On [The Divided Dial]: Fishing In The Night

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Speaker 7 You're listening

Speaker 6 to Radio Lab. Lab.

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Speaker 8 WNYC.

Speaker 8 From the top.

Speaker 8 Hey, this is Radio Lab. Hey, here's Matt.
I'm senior producer Matt Kilty. Hi.
And today,

Speaker 8 how are you? We're starting to Minnesota. It's great to see you, too.
With freelance journalist Katie Thornton in Katie's home.

Speaker 7 Minneapolis. Minneapolis.
You're here. In Minneapolis.
What a delight.

Speaker 8 So last winter, Katie came to New York, was my roommate for a month, and she was finishing up season two of this project she's created, the show called The Divided Dial. Season one was about...

Speaker 7 You should say it.

Speaker 9 Well, season one is about...

Speaker 2 This has been the biggest global dry run to prepare the world to receive the mark of the beast.

Speaker 11 Advanced majority at this point of gender confusion is being driven by societal mania.

Speaker 12 Racial profiling is good for your health.

Speaker 13 Drill, build the Keystone Pipeline, deport illegals, defy the federal government.

Speaker 9 How the right came to dominate talk radio in America.

Speaker 8 Peabody award-winning season one.

Speaker 9 Indeed. So that was season one.

Speaker 8 Then Katie came out to finish season two,

Speaker 9 which is.

Speaker 9 Let's see what we got.

Speaker 7 All about.

Speaker 7 Wait, is this.

Speaker 9 This is AM. Okay, so let's go to shortwave now.
Shortwave radio.

Speaker 9 We said that we were going to go to shortwave

Speaker 9 one.

Speaker 9 So maybe you've heard of shortwave.

Speaker 8 I kind of like knew it as a phrase, as a thing, but didn't know really anything about it or its significance.

Speaker 9 Turning the dial. Turning the dial.

Speaker 8 So Kitty was just gonna show me what this is by tuning into a shortwave radio station on this radio she has. Oh

Speaker 9 okay, so nothing there. Which she tried to do.
Let's try 75-70. Back up we go.

Speaker 7 For a while.

Speaker 9 Up we go.

Speaker 2 A long while.

Speaker 9 Ah, nothing. 50, we can try 58.50.

Speaker 8 Like for 20 minutes.

Speaker 8 Oops.

Speaker 8 This is what we did.

Speaker 14 Nothing.

Speaker 9 Nothing.

Speaker 8 Well, this is almost a perfect segue into Katie. Why did you do this series?

Speaker 9 Um, great question. Should I turn us down so we don't have to worry about it?

Speaker 7 Just turn it off.

Speaker 9 Yeah, you can turn it off. Great.
Boom.

Speaker 9 Yeah, well, shortwave radio completely altered the course of, you know, geopolitics globally in the 20th century.

Speaker 9 It also played a really big role in sort of shaping the modern right in the U.S. and giving rise to the anti-government militia movement, which we've, of course, seen make its way into the mainstream.

Speaker 9 And then I also found out that there is a very strange battle taking place on the shortwaves today, where on these sort of often ignored, minimally known frequencies, Wall Street is trying to get access to the shortwaves for a very unexpected reason that maybe I won't give away because it's the final episode of

Speaker 7 it yet. I need to know.

Speaker 9 Do you want me to tell you?

Speaker 7 I'm like, just tell me.

Speaker 9 Okay, I'm going to tell you.

Speaker 7 But

Speaker 9 okay, so they find out.

Speaker 8 You listening

Speaker 2 will not be told.

Speaker 8 You're going to have to listen to the series.

Speaker 8 And so today, what we're doing is we're playing the first episode in season two of The Divided Dial, which was created by Katie, produced by On the Media, our friends and colleagues, literally just down the hall at WNYC.

Speaker 8 And I swear, episode one, it'll grab you, it will eventually lead you down a path to revelation of what Wall Street is doing with shortwave radio.

Speaker 8 And it's great. It's basically like episode one is kind of about the promise, the hope, the dream of shortwave radio, which you actually would not expect feels very present to today.

Speaker 8 So, with that, we present to you, On the Media, Katie Thornton, Divided Dial Season 2, Episode 1.

Speaker 15 Enjoy.

Speaker 9 Last summer, I met up with a journalist and radio fan named David Gorin.

Speaker 12 These were like beautiful radio tough for a few years.

Speaker 9 I went to his house in Brooklyn, New York, so that we could listen to the radio together.

Speaker 9 Not any old radio, not AM or FM, nothing you can pick up in your car, but shortwave radio, the little-known cousin of AM and FM, with fuzzy stations that can reach insanely far distances.

Speaker 9 David's been listening to shortwave since he was a kid in the 70s, when his uncle gave him a radio.

Speaker 10 And I turn it on, and it's like the radio, like, leapt out of my hand with the North American service of Radio Moscow.

Speaker 9 Suddenly, the world was all within reach, available to him right there in this box.

Speaker 10 In the seventh grade, I became the expert on the next five-year plan in the Soviet Union, the economic plan.

Speaker 9 Today, he's part of the Library of Congress's Radio Preservation Task Force. And together, on a sweaty Thursday afternoon last July,

Speaker 9 we sat down to hear what we could find on the shortwave dial today.

Speaker 9 Just like when David was a kid, we heard lots of government-run stations like Radio Marti,

Speaker 10 the U.S. broadcasting news and information to Cuba,

Speaker 10 China Radio International broadcasting in Spanish. Let's see, anything else strong?

Speaker 10 Worth of Italy.

Speaker 18 Broadcast in Italian.

Speaker 9 On other days, David has picked up English language shows from North Korea.

Speaker 10 And they have very strident, you know, military stuff.

Speaker 9 And news from Cuba.

Speaker 10 This is Radio Rebelle, Radio Rebel. And it goes back to the revolution.

Speaker 9 On the short waves, the global tussle for influence plays out 24-7.

Speaker 9 But we didn't just hear news and propaganda.

Speaker 10 Well, let's just go up the dance.

Speaker 6 We'll talk about some worse code.

Speaker 9 There were beeps and bloops.

Speaker 6 Here we go.

Speaker 9 Coded messages sent between amateur radio operators or between government officials who used the shortwaves to send military data or secret instructions.

Speaker 10 Let's see what else we have.

Speaker 9 And some of what we heard just sounded like normal radio with lots of music

Speaker 9 and preaching.

Speaker 19 Strong in the Lord and the power of his might against the wiles of the devil.

Speaker 20 It was hidden just to hide the meaning and the power of the divine name.

Speaker 16 That's inherently different.

Speaker 9 That's an end times ministry that also preaches that the earth is flat.

Speaker 10 Which is very interesting because

Speaker 10 shortwave radio wouldn't propagate in a flat earth, you know, but

Speaker 10 details, details.

Speaker 9 In just about an hour of surfing the shortwaves, we heard prayer and propaganda, news and conspiracy theories, so many languages, and some really decent jams from all over the globe.

Speaker 9 I felt like I had been welcomed into a club that was somehow secret and yet right there for anyone to join.

Speaker 9 And I know it's cliché, but there was something magical about tuning into the world, training my ear to listen through the crackle, hearing the distance.

Speaker 9 As it turns out, this practice of scanning the dial, finding out what you can hear and from how far away, is a century-old art. It was popular among radio's early adopters.

Speaker 9 These early distance fiends, as they were known, uncovered something very strange about how radio waves traveled through space.

Speaker 9 And what broadcasters did with that information completely altered the trajectory of the 20th century.

Speaker 9 This is season two of The Divided Dial. I'm your host, Katie Thornton.
I've worked in radio since I was a teenager, sometimes behind the scenes, sometimes behind the mic.

Speaker 9 In season one, I investigated how right-wing talk took over AMN FM radio. But in all my years of radio research, I'd never really learned about shortwave radio before.

Speaker 9 And listen, I'm not going to tell you that shortwave radio radio is as influential today as the AM and FM talk radio we covered in season one. It's not.

Speaker 9 But I, and I think you, love the medium of radio.

Speaker 9 So this season, we're diving into the often failed promise of a medium that was once ubiquitous, connecting people around the world long before the internet ever did.

Speaker 9 But like the internet, shortwave also took a turn for the chaotic.

Speaker 9 Over the next four episodes, I'm going to explain how shortwave radio became a propaganda tool for governments at war, and then a propaganda tool for American right-wing extremists and cults.

Speaker 9 And we'll explore what a little-known battle playing out on the shortwaves right now between radio fanatics and Wall Street can tell us about what happens when we cede control of our public airwaves.

Speaker 9 That's all coming up on this season of the Divided Dial.

Speaker 9 But let's get back to the story.

Speaker 9 Radio broadcasting, as in from one to many, it didn't start on shortwave. It started on AM, taking off around 1920.
And AM was inherently local.

Speaker 22 Daniel Larson, Mrs. Wester Larson.
Happy birthday.

Speaker 9 Signals reached up to 50, maybe 75 miles.

Speaker 22 By the way, downtakes way, your home state can take a bow.

Speaker 22 I will.

Speaker 9 But at night, those listening at at home noticed something strange.

Speaker 9 As the sun set, more stations emerged from the static.

Speaker 9 And they weren't coming from down the street or the next town over.

Speaker 22 Sometimes listeners in New York, Edison Studios, WAAM, located at 1 Bund, would hear stations from Chicago.

Speaker 9 A listener in Kansas might hear an opera or a boxing match from the East Coast.

Speaker 9 After dark, it was like the world cracked open, and distant stations faded in and out on ghostly, mysterious winds.

Speaker 9 Most people had never heard a faraway voice, period.

Speaker 9 Long-distance telephone calls were the costly domain of dignitaries and government officials, and even those were fed across long, scratchy copper lines.

Speaker 9 A disembodied voice, without a wire, without a fee, from hundreds of miles away? That awed and baffled people.

Speaker 9 Even scientists, some of whom believed that radio, perhaps, could be used to communicate with the dead.

Speaker 9 But of course, there was an explanation for these voices in the night.

Speaker 24 Let us follow through the steps and the processes in transmitting or sending radio messages.

Speaker 9 Here's what was happening. The way AM normally works is that radio waves get shot from the top of a tall tower, which is often on top of a tall hill.

Speaker 21 The radio messages leave the antenna as electromagnetic waves and travel with the speed of light.

Speaker 9 The waves travel over the ground, basically line of sight, from the tower to you. It's called a ground wave, and it's the thing that fades out a few dozen miles from the tower.

Speaker 9 But when you shoot out an AM signal, there's another thing that happens, almost a byproduct.

Speaker 23 Radio waves are set up in all directions.

Speaker 9 It's called a sky wave, and the sky wave goes up into the atmosphere.

Speaker 25 The lower layers of the ionosphere, which are about 45 to 75 miles above the Earth's surface, they're like a huge sponge during the day and they absorb the signals that pass through them.

Speaker 9 Susan Douglas is a professor of communication and media at the University of Michigan. She says that these lower layers of the atmosphere are made up of ions that get all charged up by the sun.

Speaker 9 And in the daylight, those layers are where radio waves go to die.

Speaker 25 But at night, when the sun sets, these layers layers disappear and the ones above them, they combine to form a dense layer and it acts like a mirror to sky waves.

Speaker 9 At night, these sky waves, the sort of byproduct of AM transmission, they keep going until they bounce off this other layer of the ionosphere and they come back down to Earth vast distances away.

Speaker 23 When these waves strike the antenna of a receiving set,

Speaker 23 this entire process is reversed.

Speaker 23 We hear sound originating at that very moment, hundreds or even thousands of miles away.

Speaker 9 That's what these late night AM radio listeners were hearing. A radio wave that had ricocheted off the ionosphere to get to them.

Speaker 9 And it rocked their world. Long-distance channel surfing became a fad called fishing in the night, with listeners casting out into the ether and seeing what they could catch.

Speaker 25 They had a map on the wall with map tacks and every time they reeled in a station, they would put a map tag on where that broadcast emanated from. Was it Kansas City?

Speaker 25 Was it Washington, D.C., wherever?

Speaker 9 Radio manufacturers ran ads with slogans like, concerts from 14 cities in one evening.

Speaker 9 In newspaper editorials, distressed housewives and sometimes husbands lamented that their significant other was spending every evening out in their radio shack.

Speaker 9 But while AM broadcast listeners burned the midnight oil to marvel at all the faraway stations, there was one group of people who weren't so surprised by radio's ability to go long.

Speaker 9 They were the amateur radio operators, what you might know as ham radio.

Speaker 9 Basically, guys who weren't broadcasting, but were tinkering with radio equipment just to chat one-to-one, like long-distance walkie-talkies.

Speaker 9 Back in the days before broadcasting, almost all radio transmission was one-to-one. The radio waves were mostly used by ship captains or the military and the hams, who were just having fun.

Speaker 9 But in World War I, the US government got worried about interference on those AM airwaves, so they eventually assigned specific frequencies for ships, for the military, and for those meddling amateurs.

Speaker 25 They were kicked down to the waves that were thought utterly worthless, short waves.

Speaker 9 Back then, people thought the short waves with short wavelengths, picture a really tight, squiggly line, just wouldn't go very far.

Speaker 9 Even Guglielmo Marconi, the father of radio, thought that longer wavelengths would mean longer distances. But the amateurs weren't put off.

Speaker 25 They began experimenting with them.

Speaker 9 And as it turned out, the short waves weren't the short end of the stick.

Speaker 25 They were getting really far. They were getting stations in Australia and New Zealand, or stations in England and France.

Speaker 9 For the most part, reception reception was clearer at night, but it didn't have to be dark to go the distance.

Speaker 25 Amateurs reported spanning distances as great as 10,000 miles, which was unthinkable. Australia and New Zealand were described in the fall of 1923 as a bedlam of Yankee signals.

Speaker 9 The amateurs proved something huge. Shortwave could do round the clock what AM could only do at night.
It could use the ionosphere as a springboard.

Speaker 9 And this changed the game for AM broadcasters who wanted their station to reach more people.

Speaker 9 In 1923, Pittsburgh's KDKA, the country's first commercial radio station, they got their station on shortwave and reached as far as South Africa.

Speaker 9 New shortwave stations started up in Switzerland and Japan and Venezuela. And with the scars of World War I still fresh, This burgeoning international medium was a source of hope.

Speaker 27 There was a lot of utopian discourse around radio that, you know, having allowed people to communicate across all these borders, you know, would there be no more wars?

Speaker 9 Michelle Hilms is a retired professor of media studies who has written a lot about radio.

Speaker 27 It would, you know, solve all kinds of problems. Just a huge enthusiasm over the possibilities of shortwave as a medium.

Speaker 9 Entire magazines were devoted to helping people discover new shows on international radio.

Speaker 9 Listeners would write to far-flung stations, and the stations would reply with these beautifully decorated cards branded with the station name, and maybe some imagery that evoked the national culture of wherever they were broadcasting from.

Speaker 9 They're called QSL cards. It's international code for I confirm receipt of your transmission.

Speaker 9 Shortwave listeners around the world amassed collections of these ornate cards, tangible evidence of their part in an ethereal global community.

Speaker 9 By the late 1930s, almost all home home radio sets had AM and shortwave settings.

Speaker 9 But the Peacenik aspirations for shortwave didn't last.

Speaker 27 It was the first time that human beings had had it in their power to be heard around the world, and a lot of governments figured out that this could be a really powerful tool for the common good, but also, of course, for the waging of wars.

Speaker 9 Lots of the world's governments had taken to the shortwaves by the 1930s, but no nation used them quite like Germany.

Speaker 16 This is Germany Court.

Speaker 16 We are going to convene tonight a vocal play entitled Visions of Invasion.

Speaker 9 Zeason, Germany's state-run shortwave service, had spent years building a large following in America and around the world, playing things like orchestral music.

Speaker 9 But in time, they started pushing out Nazi propaganda, tailored for specific countries in 12 different languages. And with its own festering Nazi movement, the U.S.
was a key key target.

Speaker 27 You had people like Axis Sally.

Speaker 19 This is Berlin Connect.

Speaker 19 And I just like to say that when Berlin Con, it pays to listen.

Speaker 27 She was an American living in Berlin. She became the first American woman to be convicted of treason after the war that she was broadcasting into the United States on shortwave.

Speaker 16 Women of America waiting for the money damage,

Speaker 16 thinking of the husband who has been sacrificed by something the Roosevelt.

Speaker 27 You might have heard of a person called Lord Hawhaw.

Speaker 28 The great exodus from Britain is well underway.

Speaker 27 He was a British man named William Joyce who was working in Germany, broadcasting on their shortwave service.

Speaker 28 The rich and affluent are removing themselves and their valuables as fast as they can.

Speaker 9 There was also a big band called Charlie and his Orchestra, run by the German Ministry of Propaganda.

Speaker 9 They'd take popular big band and swing songs and add or change lyrics lyrics to berate Roosevelt or denigrate Jewish people.

Speaker 27 They were trying to persuade Americans that you know that the Germans had the right side in the war and that it was crazy for them to fight.

Speaker 24 Non-intervention, how he shows it,

Speaker 24 his decision to send troops along.

Speaker 9 The U.S. government had banned all editorializing on domestic radio stations during the war, making it illegal for Americans to promote the Nazi cause on the AM airwaves.

Speaker 9 But the feds didn't have any control over shortwave broadcasts beaming in from Germany. So the content was still there for the many Americans who wanted to listen.

Speaker 9 Journalists at CBS and NBC launched counter-offensives.

Speaker 25 The networks had what were called shortwave listening posts in New York.

Speaker 9 Susan Douglas again.

Speaker 25 And they had people who were fluent in foreign languages, monitoring international shortwave broadcasts.

Speaker 9 And then they turned their findings into entertainment, like the HITS CBS radio series hosted by a popular detective novelist named Rex Stout. It was called Our Secret Weapon.

Speaker 29 The truth is a weapon that isn't secret in our country, but it's a big secret to the people who live in Germany, Japan, and Italy. Our enemies don't have this weapon.

Speaker 29 They don't dare let their people know the truth.

Speaker 9 Every week, Radio Sleuth Stout debunked enemy shortwave propaganda.

Speaker 30 First to broadcast to the official German news agency on August 2nd.

Speaker 31 The meeting between Churchill and Stalin was very excited and hysterical.

Speaker 2 It assumed a dramatic.

Speaker 29 On August 8th, beamed at England.

Speaker 31 This morning, Churchill shook hands with Stalin at the Kremlin.

Speaker 29 As we now know, Churchill actually arrived in Moscow on August 12th. You can't beat that for a scoop.

Speaker 9 The rest of the Allies were also busy fighting Germany's shortwave radio propaganda. It was during World War II that the BBC ramped up what would come to be known as the World Service on shortwave.

Speaker 32 This is London calling in the overseas service of the British Broadcasting Corporation.

Speaker 9 They broadcast news to the world with just a bit of pro-Ally spin.

Speaker 32 And the Danes have already had a taste of what German protection means. A better word for it would be plunder, for the Germans are seizing goods and property at will.

Speaker 9 And in early 1942, the U.S. followed suit.
The federal government debuted its shortwave radio service, The Voice of America, with an in-language broadcast to Germany.

Speaker 33 This is a voice speaking from America.

Speaker 33 Our voices are coming to you from New York, across the Atlantic Ocean to London.

Speaker 9 The Voice of America started as a government-run radio show, and they partnered with networks like NBC and CBS to get it out worldwide. NBC and CBS were already broadcasting overseas via shortwave.

Speaker 9 But shortwave quickly proved so central to the war effort that the U.S. government did something unprecedented.
They nationalized all the roughly one dozen shortwave stations broadcasting from U.S.

Speaker 9 soil, filling the international airwaves with approved broadcasts.

Speaker 33 Daily, at this time, we shall speak to you about America America and the war.

Speaker 17 The news may be good or bad. We shall tell you the truth.

Speaker 9 And for the most part, they did that, if a bit selectively. Michelle Helms.

Speaker 27 They were walking a fine line between willful propaganda and sort of putting a good spin on things.

Speaker 9 As the U.S. sent more troops into battle, it used shortwave to boost morale.

Speaker 25 They began to transmit entertainment programming via shortwave to the troops.

Speaker 9 Susan Douglas again.

Speaker 25 And this was so important during holidays like Christmas and New Year's when there you are, freezing and alone and scared.

Speaker 27 They had programs that would allow troops to speak to people back at home. You know, oh, here's mailbag, and we have letters from soldiers, and they would read them aloud.

Speaker 20 Dear mother, tonight I'm very lonely.

Speaker 18 I've never written that before, and maybe it's a shock to you.

Speaker 20 And then again, maybe you've read between the lines and have known it all along.

Speaker 27 There was a very popular program called G.I. Jive with Jill.

Speaker 18 Here's Jill and the G.I. Jive.

Speaker 18 Hi, you fellas. This is G.I.
Jill with G.I. Jive.

Speaker 25 You know the World Series.

Speaker 24 The 1942 World Series broadcast.

Speaker 25 You gotta have the World Series.

Speaker 27 The Voice of America was very highly respected, and many people think that it, you know, did a great deal to help us win the war.

Speaker 9 By the end of the Second World War, the Voice of America blanketed much of the world. It ran in about 40 languages.

Speaker 9 But they were about to get lots of company on the airwaves. Because in the Cold War, the short waves exploded.

Speaker 9 That's coming up after the break.

Speaker 2 Okay.

Speaker 8 The rest of On the Media is episode one of the divided dial, season two. We'll come back.

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Speaker 1 Radiolab is supported by Apple TV. It's 1972.
A young British family is attempting to sail around the world when disaster strikes. Their boat is hit by killer whales and it sinks in seconds.

Speaker 1 All they have left is a life raft and each other. How will they survive? The true story of a family's fight for survival, hosted by Becky Milligan.

Speaker 1 This is Adrift, an Apple original podcast produced by Blanchard House. Apple TV subscribers get special early access to the entire season.
Follow and listen on Apple Podcasts.

Speaker 8 Madigan, Radio Lab, backed Katie. Divided dial on the media.

Speaker 9 This is on the media. I'm Katie Thornton, host of OTM's Divided Dial series.
We're right in the middle of episode one of our second season.

Speaker 9 Before the break, we heard about how groups like the VOA dominated the shortwaves at the end of World War II. But during the Cold War, shortwave would become so much more.

Speaker 10 This is Tehran Radio Iran.

Speaker 32 The Australian Forces Radio.

Speaker 32 You are tuned to the North American service of Radio Moscow.

Speaker 9 The VOA, the BBC, the Soviet Union, China, Egypt, Iran, Argentina, and so many others were on shortwave, broadcasting their national identity to the world in stories and song.

Speaker 9 They were joined by newly decolonized nations like Libya and Ghana, whose leaders saw the shortwaves as a way to promote their independence and to fuel an international anti-colonial movement.

Speaker 9 But the global superpowers, the US and the Soviet Union, were two of the most dominant voices on shortwave. And shortwave became one of the most ferocious battlegrounds of the Cold War.

Speaker 9 At bat for the Soviet Union was Radio Moscow. Founded in 1929, the USSR's government-run network broadcast in over 70 languages.

Speaker 9 With news, propaganda, and human interest stories, it offered a Soviet alternative to the BBC and the VOA.

Speaker 34 America hit a new high in crime, and according to FBI reports to the president, nearly half of the criminals were young people. The causes of this menacing situation are well known.

Speaker 34 The pornographic pictures distributed among adolescents and the exhibitions of abstract paintings and statues that say nothing to either the heart or the mind.

Speaker 9 The BBC and the VOA were expanding too, sending more and more coverage over the Iron Curtain.

Speaker 9 But the United States government wanted to reach people in Eastern Europe with messages that weren't so obviously propaganda as the literal voice of America. So they lied.

Speaker 35 Radio Free Europe gets through with the truth every day.

Speaker 9 Debuting in 1950, Radio Free Europe was a flame-throwing anti-communist shortwave network.

Speaker 35 Into the closed communist countries of Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania go the facts the people are not allowed to hear. The truth.

Speaker 35 The truth that helps them hold on to the will and the drive.

Speaker 9 It was portrayed as grassroots, run by émigrés and exiles, and it did employ those folks.

Speaker 9 But secretly, it was funded by the CIA, which was busy meddling in global politics and supporting pro-capitalist coups during these Cold War years.

Speaker 9 Staff at Radio Free Europe launched weather balloons into the Eastern Bloc and airdropped over 300 million leaflets instructing listeners on how to tune in.

Speaker 9 The Soviet Union did not like any of this. They spent tons of money trying to drown out Western broadcasts.

Speaker 9 They'd flood the shortwaves with ear-splitting noises that listeners recalled sounding like a buzzsaw or a machine gun.

Speaker 9 Sometimes the battle went beyond the airwaves, like when a Czechoslovakian double agent poisoned the salt shakers at Radio Free Europe's Munich office.

Speaker 9 That plot was foiled before any of the 1,200-plus employees sat down for lunch. Years later, a Radio Free Europe journalist died after allegedly being stabbed with a poison-tipped umbrella.

Speaker 9 But these U.S.-run shortwave stations weren't just beaming out journalism.

Speaker 24 Willis Conover speaking, this is the Voice of America Jazz Hour.

Speaker 24 The music

Speaker 15 of jazz parallels the freedom that we have in America, something that not every country has.

Speaker 9 In the 1950s and 60s, music, especially jazz, was a key component in the U.S. government's shortwave campaign.

Speaker 6 This is the voice of America.

Speaker 9 The federal government ran a jazz ambassador program that sent musicians like Louis Armstrong and Duke Duke Ellington on tours around the world.

Speaker 9 They focused on countries that the Soviet Union was also hoping to win over.

Speaker 9 All the while, though, many of these very same musicians faced racism and segregation at home. And on the shortwaves, Radio Moscow and others were ready to exploit this contradiction.

Speaker 36 The revolutionary people of Cuba sympathize with all people who struggle for social justice.

Speaker 9 In the early 1960s, Cuba's government-run service, Radio Havana, regularly beamed this show, Radio Free Dixie, up to the United States.

Speaker 36 It is in this spirit that we proudly allocate the following hour in an act of solidarity, peace, and friendship with our oppressed North American brothers.

Speaker 37 Radio Free Dixie invites you to listen to the free voice of the South.

Speaker 9 Radio Free Dixie was hosted by U.S. black power activist Robert F.
Williams.

Speaker 9 He was on the lamb in Cuba, fleeing drummed-up charges that were later dropped. And he broadcast a perspective that couldn't be found in the mainstream U.S.
media.

Speaker 26 One Negro goes to the White House as a member of the president's cabinet, while another is gunned down like a wild dog for using a white folks' toilet.

Speaker 26 It should be more than clear to us that if we are ever going to be free, we must liberate ourselves.

Speaker 9 Outlets like Radio Moscow and Radio Havana won followers around the world with their mix of propaganda and just factual reporting on civil rights abuses in the U.S.

Speaker 9 Governments saw winning people over on shortwave as a key path to winning the Cold War. So, even after the CIA's secretive role at Radio Free Europe was revealed in the early 70s, not much changed.

Speaker 9 In fact, Congress increased its budget, and they kept pumping out news and tunes.

Speaker 9 Increasingly, they played the defiant and oh-so-American sound of rock music, which was heavily censored in the USSR and Eastern Bloc.

Speaker 9 On the U.S.'s government-run, taxpayer-funded shortwave stations, they broadcast groups like Metallica and Motley Crew to listeners around the world.

Speaker 9 By the early 1980s, the U.S. government's shortwave stations reached an estimated 80 million people each week.
It took tons of manpower, and it was a huge infrastructure project, too.

Speaker 9 The government had miles upon miles of fields filled with antennas.

Speaker 9 But one man didn't think that was enough.

Speaker 21 We're as far behind the Soviets and their allies in international broadcasting today as we were in space when they launched Sputnik in 1957.

Speaker 9 On the home front, Ronald Reagan had vetoed public broadcasting budgets and overseen a massive deregulation of the airwaves that allowed for big businesses and conservative and religious broadcasters to dominate AM and FM radio.

Speaker 9 You know, season one of the divided dial.

Speaker 9 But on international radio, on shortwave, the great deregulator had no qualms about spending taxpayer dollars. He poured public money into the VOA and Radio Free Europe.

Speaker 21 I'm pleased to call on Director Wick and Minister Filely to sign this agreement, an important step towards strengthening the signal of the voice of America.

Speaker 9 Reagan's administrators wrung their hands over what to do about rock music. Lots of them didn't believe it represented the best of Western culture.

Speaker 9 But after long internal debates, they decided to keep the rebellious racket going on the shortwaves.

Speaker 9 Meanwhile, on the journalism side, Reagan led a shake-up by sidestepping one of the Voice of America's long-held tenets. the idea that a free press is the U.S.'s best advertisement.

Speaker 9 Sure, that idea hadn't always been perfectly executed, but Reagan opted instead for more heavy-handed anti-communist propaganda. Reagan's VOA ran explicit editorials on behalf of the administration.

Speaker 9 Many longtime leaders resigned, replaced by more amenable colleagues, including Richard W. Carlson, father of right-wing bloviator Tucker Carlson.

Speaker 9 And it was Reagan who launched a costly new shortwave service targeting Cuba with hardline anti-communist messages.

Speaker 21 Today I'm appealing to the Congress, help us get the truth through, support our proposal for a new radio station, Radio Marti, for broadcasting to Cuba.

Speaker 9 While public broadcasting floundered at home, government-subsidized propaganda and bad hair metal reverberated on Shortwave from the U.S. to the world.

Speaker 9 In its first seven decades of life, Shortwave transformed from an idealistic experiment in global cooperation into a hardened government tool of information warfare.

Speaker 9 And then, in the late 1980s, much of the medium's reason for being crumbled.

Speaker 15 In Eastern Europe, which the Soviets had held by force since World War II, Mikhail Gorbachev said that Moscow would no longer interfere.

Speaker 21 Serious fighting begins in the early morning, a staccato of machine gun bursts punctuated by cannon fire.

Speaker 17 In the last weeks weeks and months, we've seen one Communist Party after the other in Eastern Europe knocked off its perch by the people.

Speaker 9 The Cold War was over.

Speaker 9 On this medium that seemed almost tailor-made for propaganda, there was vacancy, airtime for rent. And in the U.S., a particular group of people was ready to snatch it up.

Speaker 38 You must form your militia unit. Pay no heed to the federal government, which is a counterfeit enemy, foreign government.

Speaker 14 Are you a white woman such as myself who is sick of being harassed and tormented?

Speaker 9 Call Aryan Nation for a whiter, brighter America.

Speaker 17 We don't want to have to kill you.

Speaker 38 We hope to not have to kill you, but we can kill you. And if need be, we will kill you.

Speaker 35 Well, what are a few lives in the greatest scheme of liberty?

Speaker 13 I'm sure you are now seeing the reports of some things that are regularly said. over the airways in America today.

Speaker 10 These stations and the programs grew and they took over. They dominated.

Speaker 12 What is associated in the public's mind with shortwave? It's no longer the BBC World Service. Now it's the guys who helped Timothy McVeigh bomb a federal building.

Speaker 9 Next time on the Divided Dial, it's the shortwave story you've never heard.

Speaker 9 The private citizens who took over a fringe medium with a fringe message and used it to build a movement that fundamentally changed mainstream U.S. politics.

Speaker 9 The Divided Dial is written and reported by me, Katie Thornton, and edited by OTM's executive producer, Katia Rogers. Music and sound design is by Jared Paul.

Speaker 9 Jennifer Munson is our technical director. Fact-checking by Graham Hayesha.
This series was made possible with support from the Fund for Investigative Journalism.

Speaker 8 Okay, that's it. Episode one, season two of On the Media's Divided Dial.
You can listen to the rest of this series wherever you get podcasts, just find on the media.

Speaker 8 You'll see in the episodes list, season two of the divided dial, or you can go to onthemedia.org. Up near the top, there's a little tab for the divided dial.
You can listen there.

Speaker 6 It's great.

Speaker 8 The next episodes get into conspiracies, militias, cults, very much mirroring what you see on the internet today. And then, of course, the Wall Street thing.
You'll hear about the Wall Street thing.

Speaker 8 So yeah, go listen.

Speaker 8 Again, I'm Matt Kilty. We'll be back soon with some new episodes for you.
So

Speaker 8 until then,

Speaker 5 goodbye.

Speaker 14 Hi, I'm Isha and I'm from Plano, Texas.

Speaker 39 And here are the staff credits. Radio Lab was created by Chad Abbam Rodge and is edited by Doran Wheeler.

Speaker 14 Lulu Miller and Latif Nasser are our co-hosts.

Speaker 39 Dylan Keefe is our director of sound design. Our staff includes Simon Adler, Jeremy Bloom, Becca Bressler, W.

Speaker 39 Harry Fortuna, David Gebel, Rebecca Lax, Maria Paz-Putieras, Sindhu Nyana Sumbundam, Matt Kilty, Annie McEwen, Alex Neeson, Sara Tari, Sarah Sandak, Anissa Vicha, Arianne Wack, Pat Walters, Molly Webster, Jessica Young, with help from Rebecca Rand.

Speaker 39 Our fact-checkers are Diane Kelly, Emily Krieger, Anna Pujol-Mazzini, and Natalie Middleton.

Speaker 40 Hi, this is Michelle, calling from Richardson, Texas. Leadership support for Radio science programming is provided by the Simons Foundation and the John Templeton Foundation.

Speaker 40 Foundational support for Radio Lab was provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.

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