S2 THE DIVIDED DIAL EPISODE 4: Wall St. Wants Your Airwaves

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Hi, this is Katya Rogers, EP of On the Media, and I just want to thank you for listening to this season of the Divided Dial.

It's been an amazing journey Katie and I have been on.

And thank you for listening to all four episodes.

Just a quick reminder that we are able to bring you reporting like this because we're funded by you, by listeners.

That means we have the freedom to dive into stories about subjects like shortwave radio.

Who else is going to do that?

If you've appreciated the divided dial, please step up and show your support so we can do more of this type of reporting.

Show us that you want more by stepping up with a donation right now.

Go to onthemedia.org/slash donate to support this kind of journalism and everything we do at On the Media.

Thanks so much.

This season has been all about shortwave radio.

It's not much talked about nowadays, but shortwave has had a storied history that Katie laid out over the course of the first three episodes.

If you haven't heard those, definitely pause this one and catch up first.

This final episode features the story of a present-day battle playing out between two very different groups.

Here's Katie.

Okay, 11.07 a.m., May 18th, 2024.

A little over a year ago, I tried for the first time ever to pick up a shortwave radio radio broadcast.

I'm out in Wisconsin

as if on cue.

Okay, it was a really nice spring day, if a little windy, so I was outside.

Powered up, so

this is FM.

I found a little shortwave radio that my grandma had given my parents years ago before she died.

Wide or narrow?

I don't know what that means.

It took me a while to figure out how to use the thing.

Just minimized the treble to try to get some of the static out.

This is like such a stupid question, but does wind blow radio waves?

How to find the frequencies that were active.

I think I'm hearing a voice 903033.

I feel like Jodi Foster in contact right now.

Like when her signal goes out and she thinks the aliens are gone, I'm like, that's me right now.

But eventually, I started picking stuff up.

Oh my gosh, voices, voices, voices.

The antenna's broken, so I'm just gonna grab a pliers quick and like squeeze it into place.

What?

Okay, I'm holding the pliers on the antenna and getting way better reception.

Like, let me.

No pliers?

Pliers.

Oh my god.

I think I'm an antenna.

Let me try going back to 9330, 11,020, 400 species.

But hang on, hold on a second.

I'm gonna keep surfing.

Surfing the waves.

Oh my god, I just got it.

Christian Rock.

Come back.

I have to say, I've never been so excited to hear Christian rock.

Once I got the hang of it, I started to pick up a lot of stuff.

This is a matter of life and death for the church.

The church will not repopulate itself.

I'm sorry.

There's so many now.

I heard World's Last Chance.

Okay.

Now we're going to get into

the usage of the Word Almighty in the New Testament.

God was made a revelation.

I heard Brother R.G.

stare.

The baby that is immersed, either going to heaven or hell in death.

I was just so excited.

It was just me on my own for hours, kind of like being caught in a social media scroll, but a lot less passive.

And eventually, I filled in my dad when he came into the room.

Oh, you know what kind of station I heard earlier?

It was just beep, beep, beep, beep, womp, womp, womp, womp, womp,

which is usually like a code that somebody's receiving.

Yeah, isn't that crazy?

Content be damned.

I was loving the shortwaves.

I can play it for you.

This is season two of the divided dial from on the media.

I'm your host, Katie Thornton.

This season, we've been talking all about shortwave radio, how it went from a a utopian experiment in global communications to a haven for the far right.

Even if that's not necessarily what a lot of shortwave listeners want to hear, in many parts of the world, shortwave radio is still a lifeline.

Here in the U.S., though, these days, it's mostly a hobby.

But right now, there's a battle playing out on our shortwaves.

It's taking place between two parties with very different visions for how the shortwaves should be used.

And that ideological battle between the pirates and the profiteers tells us a lot about how we regard our public airwaves.

On this final episode of this season of The Divided Dial, we go deep into the future of the shortwaves and why they might matter more than we think.

In the years since I had that first solitary channel surfing experience, I've been able to tune in together with other shortwave listeners.

I have six or seven antennas in the attic.

In their living rooms, in their modern-day radio shacks.

Okay.

So this is an HOA, so I can't do a lot outside.

And one of the folks I listened with was this guy, Matt Todd.

Yeah, I have a loop on the ground.

You can kind of see it out there.

Oh, yeah, yeah.

He lives about a half hour north of where I live in Minneapolis.

And not unlike David Gorin from episode one, Matt is a radio enthusiast who likes to record what he hears, another one of Shortwave's informal archivists.

And he doesn't just record shortwave, he records all sorts of radio.

In fact, I first reached out to him when I was reporting season one, because I found some clips he'd recorded from Salem Media Group during the Capitol riot on January 6th.

Back then, I didn't even know shortwave was still a thing.

Matt listens to the radio all the time.

Aviation radio, police and fire scanners, and lots of shortwave.

And like a lot of the folks who sent us the voice memos we played at the end of the last episode, he was especially excited when he was flipping through the shortwave band and heard On the Media, which we've been airing on a shortwave station WRMI out of Florida for several months.

Hi, WRMI listeners.

My name is Katia Rogers and I'm the executive producer of On the Media.

Right now we're making a podcast and a radio series all about shortwave radio.

And we want to hear that all shortwave shortwave radio.

Meta, huh?

People have been writing us in.

It's nice.

Good.

I was surprised at how many people were just so thrilled to hear it on there.

On the media is different than what you'd normally hear on a lot of it.

It's not God stuff, and it's not right-wing talk.

It's something different.

It's not that Matt hates the God stuff or the right-wing talk, but like so many shortwave fans, he got into it for the surprise, the worldliness.

In the last several decades, as lots of countries have backed away from their government-run services and the private stations have been dominated by big names like Brother Stare or World's Last Chance, who snatch up tons of cheap airtime in bulk, there's just not as much variety anymore.

And that's why Matt and lots of other shortwave lovers have taken a special interest in shortwave pirates.

You know, people broadcasting without a license to do so.

And now I'm a broken dialogue.

To be clear, broadcasting without a license is illegal.

We're not advocating for it.

And if you do it on, say, the FM dial, where there are relatively few frequencies and lots of licensed stations whose owners hate interference, the FCC comes down on you pretty hard and fast.

But on the shortwave frequencies, there's plenty of free space and almost no policing.

Matt has this thing called a software-defined radio.

Basically, it's a radio he plugs into a computer.

So he doesn't have to sit there and turn through every possible frequency and through long stretches of static.

He can plug this thing into a computer screen and see what frequencies are active, and then click over and listen.

He can also use it to record not just a single station, but a whole stretch of shortwave frequencies, like as if you Ti-voed every channel.

It's pretty cool.

So technically, Matt and I sat down on January 3rd of this year, but we were surfing the airwaves from a few nights prior, New Year's Eve, because holidays are known as especially active times for shortwave radio pirates.

You're tuned in to Cypro

Radio.

New Year's Eve

extravagant.

There was a huge variety of music, from old blues to synth-pop.

Sometimes the people broadcasting just sang along over the recording, karaoke style.

There's another one I came on there.

Someone popped on right around midnight Eastern time to play a cheesy recording of Auld Lang Syne.

Someone else played old Casey Kasim broadcasts.

There's one around Christmas that does broadcasting like FDR speeches and some stuff from kind of that era.

I think he even called it WFDR.

There was one guy who just played the sound of dogs barking over the song Cars by Gary Newman

for like an hour.

Oh, okay, let's still go on.

We were having a really good time tuning in.

And Matt had all these other files on his computer from pirates who have taken to the shortwaves in recent years.

Happy Halloween to everybody else.

We're in the IMH here.

I mean, Halloween's the big, that's like the Super Bowl of them.

And it's not just holidays.

On any given weekend, any given day, you can hear a lot of pirates hijacking the shortwaves.

The pirates have been busy.

They've made pop-up stations entirely devoted to things like bowling, or comedy, or jazz and bebop.

Random stations come and go, like Shrimp Boat Radio, which allegedly broadcasts from a literal shrimp boat.

We'll talk about anything.

You did really expect something.

Thunder Chicken Radio, radio nonsense.

We're radio garbanzo.

Boombox radio, radio free whatever.

One person I spoke with described the pirate stations as watering holes where people create the radio station that they always wanted to have.

People told me they hear more musical variety on Pirate Shortwave than they ever do on big streaming services.

The fact is that Pirate Radio is alive and well.

This is Bennett Cobb.

He's retired now, but for decades he was a trade journalist working the FCC beat.

Today he runs a blog covering all sorts of of weird stuff that can be found on the radio waves.

Suffice to say, Bennett also listens to the radio a lot and he also hears a lot of pirates.

Some of these stations have literally lasted decades.

He remembers this one he first picked up years ago.

I remember that station vividly because the guy running it believed he was the Antichrist.

He apparently had some kind of an accident where he cut himself and there was some bleeding or he didn't bleed or something or whatever And this transformed him into the Antichrist.

Usually these shortwave pirates aren't bringing you more of the same preaching or ultra-conservative talk.

For the most part, they've reclaimed the airwaves for something a little lighter.

Yeah, for some political conversation, maybe for claims of being the Antichrist, but also just for some fun.

The prospect of an international audience for your broadcast, whether you are playing a religious message or you're playing littered skittered,

is just too attractive to pass up.

The immediate appeal is being able to play your favorite music and rant as you like, whether it is pro-Christ or antichrist,

and be heard.

To many in the shortwave world, this is what the future of the medium sounds like.

Still scratchy as hell, but unexpected.

Freeform.

An ethereal space like none other, where people can hear some truly wild material from the other side of the country or the other side of the world.

No Wi-Fi needed.

But it turns out that pirates aren't the only ones trying something novel on shortwave.

There's another group with a very different vision for the future of the airwaves.

And if they get their way, the shortwaves might sound less like this.

And more like this.

That's coming up after the break.

This is the divided dial from On the Media.

On the Media is supported by the New York Community Trust.

These days, it's hard to know what the future will hold.

Thankfully, there is a powerful way to ensure the causes you care about are supported for decades to come.

Join the New York Community Trust to support affordable housing, provide opportunity, improve education, nurture the environment, and more.

A team of experts can connect your generosity with non-profits, making a lasting difference.

You can turn retirement funds, appreciated securities, real estate, and other assets into a force for good.

Amplify your impact with community-powered giving.

Contact the New York Community Trust at give2.nyc.

That's giveto.nyc.

This is on the media.

I'm Katie Thornton, host of the Divided Dials series.

We're right in the middle of the last episode of our second season.

Right before the break, I told you that another group has recently shown interest in the shortwaves.

Bennett Cobb told me the story, which begins several years ago.

Because he's a huge fan of radio, Bennett likes to read applications that have been submitted to the FCC, specifically for what are called experimental licenses.

A typical example would be if a satellite examines hydrology, water uses, natural resources.

Basically, experimental licenses are for folks who are trying to invent or perfect new technology that uses radio waves in some way.

The FCC lets you apply for temporary permission to use specific frequencies.

It's pretty cool.

Like the federal government sets aside some of our airwaves to see if the next Marconi is out there.

So many of these are university satellite programs.

And the other big category would be product development.

The FCC's rules generally prohibit making money off these experiments, but companies can use them to test out new devices, see if they work before bringing them to market.

Like Bennett once saw an application for this thing that looked like a chandelier.

But actually contained antennas that would jam communications within your own home.

This has something to do with sort of fighting back against Wi-Fi or something.

So instead of telling your kids to turn off the phone and go play outside, you would turn on this massive chandelier, which would prevent all type of electronic use in the household.

That one didn't seem to go anywhere.

Bottom line here, though, these are applications to use the public airwaves, so the applications are publicly available.

And Bennett loves poring through them, even if oddball ideas like the anti-Wi-Fi chandelier are the exciting exception to the rule.

I go through hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of these licenses.

The overwhelming majority of them are not particularly interesting.

But a few years back, he noticed something out of the ordinary.

There were these applications being filed from companies with peculiar names and that nobody knew who they were or what they were doing.

What were the names of their entities?

One of them is called County Information Services, which is the most blase, unavailing name.

It's not clear that this station has anything to do with counties.

And there was another thing that made these applications stand out.

The fact that these were shortwave, because shortwave experimental applications are rare.

The FCC grants hundreds of these licenses a month.

It's very rare to see one that deals with shortwave at all.

By now, you all know that shortwave radio waves are really good at covering long distances, thanks to them bouncing off the upper atmosphere and coming back to Earth.

But shortwaves aren't good for short distances.

so things like that anti-Wi-Fi chandelier or even most radio sensors for scientific experiments, they wouldn't use the shortwaves.

Plus, shortwave, as you've heard, isn't super high fidelity.

So seeing even one, let alone multiple applications to experiment on shortwave, that surprised Bennett.

And he wanted to know more.

No big deal, because applicants looking to experiment with the public airwaves have to include a statement saying what they're going to do and why.

But they're also allowed to make a formal request that that information not be exposed publicly.

Most of these mysterious applications had requested that the FCC keep that information out of the public eye.

And the FCC overwhelmingly obliged.

You know, trade secrets.

And the fact that the details were withheld made it even more intriguing.

So Bennett couldn't read most of the contents of these applications, but he could see that the FCC was okaying them.

These experimenters were getting access to the air, but beyond that, Bennett had hit a wall.

Until he met a guy with inside knowledge of these applications, and that guy gave Bennett the dirt on these companies with peculiar names and why they wanted to get on the shortwaves.

It's private, encrypted buy-and-sell instructions.

Buy and and sell instructions for high-speed international trading, as in stocks, equities, the market.

Because when it comes to the market, speed matters.

The faster the trade can be completed, the more money that can be made because these are very small changes in price.

It turns out there's a corner of the finance world where people have gone to insane lengths to shave fractions of a second off transaction times.

Finance guys guys have invented new fiber optic cables that might go faster than existing ones.

They've bored through mountains to lay a more direct fiber path.

There is a lawsuit over misuse of microwaves.

It's a whole thing.

To date, these guys have typically had their computers send these buy-sell instructions via satellite or the internet over lightning-fast ocean-spanning fiber cables.

But using those experimental licenses, they found that shortwave signals get across the world faster than the internet, faster than satellites, a whopping nine milliseconds faster, according to one licensee.

A century-old technology won.

These high-speed traders, they aren't looking to broadcast shows or tinker with anti-Wi-Fi chandeliers.

What they're after, really, is real estate.

Real estate on the electromagnetic spectrum.

So every time we are listening to the radio, watching TV, or using like a banking app on a mobile device, we are making use of the electromagnetic spectrum.

This is Natalia Fodich.

She's an attorney who works on telecom issues and has written about access to the electromagnetic spectrum, which she says.

Is it like an invisible rainbow?

The electromagnetic spectrum is basically a spectrum of visible and invisible light.

We can see a small portion of these light waves, that's the visible light part, and it sits in the middle of the spectrum.

Up above that, in the really high frequencies, you get to things like X-ray, which is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, not the Federal Communications Commission.

But below our visible light range are all the radio waves.

Those are monitored by the FCC and another group, the National Telecommunications and Information Administration, which manages all the federal government's use of radio, military, aviation, and on the invisible radio rainbow, a lot is possible.

Whenever you use your cell phone, whenever you use a GPS, the AM broadcaster, the SM broadcaster, the shortwave broadcaster, television, satellite communications, satellites for scientific experiments and weather.

Hobby and experimental uses, there is the amateur radio.

Amateur radio.

You know, hams doing the walkie-talkie thing.

there's the radio for business purposes for police purposes law enforcement some frequencies are better for shorter distances some are better for longer distances sometimes it even helps you shop when you approach a grocery store and the doors open magically there is a radio transmitter above the door that detects the presence of the person and opens the door All these radio devices, they start with a transmitter.

They encode sound or data or images into a beam of this invisible light on Natalia's invisible rainbow.

The light gets sent out on a specific frequency to your home radio set or your cell phone or that little sensor above the grocery store door.

Your receiver decodes it and voila, the door opens, you check Instagram, you hear the radio.

It all happens like that.

So radio waves can do a lot.

And it turns out the shortwaves, which are basically a stretch of frequencies above AM, like if you imagine your AM dial going off really far to the right, the short waves, while they aren't good for too much, they can do more than just carry scratchy voices.

They can carry data, codes, instructions for a computer to follow.

And that brings us back to Bennett's sleuthing.

He knew that these applicants wanted to use the shortwaves for trading, but the trail had gone cold because the FCC, at the request of the guys with the experimental licenses, was withholding information.

The details were off-limits to the public.

That is until 2023,

when the parent companies behind many of these experimental licenses got together and made a formal, on-the-record request.

They have come out publicly.

With a petition to the FCC stating, yes, we have been operating these experimental stations for trading purposes.

These parent companies have names like Virtue Financial Incorporated, Tower Research Capital LLC, DRW Holdings LLC, Jump Trading Group.

And what they said to the FCC was, hey, those secret applications, we're the ones behind them.

We've been using them to show that high-speed trading is possible on shortwave.

And we think it's time that you, the FCC, let us use some of those shortwaves to do this for real.

No more experiments.

It's time for us to make some money.

And as a group, they call themselves the Shortwave Modernization Coalition.

The Shortwave Modernization Coalition.

Not radio lovers who love broadcasting, but a bunch of Wall Street guys, tech bros, and venture capitalists who want the FCC to let them use the airwaves to make more money.

In their vision for the future of the shortwaves, there's no human touch.

The trading is arranged by computers.

There's not like a human voice speaking, and then, of course, you wouldn't know what they were transmitting.

Nobody could decode it.

To everyone and everything, other than the computers receiving the instructions, data sounds like nothing.

Maybe some static, just blips between computers.

I want to clarify something.

The Shortwave Modernization Coalition isn't proposing to do away with shortwave broadcasting.

Within the shortwaves, you have some frequencies allocated for broadcasts, some for emergencies, some for the ham radio guys, etc.

And at this point, the Shortwave Modernization Coalition has only asked the FCC to give them a small portion of mostly unused shortwave frequencies, ones that are currently set aside for things like backup emergency emergency communications.

And the FCC hasn't made a final decision yet.

But what this group is asking for, essentially, is that the FCC fundamentally change the purpose of this portion of the shortwave band, away from public interest and toward private gain.

Because remember from season one, the electromagnetic spectrum are radio waves.

They're supposed to belong to the public.

Natalia Fodich again.

These frequencies, although they're invisible, this invisible rainbow,

is a public resource.

A public resource owned by all of us and regulated by our elected governments.

Like, you know, national parks or waterways, which means that it should be managed, always thinking about the public interest.

But like water or the land beneath national parks, the airwaves are really valuable.

And over the years, more and more of the public land of the spectrum has been privatized, often leased out to for-profit corporations like Verizon and AT ⁇ T.

For many decades, that's been the model of how the U.S.

government makes money off this public resource.

They lease out these frequencies, often with long lease terms, by auctioning them to the highest bidder.

And those companies then use part of the electromagnetic spectrum they're leasing from us to sell us things like Wi-Fi access.

Legally, those corporations are still required to serve the public interest.

But with things like broadband internet still unaffordable to many Americans, it's easy to argue that they don't always do that.

Historically, this land grab has happened on the more capable parts of the spectrum.

The frequencies that are good at, say, carrying Wi-Fi from a 5G tower to your phone.

Telecom companies haven't seen the shortwaves as worth trying to get.

They're not used to transmit the internet.

A solar flare can knock them out.

Even the FCC has tended to ignore them.

In fact, right now, the FCC doesn't even auction off the shortwaves.

You can just apply, pay some fees, and if you qualify, you can get on there rent-free.

But you see, this is what's so interesting about it.

First of all, as the other radio frequencies get more and more jammed up with things like Wi-Fi and microwave and satellites, where is the available real estate?

Well, it's in the shortwave.

But But technology is improving its ability to use frequencies in general, and the trading is a perfect example of that.

Who would have thought that shortwave is now fabulously valuable to Wall Street?

I asked Bennett if he thinks there's any possibility this thing might not go through, that the FCC might say no to the Shortwave Modernization Coalition's request to use some shortwave frequencies for trading.

He thinks, not a chance.

I don't think that's likely at all.

I think in general, this whole area is such a backwoods that the people wanting to take advantage of it are counting on the widespread lack of knowledge.

I think given the predilections of this administration, I think they'll say, go knock yourself out.

You know, make a ton of money and go have fun with it.

And we don't care.

And the FCC will make major PR gains from that.

They're going to announce how they're unleashing American innovation.

The Shortwave Modernization Coalition's formal petition to use the airwaves for trading is going to force the FCC to look at their shortwave rules for the first time in decades.

And so, this April, after the FCC opened what they called the Delete, Delete, Delete proceedings, in which they asked for public comment on any regulations that people thought could be rolled back, very Trump 2.0, Bennett and some buddies, including an old Voice of America guy, they made a parallel proposal.

I have recommended that the FCC do what is being done in Europe, which is to reduce the minimum power to a lower power level and a smaller investment and allow.

The FCC has this old World War II era rule that says that if you want to get a legal shortwave broadcast license, you have to build a station that puts out at least 50,000 watts of power.

That's a ton of power.

Which means it's very expensive.

The old rules make it impractical to do this except illegally, which is what the pirates are doing.

But I predict that if the power level were lowered, more people would do it.

And I say, you know, let them do it.

You know, let flowers bloom, see what people would do with it.

So the big question is, is the FCC going to allow that?

Or will the FCC simply take the shortwave modernization coalition, give them what they want, and forget the rest of it?

The FCC hasn't responded to their proposal yet.

And Bennett says all of this doesn't even necessarily mean that the traders can't also get on the shortwaves.

You do sort of imagine that there could be a

somewhat harmonious coexistence of these entities on the shortwaves.

Oh, yes, if it's engineered properly.

Unlike on a lot of the rest of the spectrum, there are still a lot of shortwaves to go around.

Bennett says we just have to make space for everyone.

It sounds naive, almost fantastical, but honestly, when you describe how shortwave radio works today in practice, it also sounds kind of fantastical.

I mean, these are globe-spanning airwaves.

We have to share.

Not just nationally, but internationally.

In fact, there's this group called the High Frequency Coordination Conference, made up of everyone from private station owners to government agencies from all over the world.

They get together twice a year and decide which countries get to use which which frequencies, and when, based on the weather and the sun, it's almost like a radio UN.

It's all voluntary, nothing's binding, but it's been going on for 35 years and pretty much everyone adheres to it.

Maybe you're asking yourself, why should we care?

These frequencies they're proposing to use for trading, they aren't really being used anyway.

And even if the traders eventually wanted to grab up more shortwave frequencies, like the ones currently being used for broadcasting, do we really care if this weird kind of radio that not very many people listen to anyway and that has some pretty heinous stuff on it?

Do we really care if that goes away?

And I hear you, I do.

Part of me wondered that too.

I grappled with it for a long time.

But these airwaves, they're ours.

Even when the government lends them out, the idea is that we, the public, get some kind of benefit back.

But trading on shortwaves, there's nothing in it for us.

These are exclusively private communication links.

There's no public interest in it at all.

And this shift in use, this permission to let people use more of the public airwaves for private gain, it would be in line with this administration's approach to the rest of the spectrum.

Earlier this year, Republicans in Congress recommended that the FCC start auctioning off lots more frequencies to the highest bidder.

These are frequencies that might have otherwise been used for things like affordable rural broadband.

Just recently, Congress introduced a new bill that would require the federal government to auction off a ton of frequencies to offset Trump's proposed tax cuts to the rich.

It would restore FCC auction authority and end our spectrum drought.

Cooping it, going through the auction process, would yield billions and billions of dollars, as much as $100 billion.

And we need that because we are embracing with China.

In reporting this series, I listened to the good, bad, and ugly of shortwave broadcasting, and there's lots of ugly.

But I'd still rather have that than watch the spectrum get handed over piece by piece to various profiteers.

Or at least, if that happens, give us something back.

How about funding public media?

The electromagnetic spectrum is the invisible backbone of our media ecosystem, the infrastructure of how we disseminate information.

Now, just like Medicare or education or the voice of America, it's yet another one of our public resources that's being eroded or turned over to private hands.

The earth is flat and God tells you so.

But there is resistance on the shortwaves from people like Bennett and his fellow shortwave advocates, asking the FCC to make it easier for folks to broadcast without million-dollar high-powered antennas.

Yeah, but listen to it.

It's like a fine watch.

They're going to the UK.

They're showing us that it isn't just bigwig financial guys who get to make demands of our institutions.

The rest of us can, too.

And there's the pirates.

I'm not saying they're firing up their bootleg transmitters and thinking, I'm going to illegally play dogs barking over Gary Newman tunes to protest the electromagnetic spectrum getting privatized.

But in practice, that's kind of the spirit.

In my journey into the shortwaves, there's something I kept coming back to.

The shortwaves may not be the most effective place to insist on continued public access.

But maybe for that very reason, it's the most possible place to try.

A place to practice putting our foot down to keep the public in the public airwaves.

That's it for this season of the Divided Dial.

This series was written and reported by me, Katie Thornton, and edited by OTM's executive producer, Katia Rogers.

Music and sound design is by Jared Paul.

Jennifer Munson is our technical director.

Fact-checking by Graham Haysha.

This series is made possible in part with support from the Fund for Investigative Journalism.

Special thanks this week to Matt Todd, who you heard from at the beginning of the episode, for sharing some of his pirate radio archives with us.

And because this is our final episode, we have some extra thank yous.

Thank you to Michael Ryan Rennan for the series Art.

To Jeff White at WRMI, who helped us get on the media out on shortwave twice a week for nearly a year now.

To Steve Uckerman for sound effects.

To the contributors to and masterminds behind the shortwave listening post blog, which amasses shortwave stories and allows people to share great shortwave audio from their personal collections, and which was really helpful to me as I recorded this series.

And to all of the many, many people who shared their time and expertise with me for interviews.

And to those who wrote us or left us voice memos after hearing our show on Shortwave.

Regardless of whether or not you heard from them in this final series, each of these interviews and messages was so helpful in putting this project together.

Thanks again for listening.

We'll catch you next time.

This is the Divided Dial.

Thanks so much for listening to the midweek podcast.

If you've enjoyed the divided dial, don't forget to go to your platform of choice and leave OTM a review.

It helps us reach new listeners.

Also, if you've loved the series and you want more shortwave radio content, Katie and I will be hosting a live event in New York City at WNYC's Event Space on June 11th.

You can find more info at wnyc.org/slash events and in the show notes for today's episode.

Come and nerd out with us on all things radio.

It's going to be really fun.

Hope to see you there.