184: No Such Thing As Dinosaur Diaries

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Your ring, your way.

From Australia to San Francisco, Cullen Jewelry brings timeless craftsmanship and modern lab-grown diamond engagement rings to the US.

Explore solitaire, trilogy, halo, and bezel settings, or design a custom piece that tells your love story.

With expert guidance, a lifetime warranty, and a talented team of in-house jewels behind every piece, your perfect ring is made with meaning.

Visit our Union Street Showroom or explore the range at cullenjewelry.com.

Your ring, your way.

Hello and welcome to another episode of No Such Thing as a Fish, a weekly podcast coming to you from the QI offices in Covent Garden.

My name is Dan Schreiber and I'm sitting here with James Harkin, Andrew Hunter Murray, and Anna Chaczynski and once again we have gathered round the microphones with our four favorite facts from the last seven days and in no particular order here we go.

Starting with you, James.

Okay, my fact this week is that Avril Levine is the celebrity most likely to give you a virus.

That's rude.

What?

That's rude.

Why?

You can get viruses in lots of different ways.

Not always in rude ways.

Oh, okay.

Well, in the ways I'm thinking of it, it's rude.

You could be stood next to her on a tube, and she's got a cold, and she touches one of the poles, and then you touch it just afterwards, and then you touch your face, and then you might catch a virus that way.

Does she use the tube very much these days?

That's why she's the most likely.

She's an obsessive public transport woman.

Of course, I'm talking about computer viruses.

Yes.

And this is a study by McAfee,

and it's the most dangerous celebrities TM study.

Hang on.

Is it McAfee?

I thought it was McAfee.

I always said McAfee.

I said McAfee as well.

Okay, well, that sounds like you three are all right and I'm wrong.

No, not necessarily.

Who knows?

Who knows?

I don't think anyone's said it before now.

Have they not?

Well, you always see it written down, don't you?

Why would you speak it out loud?

Yeah.

It's like Microsoft.

So the problem with this, right, is that if you start Googling Abra Levine, it leads you to websites where you can get viruses.

It can do.

Apparently, 14.5%.

Yeah.

Yeah, well, I googled her seven times in the course of research for this podcast, and my computer is now riddled with viruses.

Exactly.

I've got no research on Abba Levine.

I just stopped.

I closed my computer.

But I've got a stonking case of Stuxnet.

It's weird because McAfee speculated about why it could be.

And they said that viruses, you'd normally put a virus in from the most popular searches.

And so they think that the reason she's become the most virus-laden person is because interest in her has suddenly peaked because she's working on a new album and there's an internet conspiracy that she's been replaced by an imposter.

That's right.

I would still say that she is not the most popularly googled person on the internet in 2017.

I can think of one more.

Oh yeah.

Christine Aguilera.

That's right, yeah.

Her husband Chad from Nickelback.

Did they not split up?

What?

They reunited.

Did they?

Yeah.

Oh, God, James, do not do that to me.

I know, Dan, you're a big fan.

No, I'm just worried that Chad will get sad, build up more material, and release another Nickelback album onto the world.

Keep him happy, he's got nothing to say.

So, they do these charts every year, don't they?

So, in previous years, they've had other celebrities.

I think maybe in 2015, it was Ellie Goulding who was the most popular.

And there's a men's and a women's chart as well, just because I don't think we couldn't possibly be expected to compute people of different sexes both giving you computer viruses.

Well, I think women are susceptible to different viruses, maybe.

Is that it?

Is it a susceptible?

I don't know.

Who are some of the male ones?

So, Bruno Mars.

I'm reading this list of celebrities and trying to work out which ones are men and which ones are women.

Such is my pop culture knowledge.

Justin Bieber, I'm pretty sure he's a man.

Sean Diddy Coombs

and Zane Malik, I think, are the only men in the top 10.

Is that Puff Daddy?

Sean Diddy Coombs?

It is indeed.

Yeah.

Yeah.

Okay.

And Celine Dion's on there.

Nice to see Celine making an appearance.

Another Canadian pop star.

Yeah.

So according to.

Actually, Justin Bieber's Canadian, isn't it?

Justin Bieber.

In fact, this is a very heavy Canadian list.

Yeah.

So supposedly,

Celine Dion is the top-selling Canadian artist of all time, and apparently Avril Levine is number two.

And James and I were trying to work out, surely Shania Twain.

Like, surely she can't be in it too, Avril Levine.

I think she's about Shania Twain because she's got a lot of country fans.

Yeah.

Yeah.

I didn't know she was Canadian, though.

Have you checked that?

I didn't know.

Well, you brought her up.

I didn't bring her up.

What?

David?

I said she's number two and you went, what about Shania Twain?

No, I said, what about Alanis Morissette?

Oh, yeah, he said Alanis Morissette, and then I said, nope, beats her and Shania Twain.

Yep, that was me.

Until now, I have been laboring under the misapprehension that Avril Levine and Alanis Morissette are the same person.

Oh.

I realise now they're not.

They're very different people.

Yes.

Cool.

That's glossy.

Some others in the top 50.

Anna Kendrick, number 13.

Don't know who she is.

Oh, come on.

She's a very famous actress.

Haley Steinfield, number 23.

Don't know who that is.

Don't know who that is.

Tiana Taylor, number 45.

Don't know who that is.

And Zendaya, number 50, don't know who that is.

I'm impressed you know all the others.

Well, the others were Will Smith, Jackie Chan.

Doesn't ring any bells.

Attenborough?

Is Astenborough anywhere?

Which one?

David.

All riches.

Actually, neither.

Any Dimblebees make the list?

No?

Your computer's safe, Andy, okay?

It's the idea that you are downloading things related to these people.

So you're downloading wallpapers or ringtones or whatever.

I think that's it, yeah.

So if you were to search for Avril Levine and try and find a little knock-off MP3 of one of her hits, then that might give you a virus.

I understand.

Which I think explains why a few of them are pop stars.

Yes, of course.

Because Dimbleby didn't release an album.

Well, he releases 45 minutes of absolutely blazing comment and analysis every week.

So

anyway, I was looking up computer viruses because, as we've ascertained, I did no research whatsoever on Avril Levine.

And the first ever human to get a computer virus got one in 2010.

Is this like a cyborg?

Yes.

So there's a guy called Dr.

Mark Gasson from the University of Reading, and he had a chip in his hand, which he used to go through.

He should have put it on his shoulder.

He used it to go through security doors and unlock his phone and stuff like that.

The BBC described it quite sniffily, I thought, as a sophisticated version of ID chips used to tag pets.

And he gave himself a virus as an experiment to see whether people could, for example, hack into pacemakers in the future.

Yeah.

And this is now one of the big worries.

And what happened when he gave himself a virus?

Did he come down with a cold?

What?

I think he couldn't get into his phone.

Wow.

That's worse than a cold.

Yeah, the future looks bleak.

The first computer virus ever was the cookie monster virus, right?

I think, or I mean, I think there may be various claims for what constitutes a virus.

But in the late 1960s, there was this cookie monster virus, which was some malware that froze your computer until you typed the word cookie at it.

And then it kept freezing your computer until you type the word cookie and you had to incessantly feed it cookies.

And it was just created at Brown University to piss off their fellow students.

But if you type the word Oreo, it cured it.

Oh.

That's very good.

It is good.

And there was one version of it which would demand that you type cookie incessantly until you literally couldn't do anything because you just had to type the word cookie over and over and over again.

And then eventually it would crash and the message would come up saying, I didn't want a cookie anyway.

It was good in the olden days when computer virus makers were just having fun.

Yeah.

Yes, there was like a golden age of computer piracy.

There was one called Casino, which would, you know, well, actually, it would remove all the files from your computer, so it was quite bad.

But it will also swear at you.

You know, it would say, you asshole, say bye to your balls.

And then

it would give you a jackpot slot machine.

You got five chances to spin the wheels and get three matching icons, like on a fruit machine.

And if you didn't, then it swore at you and then deleted all your stuff.

So it was bad, but at least it was a bit personal.

Yeah, at least you had a bit of fun before you lost all of your life.

Yeah.

They used to have a sense of humor, didn't they?

Before the PC Brigade.

Do you know what?

There it dies.

Do you know what

the American government has stopped worrying about this year?

Nazis.

No,

this is definitely about computer viruses.

Right, StocksNet.

No.

Being hacked into by other countries?

It's no,

yeah, they stopped worrying about that a while ago, I guess.

The thing that they've stopped this year is they've stopped providing updates on how they're going to deal with the Millennium Bug

with Y2K.

This is thanks to Trump.

Basically, there's an obscure rule that means that federal agencies are required to keep providing updates on how they would deal with the Y2K bug.

And basically, they've noticed that it was was just costing a lot of money in terms of time because there was all this paperwork constantly being having to be filed.

So they finally have had it stopped.

The Americans are no longer looking at how to prepare for the Millennium bug.

That's quite sensible of Trump, actually, and I know you don't hear that very often, but if he was the only person who realized that the Millennium had passed and nothing had happened, then good on him.

I bet he was, because he made that a big feature of the campaign, didn't he?

Do you remember?

Stop that bug.

You remember the crowds chanting?

Have you heard of DEF CON?

Not DEF CON the security setting where you say we're a DEF CON five or whatever.

This is a hacking convention which happens in Las Vegas every year.

So they converge on this hotel in Las Vegas and one of the things they did this year was they hacked into U.S.

voting machines and they rick-rolled them.

They got them to play Rick Astley songs instead of making them

well they got the voting machines to play Rick Astley songs.

Yeah.

But why have they got microphones and speakers on them?

Well presumably they say things like thank you for voting.

What do you mean presumably?

I've never voted.

You've never voted.

Oh, God.

Not in America, no.

That's weird, though, isn't it?

In America, what we're saying here is that if you vote in America, it gives you a little tune afterwards.

Well, no, it's not what I'm saying, but it's what I presume.

I presume they have microphones somehow.

Guys, if you're in America, can you write in and let us know if your voting machines talk to you as you vote?

But there's a terrible thing about when you're a normal guest staying at this hotel during DEF CON, you're just being constantly hacked into at all times.

So

there's an account of a journalist who went there and he basically had to turn off everything.

He had to turn his iPhone into a brick, turn off Wi-Fi, turn off 3G, not use anything.

And the local UPS store, you know, they do printing and stuff, they said, we are not accepting any printing for hotel guests from links in emails.

We're not accepting USB sticks.

We are only accepting very particular kinds of things because people just kept on hacking into the UPS store.

as well.

It's like having a bunch of kind of hardened criminals, even if they're not actually committing crime in this case, stay in your hotel.

And you would lock up all the minibars, wouldn't you?

It's like a pickpockets convention.

All the people in the hotel who don't know about the convention are just constantly having their pockets picked.

Do you know who claims to be the most popular hacking target in the world?

Oh,

John McAfee.

It is indeed.

Yeah.

Mr.

McAfee himself says he's the badge of honor for any hacker because he's Mr.

Anti-Hacking Software.

But he tricks people by changing the pronunciation of his surname, Willy-Nilly, from McAfee, which it clearly is.

So another celebrity whose name is associated with hacking is Britney Spears.

And Britney Spears has an Instagram account and there is a thing with malware called command and control system.

It's quite complicated, but basically, if you're a virus, you need to keep getting updates.

So you keep needing to go to different websites to get your updates.

But the websites always move so that people can't catch them.

But you need to know where the websites are.

And so, what these hackers are doing is they're using comments in Britney Spears' Instagram accounts to hide the addresses where these CNC systems are held.

Wow.

So, if you were to read all the comments in Britney Spears' Instagram, you'd be able to get it.

I do.

And you do.

Have you noticed any URLs hidden in the...

I mean, they're quite well hidden in code and stuff.

Oh, well, then I haven't.

You read them all on face value, don't you?

Yeah, I do.

Keep being great, Brittany.

So all they have to do is delete Andy's comments, and the ones that are left are going to be CNC systems.

Wow.

Does this mean that hackers have to have this massive knowledge of Britney Spears filling their brains now?

Because they've had to plow through these series of comments about her in order to find their code.

My feeling is that the computer probably does it automatically.

Because the one thing that computers are best at probably is going through large amounts of data and sifting out the important bits.

So they don't get to read read the I preferred her when she was bald kind of comments below.

But they might see the photos, right?

If it's people doing it.

They might see the photos.

I mean, when you're on the internet, you often see pictures of Britney Spears, whether you want to or not.

It's quite nice, though, that even though they are doing this illegal activity, that if they did meet up, they will have all got a good knowledge of what she's up to in life, and there's a common thing they can talk about.

Yeah,

so you reckon when all of the hackers kind of meet up once a year, they probably chat about Britney.

They're probably like 45 minutes on the malware stuff.

Let's leave a good 15 for Britney.

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Okay, it is time for fact number two and that is Andy my fact is there is a type of dinosaur which is almost always found on its back

sexy sexy

So it's like lie back and think of Gondwana land.

Yes

They didn't die having sex guys okay because then you'd have to find an equal number on top of those

ankylosauruses.

So there's been a new study into them, and basically, 70% of them are found upside down, which is a lot more than other dinosaurs.

And there were loads of theories about why, like, they got turned upside down by predators because they have a really big shell on their back.

So you'd be able to eat the soft underbelly.

Exactly.

Or that after they die, their body's filled up with gas and then they sort of rolled over onto their back because of that.

And none of these theories are right.

And it's really obvious in the end, the conclusion is that they got swept out to sea and then they turned upside down because the gas in their bellies was lighter, and then they sank to the seabed that way, and they stayed upside down, and then they became fossilized.

And other animals don't do that, so that's the difference.

I wonder why they bloated, and other animals didn't.

Is it because of the heavy shell?

I think they all bloat, but I think it's the shell which makes a difference.

And this is the cool thing: to study this, the scientists from the Canadian Museum of Nature in Ontario, they studied armadillos because that was, I guess, a close equivalent in the real world.

So they had a proper hardened shell-like thing on their back.

Yeah.

Have we said the name of the dinosaur?

Yes.

Okay.

Ankylosaurus.

Ankylosaurus.

Do you know what that means?

Ankylosaurus?

Is that anything to do with fused ankylo means?

So, like, fused together plates.

Oh, okay.

Yeah.

So these guys, just to give you a picture of what they look like, they look a bit like armadillos, don't they?

They've got this big, heavy shell.

They look a bit like a tank, but then they've got a massive tail with a big knob on the end.

Yeah.

Okay.

And have we known about them for a long time and now we've just worked out why they're upside down?

It's not like they're new dinosaurs that we thought previously were different, but upside down.

Because we couldn't recognise them upside down.

Yeah.

We thought they were tables up turned out.

It would still be an upside-down table.

It would, but a table's more easy to identify when it's upside down, whereas a dinosaur is completely impossible to recognise.

I'm trying to think of something else with the legs in the air.

Fantasy power station.

That's what we thought they were.

We thought they were mini power stations.

And they've got, I think they've got very thick skin, and this is part of the reason why this happens because their skin is so thick it can take the gas pressure, the pressure of all those decomposing gases building up.

And so that means they float for a while on their backs before sinking.

Okay.

And scientists call it bloat and float, understandably.

Ironically, seeing as they sink.

Yeah.

Well, they float at first.

Sink doesn't rhyme.

Well, exactly.

You'd have to be.

then shrink and sink.

Float and float, shrink and sink.

What rhymes with fossilize?

So this massive knob at the end of their tail, you would think that they would kind of swing it round to batter people with, which they probably did, but it's...

They weren't any people, though, so I guess, yeah.

That's probably why they did it.

But they weren't kind of whippy, their tails.

They were fused.

So they were kind of straight, hard tails that they would bash people with the knobbly bit.

Do you mean it was like effectively like a javelin, then, in that it was a sturdy?

It's like a javelin, but with a shot putt on the end of it, but then it's fused to your spine.

Yes, it's like a javelin, but if you threw it, you would fly with the javelin because it didn't throw its tail off every time it was under attack.

Effectively, it's like a javelin.

I mean, I'm trying to picture the sort of shape and length of it.

It's like you know, tails that animals have.

Yeah.

It's like that.

Yeah.

But it's solid.

Like a javelin.

Well, like a javelin, yeah.

It's a really strong simile.

I don't know what they're laying into, Dan.

I don't know where

you came up with it.

Here's an interesting thing that combines James's javelin tail with Andy's upside-down table dinosaur.

They've worked out recently plesiosaurs, which had the longest neck of any of the dinosaurs, I believe, 23 foot long.

What they couldn't work out, and this has been another dinosaur underwater mystery, is how they could swim at speeds with that neck because the pressure of the water pushing the neck around just wouldn't work.

And what they think now is that they actually extended their neck and held it like a rod, like a firm javelin, as they swam through the water.

Did you accidentally research javelins for this?

Is that what you want to talk about?

So one thing about Diplodocus' necks, originally it was thought they held them straight and upright at about 60 degrees, like a giraffe neck, which obviously was wrong.

But then it was thought they held them level in front of them and counterbalanced their tail.

But that also has fallen out of favour.

And the latest theory is that they had a sort of swan-like curve to their neck.

Wow!

Really?

Yes, because almost all land vertebrates which are studied, like birds for example, hold their necks in that sort of uprightish curve.

Like a pelican.

Like a pelican, exactly.

Like a bent chavelin.

Like a bent chavelin.

Although there are some, and some some calculations say that if it had held its head completely upright or at a rigid, upright angle, using traditional methods, it would have had to use half its energy pumping blood to its brain.

Using traditional methods.

Maybe it had untraditional methods.

Maybe it had some birds supporting it on either side.

Using the old ways.

Whichever way a dinosaur does it must be more traditional, whatever way we do it.

Right.

On animals lying on their backs with their legs in the air.

I was looking for examples of animals doing this.

It's actually quite rare and quite hard to look into.

But there was a new scientist forum where someone posted a question which was: When I was younger, my mum used to drive us past a field with a horse in it.

There was a sign that read, This horse is not dead, he sleeps that way.

And the horse was always lying on its back with its legs locked straight up in the air.

Does anyone know what was going on?

Is this common?

Are they sure it wasn't the table?

Were there answers on the phone?

There were lots of answers.

Most people said the legs in the air make sense because horses have a locking mechanism which makes their legs...

So when horses go to sleep, which they usually do standing up, then their legs lock so that they don't

fall over.

But no one could quite answer the question of why it was sleeping on its back, but there's legs in the air.

They all said that is quite unusual.

Maybe it's just a special horse.

A special horse?

I love having to put a sign up.

This horse isn't dead.

Don't knock on our door.

I think I would put that sign up if I had a dead horse and I didn't want anyone to know about it.

It's just to sleep.

To save you having to go and bury it just

for the sign up.

So

we've talked about T-Rex arms before, I think.

Or everyone knows that they have these tiny arms, which look really impractical.

So there was a theory that

they would use them to stand up.

Because do T-Rexes lie down to sleep?

I guess they can afford to, but then how do they get up again?

Or do they sleep like a special horse on their back with their legs in the air?

um but the latest theories suggest that they did not use their arms to get up because they sometimes went a month without using their arms for anything isn't that amazing how do we know that you know what that sounds like sounds like one of those charity months that you do for something

like no umber

we could we could set that up so yeah how i mean how do we know that that is a really fair question not written down how we know that um Must be in the diaries or something.

But then, how do you write a diary if you're not using your arm?

There's just an empty month in the diary.

Go straight from first round to second femb.

Sorry for not writing.

Been raising money from different jokers around the corner.

Successful, no armor.

Okay, it is time for fact number three, and that is my fact.

My fact this week is that snakes that eat snakes can eat snakes that are 139 of their body length wow so that is the equivalent of me as a six foot one person eating an eight foot four inch tall hot dog in one bite but the hot dog is also as broad as you yeah yeah it's a massive hot dog it's a big hot dog it's it's yeah i mean we should really be talking about where i got this hot dog from an eight foot hot dog is like one of those um it's like a mascot in a

sports thing.

They'll be about eight foot tall.

That's all right, yeah.

And they'll be about human size.

You eat one of those guys.

Yeah, so I found this on a website called snakesarlong.blogspot.co.uk

and

the reason I found it was I saw a video earlier this week of a snake eating a snake.

And what I didn't ever stop to think was when they eat snakes, they do actually start with the head and they just eat it as a snake.

They just like the equivalent of like a train going into a tunnel.

Like, it just disappears.

If you're a snake, one, you're not going to eat it bum first, are you?

Because that's disgusting.

Yeah.

And then, two, you're not going to eat it sideways like a corn on the cob or something.

So it's the only obvious way to eat that.

That's slightly what I thought, though.

I thought they don't necessarily, I thought they would eat chunks of it.

I didn't know that you just, I didn't know they swallow everything.

So

I think I would eat a snake bum first if she was a snake.

Well, for a start, you get the bit you don't want to eat really very much out of the way first.

It's like saving your roast potatoes at the end of a roast dinner it's exactly like that yeah yeah and I do see that I don't have a second there but first get it out of the way the good thing is that it fits into you more neatly because you fit the body of the snake exactly into you like the length of a snake so you're much more like a Russian doll of snakes yes that's true so here's the issue though and which is what the headline factors meant to be highlighting is that they can eat snakes that are longer than themselves so that would seem like a bizarre move because they do have to eat it in one go Otherwise, if they take a break halfway through a snake,

the rest of the snake could start rotting, which is really bad for them and the digestive system, or they have to haul another snake with them if they're escaping a predator.

So they've doubled their body size and their weight in order to get them to...

Presumably, they can, because obviously they can eat like huge, like deer and stuff that stretch out their skin.

So presumably they just fold the snake up inside themselves.

So that's the issue.

Because of the length of the snake,

their stomachs don't go all the way to their tails.

They have actually a lot of muscle down near the bottom.

So, obviously, it can only go as far as deep as their stomach goes.

So, that's the issue they need to work out when they're eating the snake.

How can they fit that entire snake into their body?

Yeah, but don't they just fold it?

They sort of concatena it,

they concertina their ribs, and then the dead snake inside them is squished up, and then the living snake outside can stretch out.

It's like an accordion, it's like an accordion.

Yeah, um, so there is a myth that snakes, uh, which are owned domestically, uh, stretch themselves out next to their owners or next to family pets, so that they're measuring them to see how long they are.

This is not true.

I went to another website about this, an amazing snake website, which said, False.

Snakes have no sense of measurement.

They are not rulers.

They do not know how long they are versus how tall or long anything else is.

I think that can't be true, can it?

But it's true that they don't, in the wild, measure out the deer that they're planning to eat

because it would run away.

They must know how long they are, though.

Like, if it's so you know if you're escaping from something, you know that your tail's out of its reach and stuff.

Yeah, do they have a basic idea?

Do they have a sense of self, I think is the question we're asking.

Do they even know they're a snake?

That's true.

But I think they must have a basic idea of how long they are.

Must do.

Otherwise they'd keep thinking they were hidden well, but actually their entire body is just stupid.

It'd be like the four-year-old playing hide and seek.

They just put their tail over their eyes.

They can't see me.

They do sometimes eat their own tail, don't they?

Yes, they do eat themselves when they get stressed, I think.

Oh, so that's not by accident?

They haven't sometimes by accident.

It is by accident.

Because they're like, I'm not that long, but this tail could be here.

It must be someone else.

Instead of a prey on themselves, and then get up to about halfway along themselves, they think, oh, hang on.

They do do that.

Yeah.

Never eat them first.

It always happens when you do that.

Yeah, they sometimes eat their own tail.

And it might be if a predator has been on their tail and it's got the smell of it, and they just see a lot of them just work by movement.

And if the tail's wiggling around and it smells like prey, but it isn't, they're not supposed to, as in it's not useful to them to eat themselves.

I was reading about an Australian guy called Tony Barton who saw a snake eat another snake.

So he saw a red-bellied black snake eat an eastern brown snake in his garden.

He took a picture of it and the snake, as snakes do, then went for a sleep because they can't chew.

They always go away and have to have a sleep so their stomach can digest what they've actually eaten.

And he went back a bit later to check on it, and he said the black snake had his mouth a bit open, and he saw a pair of eyes inside the mouth.

And then he photographed the snake hauling itself back out of the other snake's body.

So it latched onto the snake that had eaten its jaw and pulled itself out and then slithered away, covered in mucus.

That's interesting.

I wonder if that means he was eaten bomb first, though.

No, he was eaten headfirst.

This is what he said was interesting.

He turned round inside something.

That's very impressive.

Very clever.

Yeah.

I don't think I'd have the wherewithal to do that.

Do you think you'd back up?

I think I'd just lie down and die.

If I'd be completely swallowed by a snake, I don't think I'm going anywhere.

Yeah, really?

I think I'll think of it as...

Is that kind of defeatist attitude that's going to make Brexit a failure?

One thing about when snakes eat animals, they completely change.

They almost become another animal.

Not quite, but.

Okay, so for example, when a python eats a whole deer, right?

Its metabolism gets 40 times faster

and its blood goes milky because it suddenly has all these fatty acids.

Its heart increases by 40% in size.

It completely changes.

Wow.

And this is so cool.

Okay, so when humans eat, we increase our oxygen consumption by about a quarter because we need to speed up our metabolism.

We need to get more oxygen into our body to digest the food, right?

After a python eats an animal, let's say 65% of its weight, it increases its oxygen consumption 36-fold.

Wow.

Which is a huge amount.

So, humans, when we're sprinting, we increase tenfold.

Snakes do

36-fold.

And if a snake was to eat a prey that was bigger than it was, let's say one and a half times it was, like you said, Dan, it might be taking in a hundred times as much oxygen

as it normally would.

So, when I was, I don't know if I mentioned this, but I was in Peru a few weeks ago.

And when you're at an altitude and you're eating, you're always out of breath.

You have to keep stopping.

You can't really talk and eat at the same time because, and now I know, like you say, it's because you're taking in more oxygen.

You shouldn't talk with your mouth full anyway James have been say that for a few years.

But for snakes it must be 10 times worse right yeah.

That's why they lie in the sun is to speed up their metabolism.

That's why they have to lie in the sun after they've had a big meal.

And it takes so much energy to digest the meal that when a python has had a big meal half the energy it gets from the meal goes on digesting the meal.

What a waste.

That's like, you know when we say it takes up more energy to eat a stick of celery than you get from it.

They say, do you know it takes more energy to eat one of those baby deers than you'll actually get from the deer?

It's completely pointless.

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Okay, it is time for our final fact of the show, and that is Anna.

My fact is that medieval street performers multiplied numbers together in public for entertainment.

That's great.

That's amazing.

And presumably there were quite hard numbers.

There weren't things like six times nine.

Well, they were at not behind.

I've got some change here somewhere.

Hang on.

James, where's your hat?

This is something I found in a book online, a book called Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science.

And it's basically the fact that in sort of late medieval times, Arabic numbers were coming over from India.

So the numbers that we use today.

They come over here,

they count our sheep, migrant refugee, Arabic numbers were coming over from India, and they were better than Roman numerals.

And you could do things like long multiplication and long division with them, but the authorities in Europe didn't trust them, so they sort of banned them.

So it meant that there were these street performers who kind of had this secret knowledge of Arabic numbers, and so they could do what seemed like incredible multiplication.

I mean, it was quite simple, you know, it would be like 12 times 16, which obviously we can edit out the huge pause while we all work that out.

4 times 4 times 4 times 3.

Oh, well, it's not that then.

Yeah, that's 3.

So it's 64 threes.

192.

Who would be there to sort of fact-check them?

Yeah, that's a really good point.

That's such a good question.

I guess they just took on face value.

Like, you come back, you say, I've got some multiplication, it's correct, trust me, and they put money in your hand.

But hang on, when did we get Arabic numbers in the West, in Western Europe?

Was it Roman numerals until Naison's time?

Are you serious?

We didn't get them until after.

This is because, this is what's so fascinating about them.

They were known to exist from like the 6th century, and they started coming over.

There was a pope who tried to introduce them in the 10th century into Europe, and the authorities hated them.

They hated zero, for instance.

Can I just ask, sorry to interrupt, but which pope was it?

Because, like, popes famously don't use Arabic numbers, do they?

It's always Pope Pius V.

Yeah, you're right.

So they're the ones who are sticking with it.

You're absolutely right.

It was Pope Sylvester the II.

He actually got in a lot of trouble because his real name was Gerbert of of Ariat, which I like.

So Gerbert went to Spain and so he got from Africa some knowledge of these Arabic numbers and he went back to Italy, became Pope and tried to spread this knowledge.

And people just thought it was black magic that he could actually add numbers together and do division.

And so they labelled him as a sorcerer and this dogged him throughout his papacy.

The fact that he could perform this weird black magic.

I find that absolutely amazing.

I would have thought in the doomsday book, you would have said there are six sheep here, and you know, you'd have the number six.

I guess not.

And we're saying that is not the case.

No, not

that.

Didn't adopt still, as James said, sort of early Renaissance.

Wow.

Mid-Renaissance.

And I was reading quite a lot about zero, which was seen as like the pinnacle of the evil of Arabic numbers because it represented nothingness, and that was seen as really ungodly.

But merchants in Europe kind of picked up on this underbelly of Arabic numbers and realized it's much easier to use them.

So they had to use them in secret.

And so they'd flash zeros at each other, which meant, I use Arabic numbers.

We can use Arabic numbers in this translation.

So they flash zeros at each other.

What is flashing zeros?

Because it's like they gesture with the hands.

They do a ring with the hands.

Do you know that game when you're at school and you do a ring?

And if they see it below your waist, you're allowed to punch them in the arm.

Oh, unless you get your finger inside it.

Yeah, yeah.

Unless you put a one in there.

Yeah, do you reckon that's an ancient kind of.

Cospi.

That's definitely, I think, where that traces back to, yeah.

Copy.

Yeah.

This is actually why.

So the word zero comes from a word cipher,

which is also where the word cipher comes from, because zero was used as this secret cipher thing.

And the person who named zero was a guy called Mohammed Al-Khororazimi, who also invented, based on his name, the algorithm.

So the algorithm is a corruption of the name Al-Khororazimi.

Cool.

There was a guy called Johann Martin Zacharias Dezer.

He was German.

And he once multiplied two 20-digit numbers together in six minutes, okay, which was considered extremely good at the time.

And I think now was that in his head?

In his head, yeah.

Whoa, it depends on what if it was just a billion times, you know, or

a thousand billion times a thousand billion, that's not actually that difficult.

It's true, although a thousand billion is still a long way off 20 digits.

It is, isn't it?

You're right.

But anyway, he managed to do it.

Wow.

And then he managed to multiply two 100-digit numbers in eight and three-quarter hours.

Who was sticking around to watch that foot show?

I think you'd stay for the first hour and a half, wouldn't you?

You'd want to come back for the ending, though.

You wouldn't want to miss it.

Yeah.

Yeah.

And you don't know when the ending's going to be, do you?

Exactly.

So it's mostly a tension thing.

Yeah.

Wow.

Sorry, are we saying he did this in his head or he did it?

He did it in his head.

Because the famous mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss said that someone skilled in calculation could have done the calculation in half that time with pencil and paper.

Oh, okay.

Which Which I think is a bit harsh, really, for someone who's multiplying hundred-digit numbers.

Yeah, I think it is.

Yeah.

I think it's a bit sniffy, actually.

And in the book Gerd Lescher Bach, which we have downstairs, they talk about this guy, Deza, and they say that he had an uncanny sense of quantity.

He could just tell without counting how many sheep were in a field.

I mean,

again, it all depends how many sheep there are in the field.

Because I like to think that below a certain threshold of sheep, I could just tell how many sheep there were in a field.

Well this is interesting.

So what is that number?

Like how many would you you could definitely tell if there were four.

I could definitely tell if there were four.

But if there were 12 by just looking would you know there were 12?

No I wouldn't.

No.

So what's the level?

If they're standing in a three by four grid perfectly, I could tell there were 12.

How often does that happen?

Very seldom from my studies.

Because all you've really worked out there is that there's a three and a four.

You've calculated the 12.

I would instantly say there are 12 there.

Sure, that's because your multiplication tables are so good.

Thank you.

You should be a street performer.

A really low-rent, 3x4 kind of stuff.

Give me any number between one and four.

This guy could do his sheep thing up to 30, up to around 30.

He would know that.

He would literally just take a quick look and just see.

Right.

He must have been a real scream at parties, must be.

No, we don't want to go out of the field again.

No, come on, just once more.

Take me out of the field.

I'll show you.

Or do you think he'd walk into your party and immediately go, oh, there are only 42 people here?

If you were in a party and you could tell how many people were there, and you could look at a plate of canopies and know exactly how many canopes were on the plate, you would know whether you had to quickly go for the canopies.

In my experience, there are very few people at the party, and I never have to go for more canopies.

But the Arabic zero numeral has come in very handy indeed.

Do you know in Moscow, as a streeter, you have to go through a really rigorous process now to be able to busk.

And so, this is to be able to play on the Moscow subway.

Musicians have to actually go through this proper selection process where they are selected by a jury, so they go in and they have to do this full performance to a jury of professional musicians and to a bunch of people from the TV talent show Voice of Russia.

Imagine it's like very high bars are clear.

Imagine going in as a busker and Simon Cowell is there.

Yeah.

But also, imagine that you're Tom Jones on the voice in the UK and then as part of your job you have to go and watch a load of buskers.

It's hard to imagine that happening.

But isn't it true on the tube that they need to be a certain standard on the London Underground there?

There are rules.

I think you can't have people who are completely crap.

Yeah.

Because you need to bid for the slots as well.

And also, London has a code of conduct which it advises buskers on.

One of the tips that it gave out was: if you only know a few songs, move to a new location when you've played them.

Yeah.

Very good advice.

In Russia, you have to perform two hours of original material.

Two hours?

Yeah, before you can busk stuff.

Again, original material.

Original material.

Because people tend to want the hits, don't they?

In buskers.

You never want to hit a busker's new stuff.

I don't want to hit Paul McCartney's new stuff.

Okay, that's it.

That is all of our facts.

Thank you so much for listening.

If you'd like to get in contact with any of us about the things that we have said over the course of this podcast, we can be found on our Twitter account.

I'm on at Shriverland.

James?

At James Harkin.

Oh!

What happened there?

Did you know?

Wow.

Okay, new Twitter handle.

Andy?

At eggshape.

Finally got in there.

This clown I've been following for years gave it up.

Actual Twitter handle?

And at Andrew Hunter M.

Jasinski.

You can email podcast at QI.com.

Yeah, or you can go to our group Twitter account, which has changed to.

It's now at No Such Thing.

Or you can go to our website, no such thingasafish.com.

On it, you will find all of our previous episodes.

You'll find links to our tour dates.

We've added a bunch of new tour dates to 2018, so check that out.

You can also get a link to our book, which is coming out November 2nd, the book of the year.

And you can also join us if you want to chat about this episode on Facebook Live on Mondays at 5 p.m.

London time.

We'll see you again next week with another episode.

Goodbye.

Let's be real.

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