oak woodland and so the timbers that were actually used to construct the circle were probably from the very local area well let's now explore those timbers themselves sue and explore the monument itself.

Speaker 1 So it feels like Sea Henge is made of two particular parts, the outer ring and then the centre.

Speaker 1 It's almost like we did with Stonehenge where we talked about the various parts of the monument in our chat. Let's start with the outer ring first of all.
Can you tell us about that?

Speaker 17 So the outer ring is 55 timber posts. Originally, they would have perhaps been two to three meters tall, but when they were actually excavated, they are up to a metre in length still surviving.

Speaker 17 And basically these are trimmed, smallish trees, so they are perhaps 50 to 100 years old or something like that. All oak.
The whole monument is built of oak. And they were set in a in a circle.

Speaker 17 It's actually a very sort of slightly oval shape. It's about six meters by seven meters.
And these were set very close to each other, so almost forming a complete continuous fence line.

Speaker 17 And they were set up with the bark still on the trees and they were split posts. So they were the sort of half moon shaped posts.
And they were set up with their bark on the outside of the circle.

Speaker 17 So if you would look at the monument, it would almost be like looking at an enormous tree because they were set up very close together. Access was provided, one of the posts was a little fork.

Speaker 17 It was a forked branch, so a tree that had forked into and you could have stepped between those two to get access to the inner part of the circle.

Speaker 17 Really interestingly, the analysis they did of these posts afterwards showed that several of them had come from the same trees. They think maybe 15 to 20 trees were used to build it.

Speaker 17 And some of the timber posts were the same timber, the same tree as the one that ended up in the middle, which we'll talk about in a minute.

Speaker 17 So it's a really interesting thing in that some archaeologists have suggested that this was almost like setting up a recreation of a tree with the bark on the inside and the bark on the outside and the bare wood on the inside.

Speaker 17 And that stepping into this circle would have been a bit like stepping into a tree, which is quite fun.

Speaker 1 And is there a ditch or anything outside of this ring of trees or anything like that, like with Stonehenge?

Speaker 17 No, they carefully looked for evidence of a ditch when they did the excavations or a bank or anything. They didn't find any evidence for that.
So it looks like it was simply just freestanding.

Speaker 17 They were just digging holes down to take the posts and then setting them upright.

Speaker 1 It's also so interesting, because mentioned Stonehenge there, that there's always the talk about where particular stones came from and people now being able to kind of pinpoint particular locations where the stones were sourced.

Speaker 1 If you're saying that the wood for these timbers seem to have been largely from the same trees or only a few trees, is it different with dendrochronology? Can we not pinpoint exactly which

Speaker 1 prehistoric forest they came from, or how far away they came from? Or is that just information we can't ascertain?

Speaker 17 Yeah, unfortunately, there's no techniques for doing that. But handily, these particular trees were noted to be really gnarled and quite kind of irregular in shape.

Speaker 17 And the idea is actually that these trees were being affected by seawater.

Speaker 17 So these trees were not necessarily the healthiest oak trees, but they had been basically kind of had their growth stunted and a bit more kind of affected by sea.

Speaker 17 So the point when they were constructing this timber circle was probably one of landscape change, was probably one where the coast was changing and that established oak woodlands were perhaps being inundated for the first time or in the lifetime of the people that were building the monument.

Speaker 17 And that's one idea, again, about, you know,

Speaker 17 are they building this in response to that change? And so that's why we think the trees came from very locally, because they've got this effect, which suggests that they're being impacted by seawater.

Speaker 1 So this is my favourite part of the whole story of Sea Henge, which is if we now go to the centre of the monument and this bizarre piece of timber right in the middle. So what is this?

Speaker 17 So really interestingly what they put into the middle of this timber circle was an upside-down tree. So they took the base of a tree with all the roots and things.

Speaker 17 So we think this is a tree that had fallen over or perhaps been felled by pulling it down. So perhaps in a storm or something like that.
And they put it upside down in a great big pit in the middle.

Speaker 17 So what you would have seen stepping into that space would have been a tangle of roots and basically the bit of a tree that you never normally see, which is the bit that would have been below ground.

Speaker 17 This is really exciting because if we'd just found this as a normal archaeology site, we'd have just found a big pit.

Speaker 17 We wouldn't have been able to know that they were putting a tree upside down in the middle of a timber circle.

Speaker 17 So it's really evocative and it really kind of makes you think, well, why on earth were they doing that?

Speaker 17 Why would they invert this tree? It's a very odd thing to do. And we can begin to speculate about why, why they might have done that and why this particular tree.

Speaker 17 But yeah, that's what they set up in the middle.

Speaker 1 And I'm trying to picture it as well, like roots going everywhere, like curly hair, just looking really bizarre and weird, you know, to people who, many people who may well not have seen anything like that before.

Speaker 1 The big question then, Sue, what are some of the theories? Why do they decide to put an upside down tree, roots and all, in the center of this timber circle?

Speaker 17 Well, it's a really difficult question to answer because we can't really get into the mindsets of somebody in the Bronze Age.

Speaker 17 But if you think about it being an inversion of a tree, you're basically sort of thinking about the underworld and thinking about below ground.

Speaker 17 So perhaps it was some way of kind of communicating with the underworld or representing the underworld. People would have seen these kind of roots quite commonly.

Speaker 17 When trees blow over in a forest, you get what we call a tree throw, which is when trees fall over and they bring up lots of material and you can see all the roots.

Speaker 17 But to have that completely upside down suggests that, you know, the rest of the tree almost is below ground and that you've completely inverted your world.

Speaker 17 So perhaps it's to do with communication with underworld spirits or perhaps it's to do with rituals that relate to the trees themselves.

Speaker 17 So trees are amazing metaphors even in the modern world, you know, about growth, about

Speaker 17 maturation. oak trees in particular you know they last 600 700 years easily so they're far outlast a human lifetime so trees are like

Speaker 17 really significant for prehistoric people.

Speaker 17 I mean, people have even suggested that the Stone Age, for example, should be called the Wood Age, just because wood and managing woodland and using wood in lots of different ways for fuel, for tools, for building structures would have been an everyday thing.

Speaker 17 You would have been highly kind of attuned to the properties of trees, the properties of different species of trees and what their capabilities were.

Speaker 17 So perhaps this was a known tree, you know, perhaps this was a landmark tree. Often trees mark places or mark rootways.

Speaker 17 So perhaps this was a special tree that was particularly important to the people of this area.

Speaker 17 Perhaps it was felled in a storm, perhaps it was taken down deliberately, but maybe that tree was known and was inverted for some ritual purpose.

Speaker 17 But it's quite difficult to know exactly why it was done.

Speaker 1 Might start having to position people to recall the Stone Age to the stone, wood, and bone age, but maybe that doesn't quite roll off the tongue that the same way.

Speaker 1 But when we get to the Iron Age, I remember, you know, certain Roman writers, I think Julius Caesar does as well, talks about when they're exploring like Iron Age Britons and so on,

Speaker 1 their love of the forests, sacred groves and so on, the importance of nature and natural areas for them and their beliefs.

Speaker 1 Do we think there could have been a similar idea with these early Bronze Age people? Do we know? what Bronze Age people thought about trees.

Speaker 1 I never thought I'd say that statement, that question, but here we go.

Speaker 17 In archaeology at the moment, there's people who are really keen on the idea that people in prehistory wouldn't have known the difference or recognized the difference between nature and culture in the same way that we do.

Speaker 17 And that actually trees would have been seen as living beings to be, you know, negotiated with or perhaps plotted. We know that, for example, some Native American tribes have,

Speaker 17 before they felled a tree, they would make offerings to it, they would ensure that things were done in the correct way.

Speaker 17 But because taking things from the environment was about giving back as well as just exploiting things.

Speaker 17 So, it's quite possible that people had really interesting and direct relationships with trees and that they would have seen trees as living beings that had to be involved in social relations in some way or another.

Speaker 17 So, we can't know that for sure, but certainly some of the activities that people did throughout the prehistoric people in relation to trees may suggest that.

Speaker 17 So, for example, in archaeology, we often find tree throws. So, basically, the great big pits where a tree has fallen over, and then often things get deposited in those hollows.

Speaker 17 So, we have examples, for example, from the Avebury landscape where an auroch's bone was stuck upright into a tree throw hollow.

Speaker 17 We have other examples where lots of bits of pottery and things get deposited in these places.

Speaker 17 So, you know, people are making offerings potentially to the underworld or to the tree itself or something in relation to the forest.

Speaker 17 And so there's a real suggestion that people would have had a much more intimate relationship with woodland and with trees than what we have now in the modern world.

Speaker 1 And so, what do we think then?

Speaker 1 If it is the Bronze Age, if we believe trees are very important to these people, if Seahenge, you know, it isn't as grand as one of those earlier monuments like Stonehenge, but evidently still important.

Speaker 1 What do we think was then the purpose or purposes of the timber circled Seahenge?

Speaker 17 So the original excavators suggested that potentially it was somewhere that was used for burial.

Speaker 17 And in fact, they suggested that the upturned tree, the roots could have been a platform on which excarnation could have happened.

Speaker 17 So excarnation being when you lay out the dead body and it can be a place where it decays or gets picked by clean by birds and things, that it may have been a burial monument or a monument somehow involved in the funerary activity.

Speaker 17 But we don't actually have any direct evidence for that. There's no human bones from the site, you know, we don't have any of the evidence that that was taking place.

Speaker 17 But there is a suggestion that maybe this is to do with life and death. And it's the idea of the tree being a metaphor for kind of life and death.

Speaker 17 And we know that in this period, people were using wooden coffins in some of the round barrows elsewhere in the country. People were hollowing out logs to put their dead into.

Speaker 17 And so trees or perhaps even the interior of trees may have been seen as a place where people went when they died or where they came from before birth.

Speaker 17 And so there's this idea that, you know, timbers and trees may have been sort of involved in some sort of life and death rituals. The other thing, of course, is timber decays visibly over time.

Speaker 17 This is not necessarily a monument that was built to last forever and ever. They knew it would have eventually decayed.
In fact, they probably would be surprised that it survived thousands of years.

Speaker 17 But that decay process, you know, was an observable phenomenon where people could visit the site and see that it had been, you know, beginning to decay, the posts would have fallen over, that rotting and animals and things like that would have destroyed the monument.

Speaker 17 So maybe that was also part of it, that the visible decay of the monument was also kind of part of what it was about. But yeah, we can't really say that much more than that.

Speaker 17 Interestingly, the other timber circle, Holm II, had a slightly different setup in the middle. So it was another oval, slightly larger of timbers, timber posts.

Speaker 17 But within the middle were two sort of logs almost set in parallel to each other, which looked like they would have been, they had notches cut into them as if they were going to support something in the middle.

Speaker 17 And people have suggested maybe that was a coffin or a bire or something related to somebody being placed there for burial.

Speaker 17 Again, though, we don't have that surviving so it's only speculation but it's quite possible that even if these weren't for burial or for excarnation or something similar, that they were related to those funerary rituals in some way.

Speaker 1 It's interesting that we focused on, you know, the funeral and burial aspect with this monument.

Speaker 1 And yet with other earlier monuments, once again, I'll go to Stonehenge because it's the most famous one, but we were recently at Newgrange Passage Tomb and did Mace Howe a couple of years ago up in Orkney.

Speaker 1 There's always talk about a link to the solstice or a solstice alignment, that idea of the astronomical interests of these early farmers. Could there be any potential astronomical link with Seahench?

Speaker 17 Yeah, there is some indications that an alignment to the solstice was important.

Speaker 17 So that forked trunk that I mentioned, which was kind of the entrance into the timber circle, was on the southwest side of the circle.

Speaker 17 And directly opposite, there was one post that was with its bark facing inwards rather than outwards, like all the others. And that was to the northeast.

Speaker 17 And those would indicate the solstice directions. So the sort of summer sunrise in the middle of June and the mid-winter sunset.
So that orientation is quite common.

Speaker 17 That general orientation is often seen in timber monuments from the late Neolithic. So it's sort of no surprise that there's a hint of it here at Seahenge as well.

Speaker 17 It's such a small monument though, it's only six metres across, that you're not talking about a kind of long, an alignment through which you can actually precisely see and observe solstice events.

Speaker 17 So it's probably much more what we see more generally with monuments in the late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age, which which is that they're sort of aligning their monument to their cosmos, to their key directions, but it's not a precise observation monument.

Speaker 17 It's more about just making sure that it fits and it's in the right way.

Speaker 17 Interestingly, just on either side of that one post on the northeast side, some of the timbers there were actually the timbers that had come from the central tree.

Speaker 17 And they were squared off slightly differently to the other posts.

Speaker 17 Instead of being split, they were actually kind of cut down to be large sort of timber square posts so that suggests that also that part of the monument was significant and they were marking that out in some detail to refer to the central tree being in that direction so yeah there's a there's a lot of detail in just looking at the timbers and working out which trees they come from that kind of tells us that that difference that astronomical alignment might have been important being a bit spiritual here but bear with me in this but If you were going into the monument itself past the ring of timber posts with the bark pointing outwards.

Speaker 1 I know that with some stone circles, for instance, when I went to see the ring of Brodger, the massive stone circle up on the Orkney mainland, how there may well be a sense that you were almost going from,

Speaker 1 I don't want to say one realm to the other, but going almost into a closed off space when you entered past the ring of stones.

Speaker 1 Do you think there could be something similar with the bark pointing outwards and the the inverted tree in the middle?

Speaker 1 Could there be this idea that you were walking, if you walked past the outer ring, you were walking into almost a different world in their mindset?

Speaker 17 Yeah, definitely. I think so, particularly because the posts were so close set, you couldn't have seen out and people couldn't have seen in.
So it would have been a very enclosed space.

Speaker 17 And in fact, the people who visited and were part of the excavation did say it had a particular feel to it. It was very...

Speaker 17 kind of enclosed you couldn't hear it was some muffled sounds from outside and that kind of thing so it was very much a different world but also a really small world if you think it's only six meters across and you've got this great big oak tree upside down in the the middle of it, you'd have had to kind of edge round.

Speaker 17 You know, there wouldn't have been room for that many people inside this space. It's a very intimate space.

Speaker 17 So whether that meant that only certain people could go in, or perhaps it was only a certain family that was involved, you know, in the construction and the use of it.

Speaker 17 So it's a much more, I guess, intimate or small scale monument than a lot of the ones that we're more familiar with.

Speaker 1 And does that affect the acoustics at all as well, if all the timber posts are close together, surrounded?

Speaker 1 If you're inside, I know once again, it's quite difficult to envisage, well, maybe not, but the fact that you've only got one timber circle surviving with the posts, would that have affected the acoustics when you went inside too?

Speaker 17 Yeah, it's a really interesting question. It probably did.

Speaker 17 And in fact, I'm working at the moment with some acoustic specialists to think about Woodhenge, which is another timber circle from prehistory, which using computer modelling and digital model to recreate the timbers, what that would have done to the acoustic.

Speaker 17 So it's certainly a research question that would be really interesting. And in fact, for sea henge, because we have got the surviving timbers, we actually could perhaps do some modelling on that.

Speaker 17 But I don't think that's ever been done yet. So, research question for the future.

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Speaker 1 So, the people themselves, do we know much about the community that built Seahenge some 4,000 years ago?

Speaker 17 Not really.

Speaker 17 We know it was a small group, an estimated perhaps 50 people or so, involved in kind of, there's quite a lot of work involved, even though it's a small monument, felling the trees, cutting them up.

Speaker 17 We know that quite a lot of them had trimmed bases, so they weren't just cutting them and getting a kind of classic V-shape that you get when you fell a tree with an axe.

Speaker 17 They were trimming them quite well. And so there was a fair amount of effort involved.
We think they're probably local.

Speaker 17 They were obviously well aware of the changes to the coastline and were building these monuments probably in relation, you know, in reaction perhaps to what was happening to their changing landscape.

Speaker 17 You know, there's an idea that perhaps they were building these monuments to kind of plisate the gods and say, no, we don't want to lose our landscape or we don't want to lose this lovely forest that's disappearing to the sea, who knows.

Speaker 17 But we know that there are some other early Bronze Age roundbarrows very close by, just inland.

Speaker 17 So there were certainly communities that were there and burying their dead in roundbarrows in the local area.

Speaker 17 But the timber monuments are slightly different, being in their location near the coast, and also them being not barrows necessarily, but these timber structures.

Speaker 1 So, we know that they were using metal axes by this time, which feels unusual when we're thinking of timber circles and stone circles.

Speaker 1 I know you mentioned that, of course, we're in the Bronze Age now, but surely it takes some time for metalworking to pass down to some of these communities.

Speaker 1 But we know for a fact that this community had access to bronze or copper. I don't know.
Please explain at that time to create this monument.

Speaker 17 Yeah, so so metalworking arrives in Britain around about 2400 BC. And the first metal artefacts are copper and gold.
And they're very much decorative.

Speaker 17 You know, they're small artefacts that get placed into burials, like little earrings and hair tresses, and copper axes, which wouldn't have actually been that much use.

Speaker 17 You know, if copper is very soft, it wouldn't have been particularly useful compared to the stone axes that they were used to using for things like felling trees.

Speaker 17 But by this period, around about 2200 BC, people perfect the art of making really good bronze.

Speaker 17 And they're they're combining copper with tin from places like Cornwall and in fact it's the Britain is really at the forefront of bronze production at that point and it goes sort of then back across Europe in a wave of kind of innovation.

Speaker 17 So by 2000 BC-ish which is when See Henges is constructed they have really perfected making very very good tools out of bronze and they really stopped using stone axes. at all.

Speaker 17 You know, they were still using flint to make small artefacts, small scrapers and arrowheads and things, but for axes, they'd switched entirely to bronze.

Speaker 1 Because even if the trees that they use, you know, there's examples of some sea rot, you would still need a bronze axe rather than the copper axe to fell a mighty oak tree or something like that.

Speaker 17 It's much more efficient and much quicker. Yeah, the tools are sharper and easier to sharpen themselves.

Speaker 1 And also to recap what you said there as well, Sue, so although there is another timber circle right next to Seahenge, we don't think that this was part of a larger monumental complex like maybe what we see near Stonehenge.

Speaker 1 And maybe we shouldn't be imagining timber circles aligning the East Anglian coastline of today that are yet to be discovered.

Speaker 17 Yeah, certainly. It's not part of a larger complex of monuments as far as we know.

Speaker 17 I suspect there were a lot more timber monuments than we know about, obviously just because of the difficulties of them disappearing.

Speaker 17 So we've got a kind of fairly unique situation here where they've survived and then been revealed by erosion.

Speaker 17 So, yeah, it's but they don't seem to be part of, as we say, kind of monument complexes elsewhere where you get lots and lots of monuments being built over a long period of time.

Speaker 1 And so if Seahenges constructed some 4,000 years ago, but right at the end of this age of great timber and stone circles, what do we think happens to it if, you know, wood does decay, you know, in the grand scheme of things, not very long after it's built?

Speaker 17 Yeah, so in these examples, if they'd been on dry land, it may be that people would have come back to them and buried somebody there.

Speaker 17 erected a barrow over the top of them, you know, by mounding up the earth over the timbers. Once they'd decayed, perhaps, you know, that would be a kind of typical sequence we might see.

Speaker 17 But here, quite unusually, there was very quickly the area was inundated with seawater, with sediments and with peats, which meant that the timbers got preserved.

Speaker 17 So it's around about this time that really people stop building great big monuments. And in fact, these are typical of this period in that they're small scale.

Speaker 17 They're much more kind of community scale monuments rather than great big henges and great big stone circles that... perhaps people were used to building in the previous period in the late Neolithic.

Speaker 17 So this is in a way typical of that much smaller scale focus on monuments being a family or a small community endeavour rather than large communal projects.

Speaker 1 Have there been any discoveries of tools or bones or anything within Seahenge, within its vicinity, within its area?

Speaker 1 Or was it just the timber posts that have survived and of course the inverted tree stump in the middle?

Speaker 17 Yeah, so there wasn't that much found when they excavated. They found quite a few wood chips, so they could see where the timbers had actually been shaped and worked.

Speaker 17 They found some pottery from the early Bronze Age, just a few sherds.

Speaker 17 Really interestingly, in the base of the tree trunk, I should have said this before, but the tree trunk had actually got two holes bored into it to facilitate pulling it along, to drag it from wherever it was growing.

Speaker 17 Wow. And within those holes was preserved two considerable lengths of honeysuckle rope.

Speaker 17 So rope that had been made by twisting together strands of honeysuckle and which had been used to drag the tree into position.

Speaker 17 So again, a really interesting preservation of something organic that we wouldn't normally see, but shows the kind of technologies and things that people were using at that time.

Speaker 17 But other than that, it is quite an empty monument. It doesn't seem to have been a place where people were depositing animal bones or human bones, particularly.

Speaker 17 It's probably something that was only in use for a very short period of time anyway, but it seems to be a place not for deposition of offerings or anything like that, but very much about just the tree and that experience of the life and death of the tree.

Speaker 1 I'm so glad you mentioned the rope there because of course that's the other big thing that we need to think about, isn't it?

Speaker 1 It's how they transported the big planks of wood, the big trunks to the place where they ultimately set up the monuments like we do with the stone circles.

Speaker 1 That's extraordinary that you have that organic rope material surviving as well.

Speaker 17 Yeah, and actually East Anglia is great for this kind of preservation because there's been a site you've probably heard of it, Must Farm, not far from Peterborough, where excavations have taken place over the last few years.

Speaker 17 And there, because the houses that they, these are Middle Bronze Age, so slightly later than Seahenge, because of the way that they burnt down and then basically landed in water, they've been preserved.

Speaker 17 And we've got amazing preservation there. Wooden tools, you know, wooden bowls, textiles, amazingly fine textiles that people are making out of things like nettle and hemp.

Speaker 17 Just really shows you the kind of missing majority of archaeologically what we miss really from most of our sites, where all of these organic materials don't survive.

Speaker 1 I did not realise that Peterborough was such a rich area of Bronze Age archaeology, Bertie. I must go and visit Must Farm in the future because that's another of those extraordinary sites.

Speaker 17 Yeah, go to Flagfen and see. I think Must Farm itself is now under a quarry so you can't visit the site itself.

Speaker 17 But the actual artefacts and things are on display, I'm sure, in the Peterborough Museum and things like that.

Speaker 1 Given that it was only discovered some 20 years ago and given how much research has been done, the fact we have the timber posts themselves surviving.

Speaker 1 Do you think it's almost inevitable that with more scientific advancements, with more research, that we can learn even more about this monument and how it fitted into that Bronze Age world 4,000 years ago?

Speaker 17 I think there's certainly a growing awareness that timber monuments were really significant. Lots and lots of kind of antiquarian research has focused on the stone monuments because they survive.

Speaker 17 But actually, we can't really understand the stone monuments, including Stonehenge, unless we know about timber monuments too.

Speaker 17 A lot of my research focuses on timber monuments from the late Neolithic period, and that's doing things like really detailed radiocarbon dating to establish the chronologies of these monuments.

Speaker 17 And the things that they're building out of timber in that period are absolutely extraordinary.

Speaker 17 Great big enclosures with 1,400 posts, huge, great big tree trunks used to set up and create monuments, which are just as much effort and just as much energy and resources needed as for a stone monument.

Speaker 17 But because they don't survive above ground, we haven't really been focusing our research in that area. So it's certainly somewhere that there's much more research to be done.

Speaker 17 And in terms of the techniques that we're able to use, things like dendrochronology, radiocarbon dating, and

Speaker 17 really detailed analysis, careful analysis of things like like tool marks and and how these timbers were were used and shaped and is certainly an ongoing area of research particularly for sites like must farm it's just extraordinary to see how much people understood about the different qualities of different species of wood how they were managing woodland how they were you know just real experts in using wood and timber to its full extent i'm never a huge fan of using the word unique but i guess in terms of the fact that it has survived and its preservation does make Seahench feel that way in regards that, you know, that you do have the timber posts surviving.

Speaker 1 Sue, do you think there's any chance that we might see future sea henge equivalents emerging being discovered in the future?

Speaker 1 Could there be other ones within you know coastal areas today below the sand that have survived because of that? Any chance of that, do we think?

Speaker 17 I think so, yeah. Certainly, Norfolk and Lincolnshire coasts are eroding at some rates.

Speaker 17 And there's also other areas, the Severn Estuary, for example, south coast of Wales, where we've got extraordinary preservations of things like Mesolithic fish traps and other activities that were kind of happening on the coastline.

Speaker 17 So I wouldn't be surprised to see other small timber monuments like this emerge at some point in the future from one of those coastlines.

Speaker 17 And things like the Haysborough footprints that you mentioned early on, you know, a lot of these coastal peats and intertidal wetlands and things do preserve.

Speaker 17 extraordinary evidence from you know millennia ago in terms of the human occupation of Britain, but also relatively recent interesting timber things, wooden boats, for example.

Speaker 17 You mentioned you'd done a programme about Newgrange.

Speaker 17 There was a log boat found recently in the Boyne, which had been preserved in the river, not on the coast necessarily, but a boat from the same period that Newgrange was constructed, which, again, was a chance discovery.

Speaker 17 So there's certainly lots more preserved wood out there for us to find in future.

Speaker 1 Sue, this has been such a wonderful conversation. Lovely to have you back on the podcast.
Is there anything else you'd like to mention about Seahenge before we completely wrap up?

Speaker 17 No, just that if you want to see Seahenge, it's on display in the Lynn Museum in Kings Lynn. So if you want to go and have a look at the timbers yourself, then yeah, go and visit.

Speaker 1 I can't believe I forgot that. Absolutely.
Great to mention that as well, Sue. It just goes to me to say, what a pleasure.
Thank you so much for taking the time to come back on the podcast today.

Speaker 17 Thank you.

Speaker 1 Well, there you go. There was Dr.
Sue Greene talking through the extraordinary story of Sea Henge.

Speaker 1 I hope you enjoyed this episode shining a light on what I think is one of the most extraordinary prehistoric monuments ever discovered in Britain. Thank you for listening to the episode.

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If you leave us a rating as well well we'd really appreciate that.

Speaker 1 If you also want to hear about my thoughts, what I thought about that episode, well I'm starting to put up videos on my sub stack and the first video is my reaction to this episode all about Sea Hench.

Speaker 1 So if you want to hear my thoughts a bit more about what I thought about the episode then head over to Substack and you can see that there.

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Speaker 1 Now, that's enough from me, and I will see you in the next episode.

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