The First Hawaiians

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Speaker 18 Hello, everyone. Welcome to today's episode of the Ancients.
And I'm delighted to say that we are venturing to the Pacific Ocean, to the incredible archipelago of islands that is Hawaii today.

Speaker 18 I love it when we cover once in a while the story of the Polynesians and how they settled these isolated groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean, the world's largest ocean.

Speaker 18 It is an incredible story, and this episode did not disappoint.

Speaker 17 Our guest is Dr. Patrick Kirch.

Speaker 18 He dialed in from Hawaii, so the time difference between us was pretty insane. It was the late afternoon for myself in our office in London, and I had a beer right next to me.

Speaker 17 It was the early morning for Patrick in Hawaii, but really glad he made it work.

Speaker 18 Patrick is a leading expert on the archaeology of Hawaii, and he did not let us down. This was fantastic.
Let's go.

Speaker 18 1,000 years ago, humans reached one of the most isolated archipelagos in the world.

Speaker 18 Today, it is a famous tourist destination, renowned for its beautiful beaches, its Aloha spirit, rainforests, volcanoes, cuisine, surfing, and of course, if you know your World War II history, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Speaker 18 This is Hawaii, a group of islands situated in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.

Speaker 18 Long before Captain Cook reached this archipelago in 1778, Polynesian settlers had arrived on its shores and made Hawaii their home.

Speaker 18 To this day, you can still see archaeological traces left behind by these people, from their agricultural systems to their rock art, and so much more.

Speaker 18 This is the story of the first Hawaii with our guest, Dr.

Speaker 17 Patrick Kirch.

Speaker 17 Patrick, it is such a pleasure to have you on the podcast today.

Speaker 15 Thank you. It's a pleasure to be here.

Speaker 17 And I think this episode holds the record for having two people from the right opposite ends of the world. I'm in London and it is six o'clock at night.

Speaker 17 You are in Hawaii, Patrick, and it's right early in the morning.

Speaker 15 Yes, it is.

Speaker 15 A little after 7 a.m. And it's a lovely, sunny Hawaiian morning.

Speaker 17 Well, I'm very jealous indeed. I can't say that about the evening in London today, but you've got your coffee, I've got my beer, and we're going to be talking all things the first Hawaiians.

Speaker 17 Patrick, what a story this is. The story of the first people who reached Hawaii.
Has there been a lot of research, a lot of work done on Hawaiian archaeology in recent decades?

Speaker 17 Has there been a big interest in it?

Speaker 15 There has. A lot of your listeners may not be aware of this, but there's been active archaeological research going on in Hawaii for more than a century, actually.

Speaker 15 And it's been, you know, the core of my career. I've actually been working on this subject for more than 50 years now, both in Hawaii and the South Pacific, where the Hawaiians themselves came from.

Speaker 15 There's active archaeological research, both academic.

Speaker 15 I'm at the University of Hawaii, for example, but there's also a lot of archaeology here that's what we call cultural resource management archaeology, you know, contractual archaeology, because we've had so much development in the islands for tourism and housing and, you know, other infrastructure and so on.

Speaker 15 So federal and our state laws require archaeological survey and research when there's to be any development or construction.

Speaker 15 So that has added immeasurably to the database about Hawaiian archaeology in recent decades.

Speaker 17 And is there a lot of interest in Hawaii today about this archipelago's ancient past?

Speaker 15 There is, and a lot of it is coming from native Hawaiians themselves. We have a very, you know, active Native

Speaker 15 population who have in, I'd say, the last 30 years undergone what's sometimes called a cultural renaissance here in language and other aspects of culture.

Speaker 15 And we have a lot of Native Hawaiians now who have become archaeologists. I've actually trained several of them, formerly when I was at University of California, Berkeley, and then here in Hawaii.

Speaker 17 And for learning about the earliest settlers of Hawaii, Patrick, is it just archaeology that helps us learn more about this or do we have other types of sources too?

Speaker 15 Yeah, we have a number of sources. The native Hawaiians themselves had a rich oral history, oral traditions.
We call those molelo in Hawaiian language.

Speaker 15 They don't necessarily go back all the way to the first settlement of the islands, but they become increasingly detailed and rich as you get into the 1500s, 1600s, 1700s, accounts of the various ruling chiefs, marriages, wars.

Speaker 15 That is a very important source of information on the Hawaiian past.

Speaker 15 Comparative linguistics helps us to understand how the Hawaiians are related to other Polynesian groups, because Polynesia is a big sort of family of related cultures.

Speaker 15 Biological information recently has been very interesting. DNA analysis has shown us that Polynesians contacted people in South America probably around 1200 AD.
There was actually some intermarriage.

Speaker 15 Native Polynesians carry a section of DNA that came from South America. So, yeah, there are various different sources of information that we draw on.

Speaker 17 Well, let's delve into the arrival and what the latest information is suggesting about it, Patrick. You mentioned Polynesians in passing there.

Speaker 17 So when do we think the first people reached Hawaii and who were these people?

Speaker 15 You know, the first people were Polynesians. The Hawaiians are Polynesians.
They're a branch of the Polynesian larger cultural family, if you will.

Speaker 15 And the Polynesians are a branch of an even larger family we call the Austronesians. It trace all the way back to Taiwan.
We could talk about that later later if you want.

Speaker 15 But the first people, first Polynesians to arrive in Hawaii, we now are pretty confident was around AD 1000 and you know put a plus or minus 100 on that.

Speaker 15 We used to think that it was earlier, but that was because of some problems with the radiocarbon dating that we, of course, used to tie down these kinds of events.

Speaker 15 The problem was, you know, back when I was first getting involved in Hawaiian archaeology as a student, 50 years ago, it was thought that Polynesians arrived here maybe as early as AD 300.

Speaker 15 And that was because we were getting radiocarbon dates around that age.

Speaker 15 But these were from sites along the coast and the charcoal that was being radiocarbon dated was not identified as to what kind of charcoal.

Speaker 15 Now in more recent time we've developed methods to identify wood charcoal to species from the anatomy of the wood and so on.

Speaker 15 What we now think happened is that some of those early dates were from driftwood driftwood that had come from the northwest coast of America, big old trees, cedars, pines, things like this, which regularly come down, say the Columbia River and float around the North Pacific and end up on Hawaiian beaches.

Speaker 15 So early Hawaiians coming here, settling, and they'd find big logs and break them up with their adzes and put them in their earth ovens. And then later archaeologists would date them.

Speaker 15 Well, the problem is if the logs were 400 years old to begin with and then drifted around for maybe another century and ended up on the beach for another century or two.

Speaker 15 So the radiocarbon date was accurate as far as the age of the old tree, but not as to when it was burned and used by humans, which is what we want to know.

Speaker 15 So in recent decades, with advances both in identifying what we're dating and in, you know, there have been advances in radiocarbon methodology itself as far as the age.

Speaker 15 error, you know, plus or minus factor, right? So in recent years, we don't get any of those older ages anymore.

Speaker 15 And everything is coming down around about 1000 AD as far as arrival of Polynesians, not only here, but in other parts of eastern Polynesia.

Speaker 15 There was a very rapid diaspora of Polynesians out of their western Polynesian homeland, that's in the Tonga-Samoa area.

Speaker 15 right out to Tahiti, as far as Easter Island, Rapa Nui, up to Hawaii, and so on. Within about two centuries, Polynesians just expanded all over the eastern Pacific.

Speaker 17 So should we be imagining it almost like island hopping and that Hawaii is one of the last groups of islands that the Polynesians settle on just because of where it is?

Speaker 15 Yes, I mean, it's in the North Pacific, right? You know, if you look at a map of the Pacific, the expansion of Polynesians was pretty much from west to east out along the sort of equatorial zone.

Speaker 15 To get to Hawaii, they had to sail north, they had to cross the equator, the doldrums, as sailors called it, where, you know, winds are often, you know, but there's no wind often.

Speaker 15 So, if you're in a sailing canoe, it's difficult. And they get into the North Pacific and find this island group.

Speaker 15 And, you know, we've often wondered what drove people or pulled people to make such an adventuresome voyage. It takes about a month in a voyaging canoe to get from Tahiti to Hawaii or vice versa.

Speaker 15 And one possibility is that there's a migratory bird, the golden plover. The Hawaiians call it the kolea.
These plovers come from Siberia and Alaska.

Speaker 15 As the winter sets in in the northern hemisphere, they fly south. Some of them arrive in Hawaii, but others go down to Tahiti and islands in that vicinity.

Speaker 15 They spend the winter months there, nice and warm, you know, on the beaches.

Speaker 17 Very nice indeed, yes.

Speaker 15 Tourist birds, you know. And then they return every year, and they do this, and they come by the same patch of grass every year.

Speaker 15 So it may be that Polynesians in the Tahiti area were observing this and saying, okay, well, these birds are coming back every year, and then they're leaving. They're flying north.

Speaker 15 There must be land up there, right? They surmise, okay, let's go in that direction and see if we can find find other islands. This is just speculation on my part.

Speaker 15 We know that Polynesians were great observers of nature. And so this is, you know, possibly one factor.
Somebody said, we're going to follow the Kolea and see where these things go.

Speaker 17 And do we know much about the boats that they used that were able to endure the treacherous conditions of the Pacific Ocean so that

Speaker 17 some groups of them could reach Hawaii?

Speaker 15 Yes, by the time that the Polynesians were expanding into eastern Polynesia, they had invented the double-hulled canoe. We would call it a catamaran, basically.

Speaker 15 We believe the older Polynesian ancestral canoes a thousand more years ago were smaller canoes.

Speaker 15 But in the Tonga-Samoy area, probably, you know, around the time of Christ and up to when they began to expand 1,000 or 900 AD, they had removed the outrigger and replaced it with a second hull.

Speaker 15 And they'd also developed technology to cut planks and sew them on so you could heighten the canoe, you know, the hull.

Speaker 15 You could make it bigger, right, by adding planks, using set coconut rope to lash these together and breadfruit sap is caulking. They had quite an amazing technology, all in wood and fiber and so on.

Speaker 15 So these double-hulled canoes, you know, they were capable of carrying, you know, easily 40, 50 people, sometimes perhaps more. Wow.
You know, they had platforms between the two. hulls, right?

Speaker 15 And you could actually a little house on there. Some of them were two masted.
So these were formidable craft.

Speaker 15 And, you know, they were, these kinds of canoes were observed by early European explorers like James Cook, Captain Cook from England, and so on. So we have a pretty good idea of what they look like.

Speaker 15 Cook himself was really in awe of the Polynesian canoes. I mean, he wrote about how fast they were.
They could sail around his ship while he was sailing.

Speaker 15 They were, you know, really remarkable watercraft.

Speaker 17 Presumably, they had the space for lots of supplies so that they could survive if they were out in the oceans for weeks on end before they found, you know, this landmass of Hawaii.

Speaker 15 Yeah, they would have to have had obviously sufficient supplies. They probably would catch fish as they were sailing along, but they would need

Speaker 15 some probably dried breadfruit and other starch. And of course, they could catch rainwater when there was rain, but they probably had coconuts on board also to drink.

Speaker 15 Coconuts are a great, you know, food source. But they would also be carrying planting material for their own crops because Polynesians were agricultural people.

Speaker 15 We think of them as maritime people, and they were, but they were also agriculturalists. They were land and sea people.

Speaker 15 So, wherever they went, they would carry the planting stocks of their taro, their bananas, their yams, their breadfruit, and so on. And they had domestic animals.

Speaker 15 They had pigs, they had dogs, and they had chickens, those three main domestic animals. And so, they would be wanting to carry those as well in these big canoes.

Speaker 15 So, when they got to the new island, you know, they could have all the necessities to establish a new permanent home there.

Speaker 17 So, So always got the starter pack with them in their canoe. That's fascinating.
And do we have any names? I mean, do we hear of any mythological stories about these first people to reach Hawaii?

Speaker 17 Are there myths surrounding this?

Speaker 15 Not of the really first settlement. It's interesting.
I think that is far enough back in time that these traditions didn't carry on.

Speaker 15 Then there's mythological, yes, there's a voyager named Hoi Law, but it's not tied into any of the real genealogies.

Speaker 15 What we do have are oral traditions of voyaging a little bit later in time after Hawaii was settled. There are several accounts.
There's one involving an individual named Moikeha with a brother Olopa.

Speaker 15 And these were like third-generation descendants of a chief who came from Tahiti named Moveke.

Speaker 15 And they knew about their ancestral land and apparently knew how to get back there. And so this would be around the 14th century.
And the tradition talks about Moikeha and Olopana. They had a co-wife.

Speaker 15 Hawaiian chiefly women often had two or more husbands. Interesting.
So Lukea was the wife. And the three of them sailed down to Tahiti.
And Olopa stayed there. But Moikeha ended up returning.

Speaker 15 It's a very long story. I won't go into all the details.
But Luke also stayed. But Moikeha came back to Hawaii.

Speaker 15 But he had had an affair with a Tahitian chiefess while he was there. And he knew she had borne him a young son before he left.

Speaker 15 So later on in his life, when he's back in Hawaii, he wants to see this baby. So he sends one of his sons from Hawaii back to Tahiti to fetch this baby named La, who's now a young, grown young man.

Speaker 15 And so La... and he gets a new name, La, Mai Kahiki, which means La from Tahiti.
He comes up to Hawaii and has various adventures there and marriages and so on and so forth.

Speaker 15 And then he eventually sails back to Tahiti again and never to return. It's quite a long, you know, story.
And I think it's absolutely true.

Speaker 15 I mean, I think there's no reason to think it's mythological. I think it's an actual account of one family that maintained voyaging connections to Tahiti.

Speaker 15 But this is after the period of very first settlement.

Speaker 17 But it's also a testament to their amazing navigation, isn't it? The fact that they find Hawaii, but then people are able to get back to Tahiti afterwards to let people know about the discovery.

Speaker 17 And then more people go to Hawaii over time, over the following centuries. That's extraordinary.
And do we know much about what Hawaii looks like when these first people arrived there?

Speaker 15 Yes, there's been quite a lot of research myself and my colleagues also on trying to reconstruct the ecology, the environment of the islands at the time of first settlement.

Speaker 15 Some of this comes from coring in wetlands and then extracting pollen. to identify the various species of plants.
And you look at changing frequencies in the sediment cores over time.

Speaker 15 We radiocarbon date the sediments, et cetera. So you can get a picture of changing vegetation.
That's one angle that we've looked at.

Speaker 15 And of course, also analyzing the bones of various animals that, you know, whether it's fish or birds and so on.

Speaker 15 So all of this has led to a picture of, you know, islands before the Polynesians came, there had been no humans in Hawaii, right?

Speaker 15 So it was a totally, you know, pristine ecosystem that evolved here over millions of years in the middle of the Pacific.

Speaker 15 One of the things about islands like this that are isolated is land vertebrates other than birds can't get out here. So there were no mammals, for example, other than two species of bat.

Speaker 15 But there were a diversity of birds.

Speaker 15 There were both seabirds that were probably very plentiful, but there were also various kinds of forest birds that had evolved from flighted ancestors that had flown in.

Speaker 15 There were also flightless birds. This is something we didn't know until a few decades ago.
Large birds that were related to geese.

Speaker 15 Probably Their ancestor was something like the Canada goose, which does fly out here occasionally. But there were no predators.

Speaker 15 So if a bird, little bird evolves a mutation that is flightless, it's not going to get, you know, chomped down by some tiger or something.

Speaker 15 And so flightlessness actually evolves over and over again on islands, it turns out, like the dodo, the dodo, yes. Yeah, you know, and the Moa in New Zealand and so on.

Speaker 15 Well, we had these flightless birds also, quite large, right, the size of well, bigger than turkeys, closer to an ostrich, sort of size, it turns out.

Speaker 15 They didn't survive long after people arrived in the islands. They probably were nice food packages and what we call a naive fauna.
So they'd had no predators.

Speaker 15 So a Polynesian, you know, arriving on the beach and walking up to one of these big birds, a bird probably just look at them and say, well, you know, I don't know what you are.

Speaker 15 You're not part of my consciousness. I don't have any flight response or anything.
Just walk up and grab the bird and put them in the oven, you know, in the earth oven. They'd be good food packages.

Speaker 15 Anyway, they're very rare, the bones of them, in early sites. So we know they went out early.
So that's one example of a change that was due to human arrival.

Speaker 15 Another aspect of Polynesian arrival is they also had on their canoes a small rat. We call it the Pacific rat.
It's really like a mouse size, but it's a rat, according to the zoologists.

Speaker 15 Now, we don't know whether these rats were just on as stowaways, because they're commensal animals. They live in thatch and so on.
So they could sneak on to canoes.

Speaker 15 Or maybe they were carried on purpose in small cages because you can eat them and Polynesians on some islands did eat them. They're, you know, probably pretty tasty.

Speaker 15 I've never had the opportunity to try one myself, but I wouldn't mind if the opportunity arose. But anyway, we know that everywhere the Polynesians went, these rats went as well.

Speaker 15 We find the bones of them in archaeological sites everywhere. And now they reproduce very fast, these little rats, right?

Speaker 15 A female Pacific rat can have multiple litters a year and multiple pups in each litter. So you can imagine.
an exponential increase in these rats. And they're omnivorous.

Speaker 15 So they'd come ashore on Hawaii, they'd start reproducing, and they would begin to eat both little seedlings and seeds of native plants, and so on.

Speaker 15 So, what do we see in those pollen cores from the lowlands? We see a real change in the native forest over the first two centuries or so, almost a collapse of the lowland forest.

Speaker 15 And we think it's not so much due to people, although some of it probably due to clearing forests for gardens and so on.

Speaker 15 But these rats may have had a major effect, especially in these lowland areas, you know, of eating eating seedlings and seeds, so that the forest didn't regenerate.

Speaker 15 So these are some of the changes that we now know occurred after first human arrival. The higher mountains, the higher forests and so on, didn't see a lot of impact from human arrival.

Speaker 17 And Patrick, can you describe, just for someone like me who's never had the fortune of going to Hawaii, or at least not yet, can you describe us what the topography of Hawaii looks like generally?

Speaker 17 Is it largely tree cover or is there volcanic material there as well? What do we know?

Speaker 15 It's really varied. The thing about Hawaii that's, you know, will really strike you if you do get a chance to come out here is it's highly varied.

Speaker 15 There are so many micro-environments, and it's different up and down the archipelago because we have like the island of Hawaii itself, we call it the big island, is volcanically active.

Speaker 15 So, yes, there are big areas of lava flows and fields. It's erupting right now.
This morning's paper said Hilaway volcano was fountaining 500 feet high yesterday.

Speaker 15 But then you come to up the island chain, which the islands get older because it's an age-progressive volcanic archipelago. So here on Oahu, where I live, it's about 3 million years old.

Speaker 15 There's no active volcanoes, obviously. The topography is very eroded.
I mean, we have these, you know, mountain peaks and ridges. And, yes, they're covered in native vegetation, native forest.

Speaker 15 We have beautiful reefs around Oahu, whereas on the young islands, it's too young to have reef development. So it's really highly varied.

Speaker 4 hi, folks. It's Mark Bittman from the podcast Food with Mark Bittman.

Speaker 3 Whole Foods Market is your holiday headquarters with everything you need, whether you're a guest or hosting the big dinner, with show-stopping centerpiece means like bone-in spiral cut ham, or bone-in rib roast, or even king crab.

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Speaker 17 And so, the animals that they bring along with them, Patrick, just to refresher, I know you mentioned it earlier, but just to recap: so, the rat, maybe a stowaway, sheep and pig and dogs, are those the the other three?

Speaker 15 Dogs, pigs, and chickens.

Speaker 17 Ah, chickens, sorry, my apologies.

Speaker 15 Yeah, no sheep.

Speaker 17 Of course. And the types of fruits that they had as well.
So is that breadfruit, taro, and any others as well?

Speaker 15 Yeah, so the Polynesians, wherever they sailed, they took with them a variety of crop plants, mostly root crops, fruit crops, a few trees. Taro, which is a root crop, is very important.

Speaker 15 Bananas, breadfruit, yams, sugar cane, these are all things that they brought along with them. And a very important crop was the sweet potato, which Polynesians obtained from South America.

Speaker 15 We know that the Polynesian canoes got to the coast of South America and picked up this tuberous crop, which had been domesticated in the Andes.

Speaker 15 And by around the 1400 AD, if not slightly earlier, sweet potato begins to show up in Polynesian sites. So we find the carbonized remains of tuber.
So we know, you know, it's here.

Speaker 15 And it became a really important crop in the drier areas of Hawaii. These islands have a windward side that's wetter and a leeward side that's drier.

Speaker 15 And in the drier areas, sweet potato was really a very important crop.

Speaker 17 So they arrive with their foodstuffs and their animals. They reach Hawaii.
Has the archaeology revealed a lot or anything about the nature of the settlements that they found?

Speaker 17 What do we know about the settlements?

Speaker 15 Yeah, we only have one archaeological site from that very earliest period.

Speaker 15 And I was privileged privileged as a student years ago to be involved in the excavation of that site, so I'm quite familiar with it.

Speaker 15 It's here on the island of Oahu on a beach ridge just a few meters above the beach at Waimanalo, beautiful, beautiful beach.

Speaker 15 And it consisted just of a cluster of small thatched houses low to the ground. We found the post molds where the posts had been set.
The floor was paved with river gravel, smooth river gravel.

Speaker 15 There were little harsh, you know, for fire, and there were earth ovens.

Speaker 15 The Polynesians cooked their food in pits dug into the ground, and they heat rocks, you know, sour fire and heat rocks, and then put the food on that and cover it over.

Speaker 15 And, you know, it makes a really lovely, smoky-flavored, you know, food. And we found at least one of those earth ovens in that site.

Speaker 15 The artifacts there were included fish hooks made of pearl shell and bone, adzes, you know, which are like an axe, but in Europe, I think you call them a CELT Celt or Kelton and a woodworking tool.

Speaker 15 They had those out of basalt. We found some ornaments, necklace ornaments, that sort of thing.

Speaker 15 So a simple little hamlet, probably a cluster of sites next to a freshwater stream where they get their fresh water, and they're probably planting their gardens just inland.

Speaker 17 And are their houses made out of organic materials, or do we have stone buildings as well surviving?

Speaker 15 The bases or foundations of the Hawaiian houses, especially the later ones, of which we have hundreds of thousands of examples, they have stone foundations, often a platform or terrace faced up with stone, and again, often paved with fine gravel, smooth, waterworn gravel, so nice on your feet.

Speaker 15 But the superstructures were all of wood and thatch, so wooden posts and then thatching. most commonly out of a native grass called pili, but sometimes out of pandanus leaves or woven coconut leaves.

Speaker 17 So how much further forward do we go before we get those lots more examples of these early settlements spring up?

Speaker 17 Because I don't mind going a bit further forward in time if that means there's more archaeological evidence there.

Speaker 15 Yeah, we start to get more abundant archaeological evidence by the 13th century.

Speaker 17 Oh, okay, that's fine.

Speaker 15 Yes, yeah, by then we know all of the main islands were at least had some settlements on them by the 13th century.

Speaker 15 By the 15th century, people are moving into the more marginal, drier areas that I've I've talked about, the leeward areas.

Speaker 15 They preferred initially the windward areas because with greater rainfall, it's better for the agriculture, for crops, and so on.

Speaker 15 After a few hundred years, the population clearly had built up to a level where there was some competition for land territory and people began to shift over into these drier leeward areas and onto the younger islands like Maui and Hawaii that don't have as much arable land.

Speaker 15 And that's where the sweet potato is really important because having the sweet potato potato allowed them to garden and produce sufficient food in the drier areas.

Speaker 17 Well, let's explore that now. So do we know much about how they farmed the land back then, you know, almost a thousand years ago?

Speaker 15 Yeah, we do. We've done a lot of research on the ancient farming techniques, and there's lots of archaeological evidence for this in the form of, first of all, there's a kind of wetland cultivation.

Speaker 15 This was for the Taro, where they would level valley bottoms, create level terraces, sort of cutting and filling, and usually face up the terrace with stone, very nice stone work, a meter or two high.

Speaker 15 And then they would construct a canal that dammed the river, dig a canal would come in, and then transport water from the stream into these terraces.

Speaker 15 So your listeners might have images in their head of rice terraces in Asia that's more familiar with that. Exactly the same kind of technology, right?

Speaker 15 So irrigated valley bottoms. And then in the dryland areas, they were constructing what we call field systems.

Speaker 15 systems so again they were delineating fields with stone walls or embankments between them this seems to have been as much a matter of ownership you know laying out individual plots marking them out but also probably served a function of erosion control these a lot of these areas are windy so having these embankments would help to catch soil that was being blown and some of these dryland areas, as they were described in early European contact, along these embankment walls, they grew sugar cane.

Speaker 15 A sugar cane, it's a plant that was domesticated in the Pacific, in the New Guinea area, and carried out by the Polynesians. The cane will grow to heights of about 10, 12 feet.

Speaker 15 And as the winds sweep down off the mountain, they're carrying some moisture still. And these sugar cane barriers acted to catch moisture.
It's sort of like a fog drip.

Speaker 15 And we've done this experimentally.

Speaker 15 A colleague of mine from Stanford University has set up experimental gardens on the Big Island, and he's shown that these sugar cane rows will catch the rain or the mist, and they allow water to drip, drip, drip, drip down.

Speaker 15 So very clever, you know, it's technology, sort of biological technology there of using the cane to catch water in an area that's where water is scarce.

Speaker 17 And is it also a very sustainable way of farming too?

Speaker 17 Is it those methods that allow the settlements to grow and I'm presuming go from, as you mentioned earlier, these very early hamlets, maybe into the equivalent of towns.

Speaker 15 That's a good point you raise about towns. The settlement pattern in Hawaii, we don't get urbanism.
We don't really get towns or cities as such.

Speaker 15 We get some concentrations and that's where the chiefly elites tended to be. I refer to them as royal centers.

Speaker 15 So you'll get concentrations of housing along with temple sites or quite large stone foundations of these temples where the elites perform various kinds of ceremonies.

Speaker 15 But the the common people were more dispersed over the landscape. So they were living either along the coast where of course fishing is important.

Speaker 15 The houses in other words were interspersed with the gardens, with the farming. So we have this more dispersed settlement pattern.

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Speaker 17 We'll get more into those elites and those kings and that kind of status idea in a bit.

Speaker 17 But I also like to ask a bit more about fishing, because we talked about that really interesting farming techniques. Do they also have some really striking fishing techniques too?

Speaker 15 Yes, they had a diversity of fishing techniques using hooks, of course, for angling, trolling. They used spears.
They had traps. I mean, the diversity of techniques is amazing.

Speaker 15 And I can't help but mention, the Hawaiians invented true aquaculture using fish ponds where the marine environment was suitable.

Speaker 15 This was not everywhere, but where you had protected coastlines, like on the southern coastline of Molokai Island, very protected, the reef flat extends out one or two kilometers.

Speaker 15 And they would construct these arc-shaped, or it's like semi-circles of stone, piling up the stone, to create a wall, an arc-shaped wall that goes out onto the reef, flat, curves around, and comes back.

Speaker 15 And these were usually built where there was a small stream or a spring or something on the coast where fresh water was coming out.

Speaker 15 So, by impounding this area, they would create a brackish water mix between the salt water and the fresh water, right?

Speaker 15 And that's the environment that a couple of species of fish, the milkfish and the mullet, they thrive in those environments.

Speaker 15 They'd have gateways with wooden slats that would allow the very small juvenile fish to come in.

Speaker 15 But once the fish, you know, they were feeding in this nice brackish water environment with algae and so on, and they get to a certain size, they couldn't get back out into the ocean, you know, through these slatted gates.

Speaker 15 And then periodically, they would sweep through these ponds with same nets of a certain mesh size. So they didn't want to take the small ones, right?

Speaker 15 But the mesh would catch the larger and then harvest, you know, hundreds of these fish. There were several hundred of these fish ponds constructed throughout the islands.

Speaker 15 And we've been able to date the construction of some of them by, again, carefully coring in the pond sediments and dating when the sediment shifts from being marine to brackish.

Speaker 17 So you can still see fish ponds if you visit Hawaii today. You can still see those archaeological sites.

Speaker 15 Absolutely. And there have been some efforts to try to restore some of them.

Speaker 15 Unfortunately, most of them were abandoned in the last century or so, and then they got invaded by invasive mangrove that never existed here in Hawaii. But one of the very largest is here on Oahu.

Speaker 15 It's called Heiio Fish Pond. And over the last few years, a community group has removed the mangrove.

Speaker 15 It was a difficult job, but they poloed it out, they restored the wall, and they're operational again. So, yes, if you come, you can see fish ponds in operation.

Speaker 17 I mean, Patrick, it's amazing.

Speaker 17 It sounds like the archaeology is revealing a lot about the lives of everyday people, of some of these earliest people to settle in Hawaii over those first few centuries. It's amazing.

Speaker 17 And what do we then know about the rise of these royal centers, the rise of elites and I'm presuming more monumental architecture, if you say things like temples?

Speaker 15 Yes, monumental architecture definitely is here in Hawaii, right? And the Polynesians, all of them, have a kind of social organization or socio-political that we call chiefdoms.

Speaker 15 So I'm sure all your listeners are familiar with that. So all the Polynesians are chiefly societies, a hereditary chiefship.

Speaker 15 But in Hawaii, as time went on, this hereditary pattern of chiefship got more and more elaborated and more stratified.

Speaker 15 So at the time that Europeans arrived about two centuries ago, what we see in Hawaii is a more highly stratified kind of chiefly society than anywhere else in Polynesia, to the extent that I no longer refer to that late Hawaiian society as a chiefdom, but rather as an archaic state, the kind of society that we know evolved very early on, say, in Mesopotamia or in Shang China, Mesoamerica, and so on.

Speaker 15 It clearly developed independently in Hawaii in isolation. It wasn't, you know, the idea of divine kings, which Hawaiians had, did not come from somewhere else.

Speaker 15 They elaborated, invented this concept themselves.

Speaker 15 But indeed, the Hawaiian ruling chiefs, the apex of the hierarchy, in that late period, they were known as ali'iakua, which literally translate God-king.

Speaker 15 They were described by native Hawaiian scholars in the 19th century as being like hot, raging, like fiery blazes.

Speaker 15 And so there were all kinds of protocols around this, that these most highly ranked chiefs often traveled at night so as not to be seen by the commoners.

Speaker 15 Because if the commoners looked upon them, it was a violation of what we call the kapu or the tabu. They might have to be put to death.
So this whole kapu system was, yeah, very elaborate.

Speaker 15 There were nine named grades of chiefs in Hawaii at the time of contact, nine, you know, ranked grades of chiefship.

Speaker 17 And do we have any archaeological evidence for this system, too, to go in hand with that?

Speaker 15 There's monumental architecture, in particular the temple. So the Hawaiian religious system had also evolved or, you know, transformed in parallel with this increasing social stratification.

Speaker 15 So Hawaii, like other Polynesians, they're polytheistic, but they had four principal gods, and two of those were extremely important. Those were the god of war, Ku,

Speaker 15 and the god of dryland agriculture, Lono. The god of wetland agriculture was also very important on some of these older islands.
That's the god Kane.

Speaker 15 There's another god, Kanaloa, who had to do more with the afterworld and fishing things. So there were temples constructed.
for the worship of each of these different kinds of gods.

Speaker 15 And the temples of the war god were extremely important, and they're quite large. So the foundations of them were built in stone.
And again, they had perishable superstructures that didn't persist.

Speaker 15 But there are hundreds of these foundations of temples, agricultural temples, also the war temples that archaeologists have studied over the years,

Speaker 15 mapping them, but also excavating and dating them. I've done a lot of work on this.
The island of Maui actually published a whole book on the temple system of Maui a few years ago.

Speaker 15 So these began to develop and began elaborated again around the 1500 AD or so and become more and more elaborate as time goes on.

Speaker 15 You know, some of the, just to give you an example, one of the largest temples in Maui War Temple has a base area of 9,000 square meters. Wow.

Speaker 15 Yeah, and five terraces that rise up, you know, to a height of

Speaker 15 30 meters above the ground, something like that. I mean, and it's all in stack stone.

Speaker 15 The Hawaiian, you know, basalt. rock that these islands are made of is very hard to work.
It's very hard stone.

Speaker 15 So they didn't get into cutting and dressing stone like the maya did maya had it easy because they had soft limestone right it was easy to work this hawaiian basalt is really tough stuff but they would stack it up they would take these rocks and stack them they're very good at doing dry masonry like that it is dry masonry is it okay they don't have any mortar or anything okay dry stack masonry exactly and so these temples foundations they're either terraces or some of them are walled or some combine walls and terraces.

Speaker 15 Again, they're very large.

Speaker 15 And if you were to see them when they were in use, and we do have some drawings like from Captain Cook's voyage, his artist recorded some of these when they were still in use.

Speaker 15 So they had structures on them that were, again, pole and thatch, as well as carved images. They had these quite impressive images of the god Ku and so on.
And the god Ku demanded human sacrifices.

Speaker 15 prior to prolongation of war or after the conclusion of war. The human sacrifice was only offered to the war god, not to the other god.

Speaker 15 The other gods were offered sacrifices of pigs and dogs and vegetable produce and so on. But coup demanded human sacrifice.

Speaker 15 That's another aspect of this archaic state kind of social evolution of human sacrifice, or I call it ritual homicide. It's homicide that's sanctioned by the state.

Speaker 15 I mean, homicide in most societies is, you know, we don't like to kill each other, as the Ten Commandments say thou shalt not kill.

Speaker 15 But in certain societies, the king can kill, priests can kill, right? Two gods that demand those. It's ritually sanctioned homicide.

Speaker 17 I guess it's interesting to theorize how many centuries, half hour back, you know, practices like that could have gone.

Speaker 17 I mean, if I'm bringing us back to, you know, the earlier Hawaiians by this time, does it seem like there's almost a step change with the use of basalt and the use of stone foundations?

Speaker 17 But could it be, for instance, let's say with these temple-like structures or these bigger buildings with these stone foundations, could there have been precedents from earlier centuries where they weren't using basalt and they were just made out of perishable material and they just haven't survived?

Speaker 15 Yes, I'm sure. Or there were very simple constructions.
In the South Pacific, some of the islands there, the temples are just simple rows of upright stones representing the gods, for example.

Speaker 15 And we think probably the initial Hawaiian temples were something like that. Yeah, quite simple.
But yeah, so you get a bigger population, you get social stratification.

Speaker 15 Chiefs or kings can control large labor forces to coll I mean, it took a lot of labor to build some of these temples, right? Yeah. So you you get that in the in the later period.

Speaker 17 Do we know whether do they have any metalworking at all? What types of materials they would have used for their tools?

Speaker 15 They did not have metal. And I don't think even, you know, iron ore is not.
prevalent here in the island. So no, they had no metalworking.

Speaker 15 They were, you know, what we would classically call a Neolithic kind of society in that sense. Very elegant stoneworking.
Their stone adses are beautifully produced.

Speaker 15 They found the finest grain basalt. All the ads are made of basalt, but it varies in the quality.
And there are just certain places where the basalt is extremely fine-grained.

Speaker 15 So when you are napping it, striking it, it produces a beautiful conical,

Speaker 15 if you're familiar with flint napping.

Speaker 15 It's not as good as flint, but the fine-grained basalt here. can be worked very well.

Speaker 15 And one of those sources, this is incredible, is at 11,000 foot elevation on the big island of Hawaii, on the slope of Mauna Kea volcano.

Speaker 15 At 11,000 feet, I mean, if you're Hawaiian, you don't have, you know, your modern parkas, your polyethylene parkas, and your hiking boots and all that, right?

Speaker 15 So these people were going barefoot up, you know, this volcanic mountain where it was freezing at night. They went out and they found this flow, this particular...

Speaker 15 basalt flow which had erupted and during the last ice age. Maunakea was capped with a glacier during the last ice age.
And this small flow erupted under the glacier, which then supercooled the lava.

Speaker 15 That's why this particular flow is so fine-grained. And they found this and they began to work it.
And for centuries, they worked this quarry. The quarry is amazing.

Speaker 15 There are immense piles of flakes from the working of thousands and thousands of ADSs. In recent years, we've developed a method of geochemically tracing the different quarry sources, right?

Speaker 15 You use X-ray diffraction to get a chemical signature. We can discriminate these different quarry sources.

Speaker 15 And we find this Mauna Kea basalt moving off even the island of Hawaii to Maui and even up here to Oahu.

Speaker 15 So it was so desirable that they were trading these ADSs from the big island up the archipelago.

Speaker 17 So it's almost like with stone circles over here in Britain, how people nowadays can look at the rock type and trace where they originally quarried from, these big stones that ultimately made these stone circles.

Speaker 17 It seems similar over there in Hawaii. You can learn more about how these early Hawaiians, the quarries that they used, and where those stones ultimately ended up.

Speaker 15 Yes, absolutely. We're doing a lot of work on that.
I actually, my team just about three years ago discovered a new quarry.

Speaker 15 It was unknown on the island of Molokai, where I do a lot of work on the east end of the island.

Speaker 15 The west end of the island has lots of known quarries, but we knew there was some quarry source on the east end because we'd found flakes that we knew come from the east end volcano, but we couldn't trace it.

Speaker 15 And eventually we managed to find this thing way up a hidden little valley gulch.

Speaker 15 It's an amazing quarry site.

Speaker 15 And on the wall, a cliff that they were working on, this fine grand basalt, there are actually petroglyphs, anthropomorphic petroglyphs that I think maybe are marking ownership. This is my quarry.

Speaker 15 I've got my sign here.

Speaker 17 Well, Patrick, you mentioned the petroglyph word, and I've been saving this topic till one of the last. So let's get to it now.

Speaker 17 I mean, the story of Hawaiian petroglyphs, which still seizes news headlines down to the present day. Can you tell us about these? Because they are extraordinary.

Speaker 15 Yeah, the petroglyphs occur across the islands in different places. I know you're aware of this.
I think it's made the press. There's a recent report on petroglyphs at sea level.

Speaker 15 They're actually on this island, Oahu, but up at Pokai Bay. And they get exposed periodically every few years.
They get covered with sand. They're right in the tidal zone.
And the sand will wash away.

Speaker 15 And then you see the petroglyphs. Everybody got very excited a few weeks ago when these appeared again and they're anthropomorphic human like stick figures.

Speaker 15 Unfortunately there's no way to date them directly so we don't know their age.

Speaker 15 And those particular ones at Pokai Bay, I would speculate they might be marking the arrival of some people because they are at the coast marking an event. Who knows?

Speaker 15 Like maybe a canoe from the South Pacific. I don't know.
I'm just speculating.

Speaker 15 But I do know, you know, other petroglyphs, I've studied other petroglyph sites, for example, on the island of Maui, where I did a lot of work in the dryland side of the island area called Kahikinui.

Speaker 15 And we find there little clusters of petroglyphs adjacent to areas that we think were freshwater springs in the past.

Speaker 15 They're dry now because of deforestation, but these are areas geologically where we think water was seeping out.

Speaker 15 And on the rock face over these seeps, we find clusters of, again, often anthropomorphs, human stick figure types, but also of dogs.

Speaker 15 You know, these little pictures of dogs with the pointy ears and the upcurved tail. We found about 18 different clusters like this of petroglyphs, each probably associated with a water source.

Speaker 15 And then down on the big island where they have the volcanic terrain, there are several well-known petroglyph sites.

Speaker 15 One at Puako, where you have a lava field, if you will, a smooth, relatively smooth lava called Pohoi Hoi. And there are several thousand petroglyphs there in a great big cluster.

Speaker 15 One of the most interesting ones shows a line of, I think it's 20 or 30 stick figures appearing to march,

Speaker 15 marching, you know, in a column. And then to the side, one very much larger stick figure.
And I think it's representing a chief and his warriors.

Speaker 15 And just as in some of the early European art, they would depict social status by showing bigger figures, you know, the clergy or the king would be depicted as much larger than the common people.

Speaker 15 Same thing here. So this large stick figure is, I think, representing some kind of rank or status.

Speaker 15 And then we probably have a line of, it could be warriors, because we know there were battles that took place in this area in the past.

Speaker 17 Battles between the islands, do we think, or between different groups of people on one island?

Speaker 15 Both. But in this case, in the late period before European arrival, so I'm talking of the 17th, 18th centuries, there were lots of wars, especially going on between Maui and Hawaii islands.

Speaker 15 Those two kingdoms, they were related in that the elites were intermarrying, but they were also fighting for control. Again, it mirrors a lot of European history, right?

Speaker 15 Intermarriage and yet war between competing kingdoms. And we have some detailed accounts.
I mentioned earlier the Mo'olelo, the Hawaiian oral traditions, you know, talk about these.

Speaker 15 So one, for example, was a king of Maui named Kamalala Valu, and he sailed over in his war canoes and, you know, made war against the Hawaii Islanders.

Speaker 15 Unfortunately, his reconnaissance scouts failed to recognize that a lot of the population on Hawaii island lived in the uplands.

Speaker 15 And scouts had come back and said, oh, there aren't a lot of people there. We can easily defeat them.
Well, they were wrong.

Speaker 15 And when the Maui warriors got there, all of a sudden, these big army came from the uplands and routed the Maui army. They fled.

Speaker 17 Well, I must admit, maybe the 17th and 18th centuries is a bit too far ahead for the ancients.

Speaker 17 But we can bring it back, Patrick, by saying that, you know, that's the larger scale that you have later, but you can presume that there were smaller clashes that went stretch back centuries, almost a thousand years or so.

Speaker 17 And also, shall we clarify with the words petroglyph?

Speaker 17 So this is simply like kind of artistic patterns, as you said, of human stick figures, dogs as well, carved into stone, presumably bashed in with another type of rock with a hammerstone, do we think?

Speaker 15 Yeah, exactly. Pecked would be the way.
So you take a hard basalt chisel or... hammerstone and then repeatedly peck into the softer lava which is little air holes in it.

Speaker 15 It's porous, so you can break down that lava and then you're basically creating grooves outlining the stick figures, the dogs.

Speaker 15 There are others that are just geometric, concentric circles, that sort of thing.

Speaker 17 And I know it's always so hard to date rock art, but can we presume that some of that rock art does date to the very, very early centuries when people first arrive in Hawaii and settle there?

Speaker 15 Some of it almost certainly does, but the problem is we can't discriminate because we can't directly date. That's a problem with rock art.
It's really hard to date, as you say.

Speaker 15 Occasionally, well, there was one case that comes to mind on the big island where there's a lava tube cave. It has petroglyphs on the wall.
And as people, they occupy this cave, they lived in it.

Speaker 15 And so the earth, you know, stratum, the debris of their occupation began to build up and build up against covering the lower layer of petroglyphs.

Speaker 15 And we were able to radiocarbon date charcoal in the occupation layer. So then we know that the petroglyphs predated that.
We at least say, okay, these were before. I don't remember what the date was.

Speaker 15 I'm sorry. But that's one case where we're able to date the Petroglis.

Speaker 17 And it seems like the art, depending on what they depicted, could mean a variety of different things, whether it's a territory boundary or, you know, as you mentioned earlier, maybe the ones by the sea is the welcoming of a new group of people to the island or another one with the larger stick figure and the smaller ones, maybe a chieftain and his followers.

Speaker 17 So I'm guessing the meaning of the art could vary depending on where they made it.

Speaker 15 Absolutely. And I think there were multiple meanings, I'm sure.
I mean, we can speculate, as I have, about Petroglis had water sources or quarries being ownership.

Speaker 15 You know, the ones at Pokai Bay, I said they might memorialize an arrival of a group of people, but thinking about it, it might memorialize that they killed some people who were trying to come and take their territory.

Speaker 15 And then they memorialized it by saying, okay, we defeated these people who were trying to come and make war on us.

Speaker 17 Patrick, this has been such a fascinating chat, exploring what the archaeology is revealing about these these earliest settlers in Hawaii. But it also sounds really, really exciting for the future.

Speaker 17 If we go back to what you mentioned at the beginning, the big interest there is in archaeology in Hawaii right now, does it feel almost inevitable that new archaeological discoveries will be made over the following years and decades, which will add more to our knowledge of these earliest settlers of Hawaii?

Speaker 15 Yes, I'm sure there will be, you know, new discoveries. And also, what I've learned over 50 years of doing this is new technologies, new methods of extracting data.

Speaker 15 That's one of the remarkable things.

Speaker 15 Things we can do today, like with the geochemical sourcing of stone tools or, you know, analyzing pollen grains out of swamp cores or isotopes from, you know, little rat bones to see what they were eating.

Speaker 15 We have so much more tools, so many more tools today than we did. And I'm sure we're going to invent.
you know, more tools in the future. Many of my students are now using LIDAR.
That's another one.

Speaker 15 You know, LIDAR mapping.

Speaker 15 I have a native Hawaiian student who's working on the island of Molokai and she's using LiDAR and she showed me yesterday her photographs of an area where there are four of these big temple sites.

Speaker 15 We knew of the temple sites. And she's revealing this whole agricultural field system surrounding them.

Speaker 15 I didn't know this thing was there because it's all in high grass and invasive species today and you can't see it walking on the ground. The LiDAR picked it up.

Speaker 15 I was blown away. I said, my God, Hiba, you know, this is fantastic stuff.
So, yeah, no, new discoveries all the time.

Speaker 17 Well, when we hear more about those discoveries, no doubt, we'll get you and your colleagues back on the show to talk more about it. This has been absolutely brilliant.

Speaker 17 Last but not least, Patrick, you have written books all about this subject too?

Speaker 15 Oh, yes, I have. And the latest was a revision of a book I did years ago.
It's called Feathered Gods and Fish Hooks: The Archaeology of Ancient Hawaii. It's the University of Hawaii Press.

Speaker 15 If anyone wants to delve deeply into what we know about Hawaiian archaeology,

Speaker 15 you might want to have a look at that book.

Speaker 17 Absolutely. Patrick, it just goes to me to say thank you so much for taking the time to come on the show today.

Speaker 15 Yeah, pleasure has been all mine. Thank you.

Speaker 18 Well, there you go. There was Dr.
Patrick Kirch talking you through the story, the fascinating story, of the first settlers of Hawaii, the first Hawaiians. I hope you enjoyed the episode.

Speaker 18 It's about time we returned to the Pacific Ocean and these amazing Polynesians who managed to settle all of these islands, isolated islands in the center of the world's largest ocean.

Speaker 18 Would you like us to do Easter Islands next? Let us know. I'm quite keen.
Anyway, thank you for listening to this episode of the Ancients.

Speaker 18 Please follow the show on Spotify or wherever you get your podcasts. That really helps us, and you'll be doing us a big favor.

Speaker 18 If you'd also be kind enough to leave us a lovely rating as well, well, we'd really appreciate that.

Speaker 18 Don't forget, you can also listen to us and all of History Hit's podcasts at free, and watch hundreds of TV documentaries when you subscribe at historyhit.com slash subscribe. That's all from me.

Speaker 18 I'll see you in the next episode.

Speaker 4 Hi, folks, it's Mark Bittman from the podcast Food with Mark Bittman.

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